不同水平复合益生菌制剂添加对奶牛生产性能、乳品质及体细胞数量的影响

为分析不同水平复合益生菌制剂添加对奶牛生产性能、乳品质及体细胞数量的影响,试验选择胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛160头随机分成4个组,每个组4个重复,每个重复10头,1组饲喂基础日粮为对照组,试验2、3、4组每头奶牛分别在基础日粮中添加20、40、60 g/d复合益生菌制剂,预试验7 d,试验期为60 d。结果表明:(1)试验后的30、60 d,试验3、4组的平均产奶量较1相比分别提高16.0%、14.9%、25.6%、24.1%(P<0.05);(2)试验2、3、4组的4%乳脂校正、乳蛋白率、总固形物均高于1组(P>0.05);试验2、3、4组的尿素氮均低于1组(P>0.05);试验3、4组的乳糖率、乳脂率较1组分别提高14.6%、13.4%、5.0%、4.2%(P<0.05);(3)试验后的60 d,试验3、4组乳中体细胞数量较1组相比降低9.3%、7.1%(P<0.05)。综上,每头牛每天添加40 g复合益生菌制剂可以提高奶牛的生产性能、乳品质,减少体细胞数量。     

繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期泌乳性能及血液指标的影响

选择20头荷斯坦高产牛,采用配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组各10头。对照组使用原日粮,试验组产前21d每天在日粮中添加繁奶康125g,于分娩当天添加量增至300g直到试验结束,以探讨日粮添加繁奶康对奶牛泌乳早期产奶性能(产奶量及乳品质)的影响。结果表明,补充繁奶康,产奶量、乳脂校正乳产量试验组明显高于对照组(P0.05);奶牛采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率及乳干物质含量两组间差异不显著(P0.05)。血液指标谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性两组间无显著差异(P0.05),高产奶牛补充繁奶康对泌乳早期产奶性能有较好的改善作用。     

Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the immune function of crossbred dairy cows under semi-arid tropical environment

This study assessed the effect of micronutrient supplementation around peripartum period on immune function, reproductive performance, milk yield and milk quality of crossbred cows. Thirty pregnant crossbred cows in their late gestation were selected and randomly divided into five groups for study. Six cows in each group were supplemented with vitamin E (VE) (2000 IU/cow/day), vitamin A (VA) (100,000 IU/cow/day), copper (Cu) (20 ppm/cow/day), zinc (Zn) (80 ppm/cow/day) individually from 45 days pre-calving to 45 days post-calving and one group without any supplementation served as control. Immune function was studied by in vitro phagocytic activity (PA) of blood neutrophils, lymphocyte proliferation response (LPR) and plasma interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration. Supplementation of VA significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the in vitro PA of blood neutrophils and decreased milk somatic cell counts (SCC). Zn supplementation significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the T lymphocyte proliferation response, whereas B lymphocyte LPR was significantly (P?<?0.05) increased with both VA and Zn supplementation as compared to the control cows. Plasma IL-8 concentration was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher in all supplemented cows. Supplementation of VE, VA and Zn significantly (P?<?0.05) reduces days open, whereas VA significantly (P?<?0.05) reduced the service per conception. In this study, it is concluded that VE, VA and Zn supplementation around peripartum period can boost the immunity and improve the reproductive performance of crossbred cows in a semi-arid tropical environment.     

Performance of tropical dairy cows fed whole crop rice silage with varying levels of concentrate

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of concentrate/milk yield ratios on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation efficiency, and milk production in dairy cows fed with a basal diet of whole crop rice silage (WCRS). Sixteen crossbred cows (75 % Holstein-Friesian (HF) and 25 % Thai cows) in mid-lactation were assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments corresponding to four concentrate/milk yield ratios (0, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 (kg/kg)) were used. All cows were offered WCRS (with 1.5 % urea and 3 % molasses) ad libitum. Silage and concentrate were fed individually twice a day. Results revealed that dry matter intake (12.8–14.5 kg/day), nutrient digestibility (62.5–68.7 %), and rumen fermentation efficiency were not significantly affected by concentrate supplementation. Milk yield (10.2–11.5 kg/day) and milk composition were similar between cows fed with sole WCRS and those supplemented with concentrate mixture, although milk fat tended to increase in cows fed with sole WCRS. In conclusion, sole WCRS fed to dairy cows without concentrate supplementation resulted in similar feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and milk production as compared to those supplemented with concentrate in lactating dairy cows. These results suggest that in tropical areas where rice crop is surplus, WCRS could sustain reasonable levels of milk production among dairy cows with little or no concentrate supplementation provided that urea and molasses are included in the silage.     

