Temperature,Mg and Al Interaction Effects on Grass Tetany Potential of Ryegrass Forage1

Two annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars differing in Al sensitivity were grown in nutrient solution at pH 4.2 to assess the effects of temperature (10/6 and 22/18 °C day/night), Mg (0.1 and 1 mM) and Al solution concentrations (0, 3.7 and 74 μ M) on several factors influencing grass tetany potential of forage. Added Al depressed Mg and Ca shoot concentrations and increased shoot K/(Ca + Mg) equivalent ratio especially after prolonged treatment at higher temperature and lower Mg solution concentrations. These effects were more pronounced in the relatively Al-sensitive cultivar Wilo which appeared to be less Mg-efficient as well. Grass tetany potential will therefore be higher following a temperature rise if Al-sensitive ryegrass is grown in a medium containing low Mg and high Al levels.     

意大利黑麦草和高羊茅不同品种的矿物质含量差异

用能量分散型荧光X射线元素分析仪测定了意大利黑麦草和高羊茅两草种各4个品种不同年度、不同器官、不同刈割时期的矿物质元素含量。结果表明,每个草种的高镁品种都具有较高的Mg含量和低的K/(Ca Mg)当量比,而且与其他品种之间差异显著;不同刈割时期,5月份Mg含量低而K/(Ca Mg)当量比高,而且与其他刈割时期差异显著;2003年与2004年相比,K含量、K/(Ca Mg)当量比高而且差异显著;两草种茎叶干物质中矿物质元素含量高低顺序为:常量元素K>Si>Ca>Mg>Na;叶中微量元素Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu,茎中微量元素Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu。不同器官之间,意大利黑麦草除Zn的含量茎显著高于叶而外,其他11种元素都是叶的含量高于茎;高羊茅P,Cl,Zn的含量茎显著高于叶,其他9种元素都是叶的含量高于茎。     

Genetic resources in apple,pear and vineyard peach populations in former Yugoslavia

Summary During the period 1988–90, several germplasm collecting trips were made to all republics of former Yugoslavia. A total of 56 old apple cultivars, many of which are represented in up to 5 types, 38 old pear cultivars and 367 genotypes of vineyard peaches were collected. The availability of so much genetic and genotypic wealth made it possible to start apple disease resistance breeding and peach cultivar and rootstock breeding programmes.     

利用酶分解法评价牧草的可消化性

采用酶分解法分析测定禾本科2个草种8个品种不同刈割时期的细胞组成成分含量，通过公式推算出于物质消化率和可消化养分总量，评价牧草品质。结果表明，意大利黑麦草各品种间可消化性无显著差异，但高Mg的Magnet于物质消化率显著高于Tachiwase。高羊茅的高Mg品种Himag可消化性显著高于其他3个品种，而其他3个品种之间无显著差异。2个草种在10月份的可消化性高于其他刈割时期，意大利黑麦草7月的可消化性最低，高羊茅9月的可消化性最低。     

Harvest Dates, Fertilizer and Varietal Effects on Yield, Concentration and Molecular Distribution of Fructan in Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.)

In a pot experiment two varieties of Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianths tuberosus L., cv. Topianka and cv. Violet de Rennes ) were exposed to different supplies of N, P and K. Nitrogen supply increased tuber yield more than the productivity of aerial parts. Violet de Rennes responded better to N than Topianka. Nutrient regimes without P or K addition but including N to some extent depressed the yields of tubers only (by 8–23 %). Carbohydrate concentrations (78–81 % of d.m.) and molecular fructan distributions were neither influenced by fertilizer regimes nor by mineral concentrations in the tubers.
Genotypic differences were significant for yield, for concentrations of N, P, Ca, S and Cu, and for fructan concentration in the tubers. At harvest time the fructose/glucose ratio in tubers of Violet de Rennes was about 10 % higher than in Topianka and remained on a higher level during storage.
Harvest time had the greatest influence on carbohydrate composition. Depolymerization of fructan proceeded at a high rate in November and slowed down during subsequent storage, accompanied by a decline in polydispersity. Simultaneously osmolanty increased, resulting in a freezing point depression of < 0.5 °C.     