奶牛复合酶制剂FE907对泌乳早期奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

目的:研究酶制剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能和疾病的影响.方法:选取28头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组,每组14头.2组奶牛在全混合日粮上分别添加0、20 g/(头·d)复合酶制剂FE907,实验期4周.结果:实验组奶牛日均产乳量提高了1.6 kg/d(P＞0.05);实验组乳脂率比对照组提高0.08％,乳脂量提高0.09 kg/d,差异显著(P＜0.05),乳蛋白率提高0.06％,乳蛋白量提高0.07 kg/d,经济效益每天每头奶牛比对照组多盈利6.28元.结论:奶牛日粮中添加20 g/(头·d)的奶牛复合酶制剂FE907,可以提高产乳量,改善乳成分,提高经济效益,同时,可以在一定程度上降低患乳房炎的风险.     

Effect of vitamin E on milk composition of grazing dairy cows supplemented with microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on the fat content and fatty acid profile of grazing dairy cows supplemented with microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid. Eight New Zealand Holstein cows in a rotational grazing system were used, in a crossover design, randomly assigned to four treatments: control (base diet with microencapsulated conjugated linoleic acid) and three levels of vitamin E (control with 4,000; 8,000; and 12,000 IU/cow per day). All the cows received a supplement apportioning 5 g of cis-9, trans-11, and 5 g of trans-10, cis-12 of conjugated linoleic acid. Moreover, they each received 4-kg dry matter (DM) concentrate and 3.2-kg DM corn silage every day. There were no differences in dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition (fat, protein, and lactose), or fatty acid profile as an effect of vitamin E, and fat content remained under 3 % in all treatments. Therefore, under the conditions that this experiment was carried out, high concentrations of vitamin E in the diet of grazing dairy cows do not inhibit milk fat depression associated with conjugated linoleic acid. It also has no effect on the fatty acid profile of the milk.     

奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响。在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20g/(d·头)精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂——普乐菲特20g/(d·头),其他饲养管理方式不变。该试验预饲期7d,试验期77d。结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量以及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P0.05)有明显的效果。本研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益。     

奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重威胁着奶牛健康,影响奶牛生产性能的发挥.选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数接近的荷斯坦奶牛90头,随机分成两组,考察奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对乳牛生产性能的影响.在饲喂等量的基础日粮上,对照组额外添加20 g/d·头精料补充料,试验组添加霉菌毒素吸附剂--普乐菲特20g/d头·其他饲养管理方式不变.该试验预饲期7 d,试验期77 d.结果表明,霉菌毒素吸附剂的添加不影响乳脂、乳蛋白,但对提高产奶量及降低原料奶中体细胞数(P<0.05)有明显效果.研究表明,日粮添加霉菌毒素吸附剂可有效提高原料奶质量,提高牧场整体经济效益.     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0、10、15、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,试验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间差异不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与15g间无明显变化。因此,本研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂添加量的增加,可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

日粮添加不同水平的奶牛专用霉菌毒素吸附剂对粪中双歧杆菌数量和乳中黄曲霉毒素含量的影响

奶牛饲料原料中霉菌毒素广泛存在,并严重地威胁着奶牛健康,影响着奶牛生产性能的发挥。本试验选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛80头探讨日粮添加4种剂量（0g、10g、15g、20g）的霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌数量和原料奶中黄曲霉毒素残留量的影响。与对照组（添加霉菌毒素吸附剂0g）相比,实验组奶牛粪便中双歧杆菌的外排量明显降低,但各实验组之间统计差异并不显著,仅有数值上的变化。同时,随着霉菌毒素吸附剂含量的增加,原料奶中体细胞数呈现下降的趋势。与试验前相比,原料奶中黄曲霉毒素含量显著降低（P〈0.05）,且随着添加剂量的增加其黄曲霉毒素残留量更少,但添加20g与添加15g相比并无明显变化。研究表明,随着日粮中霉菌毒素吸附剂不同量的添加,均可有效降低原料奶中黄曲霉毒素的残留量,进而提高原料奶质量。     

Impact of α‐amylase supplementation on energy balance and performance of high‐yielding dairy cows on moderate starch feeding

In dairy cows, exogenous α‐amylase is suggested to improve starch utilization and positively affect performance and health traits linked to energy balance and fertility. In a 1‐year feeding experiment, 421 cows were orally supplemented with α‐amylase (treatment: 12.5 g/kg dry matter (DM) addition rate to a concentrated feed) or non‐supplemented (control) on the basis of an ad libitum total mixed ration (TMR). Every cow was allocated to a high‐ (≥32 kg milk/day) or late‐lactation group (<32 kg milk/day), in which the TMR starch content was 220 ± 20.8 g/kg DM and 183 ± 24.8 g/kg DM, respectively. The energetic effect of α‐amylase supplementation seemed to be exclusively related to the high‐lactation stage (5–100 days in milk) in primiparous cows, where the daily milk yield was 32 ± 0.49 versus 31 ± 0.50 kg per cow in the treatment versus control group (P < 0.05). The pluriparous cows did not benefit from the supplementation that way. In neither primiparous nor pluriparous cows, was the milk composition, the fat‐to‐protein ratio, the somatic cell score, the backfat thickness, serum total bilirubin, β‐hydroxybutyrate and the fertility found to be systematically affected by α‐amylase supplementation.     

灌服黄芪多糖对奶牛产奶量、免疫性能及抗氧化性能的影响

【目的】研究黄芪多糖(APS)对奶牛产奶量、免疫功能及抗氧化性能的影响。【方法】选取体况良好,体重、产奶量、泌乳天数、胎次接近的中国荷斯坦奶牛44头,随机分为对照组(CK)及APS20、APS55和APS90组,每组11头。所有试验牛均饲喂基础饲粮。对照组灌服温水200 mL,试验组分别灌服20、55、和90 g/d的APS溶液200 mL,预试期10 d,正试期60 d。正试期内,每10 d统计1次产奶量;于正试期的第0、30、60天采集乳样,测定乳中体细胞数(SCC);于正试期第0、30、60天晨饲前,采集奶牛尾根静脉血样,测定血清中相关免疫指标、抗氧化指标。【结果】在试验全期,各组产奶量均差异不显著(P>0.05)。在体细胞数方面,与CK组相比,第30和60天时,APS55组体细胞评分(SCS)均显著降低(P<0.05),APS20和APS90组SCS在各时间点均差异不显著(P>0.05),且APS90组极显著高于APS55组(P<0.01)。在免疫指标方面,与CK组相比,第30天时,APS20组血清中白细胞介素2(IL-2)含量显著增加(P<0.0...     

Kinematic gait analysis and lactation performance in dairy cows fed a diet supplemented with zinc,manganese, copper and cobalt

This study investigated how supplementation of the diet of dairy cows with trace minerals (zinc, manganese, copper and cobalt) affected kinematic gait parameters and lactation performance. Eight Holstein cows were divided into two groups, with each group receiving a different dietary treatment (control diet, or control diet supplemented with trace minerals) in a two‐period crossover design. Kinematic gait parameters were calculated by using image analysis software. Compared to cows fed the control diet, cows that received the trace mineral‐supplemented diet exhibited significantly increased walking and stepping rates, and had a shorter stance duration. Feed intake and milk production increased in cows fed the trace mineral‐supplemented diet compared with control groups. The plasma manganese concentration was not different in control and experimental cows. In contrast, cobalt was only detected in the plasma of cows fed the supplemented diet. These results provide the first evidence that trace mineral supplementation of the diet of dairy cows affects locomotion, and that the associated gait changes can be detected by using kinematic gait analysis. Moreover, trace mineral supplementation improved milk production and only minimally altered blood and physiological parameters in dairy cows.     