‘富士’苹果果实主要矿质元素与苦痘病发生的关系

以‘富士’苹果为试材,研究采收期苦痘病果实和正常果实果肉、果皮和果肉质外体的Ca、K、Mg和P等矿质元素含量及其比值变化,探讨苦痘病的发生机理。结果表明,与正常苹果果实相比,苦痘病果实的单果重和可溶性固形物含量显著高于正常果实,两者间的果实硬度、苹果酸含量和果形指数无显著差异。正常果实、苦痘病果实发病部位和正常部位的质外体Ca含量无显著差异,质外体K、Mg和P含量表现出苦痘病发病部位高于发病果实正常部位和正常果实,且发病部位与正常果实之间均差异显著。从矿质元素间的比值可以看出,苦痘病果实发病部位的K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca和[K+Mg]/Ca比值均显著高于正常果实相对应元素的比值,分别为正常果实的1.64、1.50、2.05和1.63倍。研究结果还表明,苦痘病果实果皮和果肉的Ca含量均显著低于正常果实,与正常果实相比,发病果实具有较高的K、Mg、P和N含量。苦痘病果实发病部位的K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca、[K+Mg]/Ca和N/Ca比值均显著高于正常果实相对应元素的比值。由此推断,苹果果实苦痘病的发生不仅与果实的单一Ca含量有关,果实的K、Mg、P和N含量,尤其K/Ca、Mg/Ca、P/Ca、[K+Mg]/Ca和N/Ca的比值与苦痘病的发生密切相关,在生产中均衡营养与科学施肥是解决苹果苦痘病的关键。     

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Removal by Brown Midrib Sorghum Sudangrass in the Northeastern USA

For the long‐term sustainability of the dairy industry in the Northeastern USA, manure nutrient application rates should not exceed crop nutrient removal once above‐optimum soil fertility levels are reached. Dairy producers have shown a growing interest in brown midrib (BMR) forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) × sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) hybrids (S × S) as a more environmentally sound alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) but data on S × S nutrient removal rates are scant. Our objectives were to determine N, P, K, Ca and Mg removal with harvest as impacted by N application rate, using six N rate studies in New York. One of the six sites had a recent manure history. Although site‐to‐site differences existed, N application tended to decrease P and K and increase N, Ca and Mg concentrations in BMR S × S forage. Nutrient removal and yield were highly correlated for all sites except one location that showed a K deficiency. The crop removed large amounts of P and K in the manured site, suggesting that BMR S × S is an excellent scavenger of these nutrients. If manure is applied mid‐season, forage K levels are likely too high for feeding to non‐lactating cows.     

‘沙糖桔’结果树的营养需求特点研究

选择具有代表性的水田和山坡2个类型土壤种植的已结果的‘沙糖桔’果园,采集叶片、树体和果实样品,测定其不同生育期的元素含量,分析2种种植类型的‘沙糖桔’营养元素含量季节性动态变化和各元素需求比例,提出适合当地‘沙糖桔’生长所需的营养元素施肥配方。结果表明：（1）P在开花期需求最高,K在开花期至幼果期需求最高;Ca和Cu在开花期最低,之后逐渐升高,成熟期达到最高;而Mg、Zn、Fe、Mn、B需求量均为开花期稍低,但是各生育期需求较为稳定。（2）水田种植的沙糖桔树体中大量元素N、P、K和中量元素Ca、Mg含量普遍高于山坡种植的;前者微量元素Cu、Zn、B含量低于后者,而微量元素Fe、Mn含量有相反的趋势。（3）根据多个果园的数据分析,生产1 t的‘沙糖桔’果,需N 1.242 kg、P 0.138 kg、K 1.366 kg、Ca 0.476 kg、Mg 0.126 kg、Fe 0.72 g、Mn 0.97 g、Cu 2.47 g、Zn 1.58 g、B 1.34 g;根据肥料利用率和柑桔类果树的氮磷钾施肥比例,推算生产1 t‘沙糖桔’时全年应施N 12.95~15.11 kg,P2O5 7.77~9.1 kg,K2O 12.95~15.11 kg。     

磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮磷钾钙镁含量的影响

以当地冬春茬保护地品种寒秀、鲁圣顶峰1号为试材，研究了磁化水对黄瓜叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量的影响。结果表明：叶片生长发育期间，黄瓜叶片氮、磷含量呈单峰曲线变化；钾、钙、镁含量呈双峰曲线变化。磁化水处理后，寒秀叶片内磷、镁含量极显著高于对照，钙含量显著高于对照，氮、钾含量差异不显著；鲁圣顶峰1号磷、镁含量极显著高于对照，氮、钾、钙含量差异不显著。     

北疆棉花不同品种叶片营养元素含量变化及其与产量的关系

研究了北疆棉花不同品种花铃期、吐絮期叶片N、P、K、B、Cu、Zn元素含量及其与棉花产量的关系。结果表明,不同品种花铃期养分含量除P以外均存在显著差异:石杂2号叶片营养元素含量最高,万氏217最低;石杂2号和新陆早26号棉株叶片的N、K、Cu、Zn和B的含量显著高于标杂A1和新陆早33(P0.05),而标杂A1和新陆早33的含量变化基本一致。吐絮期不同品种叶片N、P、K和B含量无显著差异,但Cu、Zn含量差异显著。花铃期棉花叶片N、K与子棉产量、皮棉产量显著相关,花铃期和吐絮期B元素的含量与子棉、皮棉产量极显著相关。     

Potential decrease of grass tetany risk in rangelands combining N and K fertilization with MgO treatments

The most practical and effective method to increase dry matter production in rangelands is by adequate fertilization. N and K fertilizers have commonly been used worldwide to increase yield in rangelands. Fertilizers have a significant effect on mineral concentration in the forage. Risk of tetany, causing yield decrease and death in cattle, increases by feeding forage with a ratio of K/(Ca + Mg) ≥ 2.2. The fertilizers containing N and K are the most important factors increasing K/(Ca + Mg) ratio in forages. The present study has aimed to determine whether the tetany risks caused by K and N fertilization may be compensated by Mg fertilization. For this purpose, N (0 and 120 kg ha⁻¹), K (0 and 100 kg ha⁻¹) and Mg (0 and 30 kg ha⁻¹) were applied as combinations of each other. Each plot was separated into three sub-plots sampled on 25 April, 15 May and 5 June to determine Ca, Mg, K concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratio.In this 2-year study, dry matter production in the control plot was 2064 kg ha⁻¹ and nitrogen application increased the dry matter production of the plots by about 100%. Dry weight ratios of grasses increased while legume dry weight ratios decreased drastically in response to N fertilization. An increase was observed in K/(Ca + Mg) ratio with N fertilization due to the fact that legumes have higher concentrations of Ca and Mg than grasses. K fertilization resulted in an approximately 30% increase of K concentration in dry matter. K/(Ca + Mg) ratio in plots where N and K were applied separately was lower than 2.2. However, K/(Ca + Mg) ratio in plots to which N and K were applied in combination was over 2.2, resulting in tetany risk. It is interesting to determine that Mg fertilization did not change Mg concentration in pasture. It was noted that tetany risk did not decrease with the advance of harvest dates. The results indicated that tetany risk caused by N and K fertilizations could not be compensated by Mg treatment. Therefore, it can be concluded that fertilization programmes avoiding legume decrease in rangelands may be useful to prevent the tetany risk.     

云南栽培稻生态型矿质元素含量的多样性

用ICP-AES测定了新平县相同生态条件下种植653份云南稻资源糙米8种矿质元素含量，并按丁颖的栽培稻生态型对其遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明，云南水稻改良品种糙米P、Fe和Zn含量比地方稻种分别下降10.53%、14.76%和35.16%，但改良品种特别是粳稻Ca含量比地方种高, 8种矿质元素以Ca的多样性指数最大；糙米P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zu、Cu和Mn平均含量以粳稻的Mg、Fe和Zn，水稻的P、K和Mg，陆稻的Fe和Zn，糯稻的K和Fe，早稻的Mg和Fe相对较高。8种矿质元素平均遗传多样性指数依次为粳>籼,陆>水,粘>糯,早中稻>晚稻和地方种>改良种,且P>K>Mn>Mg>Cu>Zn>Fe>Ca；其变异系数依次为Fe>Ca>Cu>Zn>Mn>K>Mg >P。     