Estimation of Milk Production from Smallholder Dairy Cattle in the Coastal Lowlands of Kenya

A study was carried out on 92 smallholder farms in Kwale district in Coast Province of Kenya to estimate the milk yield. The effect of concentrate feed supplementation on milk yield was also evaluated. Data were collected during a one-year observational longitudinal study. Analysis was done for 371 observations following 63 calving events. The mean annual milk offtake was estimated at 2021 kg/cow. Forty-nine (77.8%) of the lactating cows were supplemented with concentrate feeds at varying rates of 0.5-3.0 kg/cow per day. Supplementary feeding of lactating cows led to a significantly higher mean daily milk yield compared to non-supplemented cows throughout the year (p < 0.05). The mean annual milk offtake from supplemented cows (2195 kg/cow) was 18.6% more than offtake from non-supplemented cows, a difference that was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Therefore, supplementary feeding of commercial feed concentrates was a rational management practice. It was also concluded that milk production from smallholder dairy cows in the coastal lowlands of Kenya was comparable to that from similar production systems but lower than national targets.     

大蒜油和肉桂酸复合物对奶牛生产性能及营养物质消化的影响

本研究旨在考察大蒜油和肉桂醛复合物(GAR-CIN)对奶牛生产性能、乳品质、营养物质消化及血液生化指标的影响。荷斯坦泌乳奶牛50头随机分成2组,每组25头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮的基础上添加30 g/d.头的GAR-CIN,饲养试验时间75 d。结果表明:GAR-CIN能显著提高泌乳日龄为90～120 d的奶牛的平均产奶量(P<0.05),显著降低体细胞数(P<0.05)。两步法离体消化试验的结果显示,GAR-CIN能显著提高奶牛干物质体外消化率(P<0.05);内源指示剂法的结果显示,GAR-CIN能极显著提高日粮的干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率(P<0.01);此外,添加GAR-CIN使奶牛血清尿素氮和葡萄糖的含量显著降低(P<0.05),血清中IgM含量显著提高(P<0.05)。说明,GAR-CIN能显著提高泌乳日龄为90～120 d奶牛的产奶量,改善乳品质,增强奶牛的免疫功能,促进奶牛对营养物质的消化。     

High levels of whole raw soya beans in dairy cow diets: digestibility and animal performance

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high levels of whole raw soya beans in the diets of lactating cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were used, randomized in three 4 ×  4 balanced and contemporary Latin squares and fed the following diets: (i) control (C), without including whole raw soya beans; (ii) 80 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G80); (iii) 160 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G160); and (iv) 240 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G240). There was significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dry matter intake (kg/day) in cows supplemented with G240 compared with C (23.8 vs. 25.3 respectively). G240 diets presented lower crude protein digestibility (g/kg) (p < 0.05) in comparison with C diet (683 vs. 757 respectively). There was significant effect of experimental rations in nitrogen balance (p < 0.05), G240 diet presenting significant reduction in comparison with the other diets, and faecal excretion of nitrogen was higher for G240 diet. The concentration of ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for cows receiving control diet, compared to other diets. G240 diet resulted in significantly lower milk and protein yield (p < 0.05) in comparison with C diet. Significant C18:2 cis fatty acids were observed in milk concentrations (p < 0.05) for G240 diet. The use of high level of whole raw soya beans in dairy cow diets improves the unsaturated fatty acid profile in milk, and the diets (G80 and G160) led to minor alterations in the digestive processes and animal metabolism.     