紫茎泽兰生殖生长期叶片矿质营养元素动态变化研究

系统分析了紫茎泽兰叶片中N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Al,Mn共7种矿质营养元素在生殖生长时期含量的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明,紫茎泽兰在花芽分化期叶片中N,Mg,Al含量呈明显下降趋势,K,Mn含量呈上升趋势,P,Ca含量无明显变化;蕾期阶段和花期阶段,叶片中N,K含量呈下降趋势,Mg,Al,Mn含量呈上升趋势,P,Ca含量无明显变化;结实期阶段,叶片中N,P,Mg,Mn含量呈下降趋势,Al含量呈上升趋势,K,Ca含量无明显变化。元素Ca与P的含量变化呈显著正相关关系,而其他矿质元素之间的相关性均不显著。     

Effect of environmental variables on performance of Jerusalem artichoke (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus tuberosus</Emphasis> L.) cultivars in a long term trial: a statistical approach

Tuber yield, together with tuber number and size are the basic agronomic and breeding traits in Jerusalem artichoke and can be significantly affected by environmental factors. We report the results of a long term trial on the performance of 20 Jerusalem artichoke cultivars. The random model for means with restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedure was used to estimate the overall effects of the genotype, environment and genotype by environment interaction on traits. The partial least square regression (PLSR) model was used for modeling genotype by environment interaction variance components with a set of available correlated environmental variables. The REML variance component estimates model revealed that tuber number and yield are more dependent on GE interaction which allowed identification of best genotypes for specific environments. The PLSR model revealed that the most important climatic variables for optimal emergence, canopy development, high tuber number and yield are adequate soil and air temperatures in April. For larger tuber mass, precipitation variables and even distribution of rainfall were the most important factor, together with soil and air temperature in June when tuber growth is initiated. The knowledge obtained in this study is valuable for the identification and understanding of key environmental factors that contribute to the performance of Jerusalem artichoke.     

苋菜,油菜和芹菜矿物元素含量的研究

本文用ICPS-1000Ⅱ型等离子光谱仪,分别测定了苋菜、油菜、芹菜中的钾、钠、钙、镁、磷、铜、铁、锌、锰、锶十种元素的含量,标准曲线浓度与强度的相关系数(r=0.999)。在几种蔬菜中苋菜铁的含量高,苋菜5个品种中棠东红最高,而且锌、铜、钙、镁等也比较高。测定的7种油菜中,徐州苔菜锌铜比、锰铜比及锌铜锰总量高于其它品种。     

257份菊芋种质资源表型性状的遗传多样性

为有效利用我国菊芋种质资源的遗传多样性,分析了257份菊芋种质资源,表明12个数量性状的变异系数(CV)在6%～50%之间,平均为24.75%,单株块茎重的变异系数最大(50%),生育期的变异系数最小(6%),多样性指数(H')分布在1.24～1.53之间,平均为1.44,单株块茎数的多样性指数最高(1.53),叶宽的多样性指数最低(1.24);8个质量性状的多样性指数在0.85～1.08之间,平均为0.98,以块茎习性最大,块茎整齐度最小,大部分性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性; 257份菊芋资源的隶属函数均值介于0.12～0.58之间,其中JA1095材料最高(0.58),其花数和单株块茎重具有明显优势。菊芋资源12个数量性状的相关性分析表明,茎粗、叶长、花和花盘大小可作为今后选育高产菊芋品种的指导目标性状;主成分分析结果表明,7个主成分因子的累计贡献率达66.794%,其中花数量、单株块茎数量、块茎毛根量、块茎表皮光滑程度4个性状是构成菊芋种植表型差异的主要因素;以20个性状为基础的聚类分析将257份种质材料分为5类,其中,第I类和第II类占总资源量的85%。本研究结果为菊芋种质资源的利用及品种选育等提供了重要参考。     