Somatic cell count in milk of selenium-supplemented dairy cows after an intramammary challenge with Staphylococcus aureus

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) supplementation on milk somatic cell count (SCC) in dairy cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows were fed a diet containing a suboptimal Se concentration (<0.05 ppm, dry basis) starting 2 months before calving. Supplemented cows (n=6) received a single s.c. injection of barium selenate (1 ml/50 kg BW) 45 days prior to calving, whereas control group was kept unsupplemented. Twenty weeks after calving, two mammary quarters (right side) of each cow were challenged with 205,000 cfu/ml of Staphylococcus aureus (strain Newbould 305). Blood was collected bi-weekly until day 150 of lactation for the analysis of blood glutathione peroxidase (GPx1; EC 1.11.1.9) activity. To re-isolate the challenging pathogen and to evaluate SCC, aseptic milk samples were collected daily starting on the day of challenge, and finishing 7 days after inoculation. Unsupplemented cows had a lower activity of GPx1 through the experiment (P<0.001). Natural log SCC (lnSCC) was higher in unsupplemented than Se-supplemented cows (P=0.04), showing evidence of significance after 5 days. Selenium supplementation of dairy cows fed a diet containing a suboptimal Se concentration, resulted in higher blood activity of GPx1, and lower mean lnSCC after an intramammary challenge with Staph. aureus.     

Rumen-protected choline administration to transition cows: effects on milk production and vitamin E status

We investigated the influence of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation on milk production, lipid metabolism and vitamin E status in dairy cows receiving a silage-based diet. Twenty-six Italian Holstein multiparous cows were assigned by weight and average production in the previous lactation, to one of two groups: control (no RPC supplementation) and RPC (supplemented with 20 g/day rumen-protected choline chloride). Treatment began 14 days before expected calving and continued for 30 days after parturition. Choline administration significantly increased milk production during the first month of lactation and also the concentration (and total secretion) of choline in milk, but did not affect fat or protein concentrations in milk, or plasma levels of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). However, around parturition, NEFA concentrations in plasma were lower in treated animals than in controls, suggesting improved lipid metabolism as a result of choline supplementation. Choline supplementation also increased alpha-tocopherol plasma concentrations, suggesting a novel aspect in dairy cows.     

日粮中添加不同水平氧化镁对奶牛泌乳性能、血清镁含量及尿液pH值的影响

[目的] 探究日粮中添加不同水平氧化镁对奶牛泌乳性能、血清镁含量及尿液pH值的影响。[方法] 选择胎次、泌乳量、泌乳天数相近的经产荷斯坦奶牛50头,随机分为5组,每组10头。Ⅰ组（对照组）饲喂基础日粮,Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组基础日粮中分别添加0.125%、0.250%、0.375%和0.500%的氧化镁（含量为70%）。预饲期7 d,正饲期70 d。记录采食情况和产奶量,计算干物质采食量;于试验第35天和第70天分别采集乳样、血样、尿样,测定乳蛋白含量、乳脂率、血清镁含量、尿液pH值。[结果] 在试验第35天和第70天,Ⅲ组的干物质采食量和产奶量显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;4个氧化镁添加组的乳蛋白含量均显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的乳脂率显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;4个氧化镁添加组的血清镁含量与对照组相比均无显著（P>0.05）差异;4个氧化镁添加组的尿液pH值均显著（P<0.05）高于对照组。[结论] 在奶牛日粮中添加氧化镁（含量为70%）能增加产奶量,提高乳脂率和乳蛋白含量;在该试验条件下,合理添加量为0.250%。     

丙酸钙对泌乳早期奶牛泌乳性能和代谢产物的影响

选用32头经产奶牛,根据泌乳期、上个泌乳期305 d产奶量和预产期,采用随机区组设计分为4组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理1、2、3组分别在基础日粮基础上添加丙酸钙100、200、300 g/d.结果显示,日粮添加丙酸钙对奶牛的采食量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和乳干物质率无显著影响,200、300 g/d组产奶量和饲料转化效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).200、300 g/d组血浆葡萄糖和胰岛素浓度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而血浆游离脂肪酸和β-羟丁酸浓度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);200、300 g/d组尿酮浓度显著低于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05).试验结果表明,丙酸钙适宜添加量为200 g/d.