超甜玉米营养元素规律研究

为探明超甜玉米各器官中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫等营养元素元素变化规律和累积量情况,采集不同生育期的玉米样品进行分析。研究结果表明,1、甜玉米吸收各种养分的大小顺序为N>K>P>Ca>S>Mg。2、不同器官养分含量有差异,果实含氮、磷、镁、硫为各部位最高值;叶片钙含量最高;茎部钾含量最高。3、叶片磷、钾、镁含量与全株变化较为一致;茎中氮和钙含量与全株较为一致。4、甜玉米氮、钾、钙的比例随生长的不同而变化,成熟时N:P:K:Ca:Mg:S=1:0.11:0.90:0.09:0.05:0.06。     

Concentrations and Distribution of Some Mineral Elements in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Plants in Relation to Nitrogen Supply

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of N nutrition (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) on the concentrations and distribution of P, K, Ca, and Mg in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.). Leaf K concentration increased with increasing N supply up to 100 ppm N, as did leaf Mg after the bloom stage. Leaf Ca decreased with increasing N nutrition but P concentration was unaffected. Lower leaves had higher P concentrations than did the upper leaves. P, Ca and Mg concentrations in the roots at 34 days before bloom (DBB) declined when N supply was increased but K concentration was unaffected. At 10 and 44 days after bloom (DAB) P concentrations in the roots, stem and branches increased with N supply; whereas K, Ca and Mg concentrations did not respond. Concentrations of P in the pods increased with N nutrition up to 100 ppm N but those of K, Ca and Mg in the pods, hull and seeds were unaffected by N nutrition. P concentrations in the hull and in the seeds also increased with N supply. Most of the K and Ca were in the leaves while the least were in the seeds. Most of the P accumulated in the seeds and roots; whereas the hull contained the least. Of the four nutrients analyzed for, P concentrations were generally the lowest in the various plant parts and K concentrations the highest. Ca/Mg ratios for the hull and branches were increased by 100 ppm N and the ratios for the leaves, pods and seeds were unaffected by N nutrition.     

Macro-nutrient Status of Brassica napus and Brassica juncea Grown Under Swedish Conditions

Concentrations and amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) in shoots, vegetative and generative plant parts in B. napus and B. juncea and nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus were studied in a field experiment at Uppsala, Sweden. Concentrations in vegetative plant parts were, except for Ca in B. napus, highest at the beginning of the season, and N and K were higher in B. napus than in B. juncea. The higher N concentration in vegetative parts (leaves, stems and pods) in B. napus was probably due to differences in growth pattern between the species. Seed concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg and, most pronounced of all, S were higher in B. juncea. Nutrient amounts were, with the exception of K, throughout the season higher in B. juncea than in B. napus due to a higher dry matter production. Nutrient inflow per unit root length in B. napus was highest during the rosette stage for all nutrients. During flowering, the inflow decreased for N and K and increased for P and Ca. After root growth had stopped, no net inflow of K and S was found and inflow rates of other nutrients were at very low levels.     

缺素对高州油茶幼苗生长的影响

试验设置全素(control)、缺氮(-N)、缺磷(-P)、缺钾(-K)、缺钙(-Ca)、缺镁(-Mg)、缺硫(-S)7个处理,对高州油茶幼苗进行缺素施肥试验,通过测定苗高、地径、叶面积、叶片周长、叶片长宽比等指标,探究不同缺素处理对高州油茶苗期生长的影响。结果表明：（1）除缺Mg处理各项指标与对照相当外,各缺素处理下高州油茶幼苗的地径和苗高均低于对照,缺素抑制了高州油茶幼苗径高的生长,其中主要影响元素为N、K、Ca。（2）对高州油茶幼苗叶片生长影响较大的元素为Ca和K,但各项指标差异不显著(P＞0.05),缺N、缺P、缺Mg、缺S处理下的高州油茶幼苗各项指标与对照无明显差异。缺素对高州油茶幼苗叶面积、叶片周长、叶片长宽比和叶片干重的影响不显著,其原因有待进一步探讨。