桐乡市乡镇耕地整理对耕地景观格局的影响及其分析

以桐乡市4个乡镇为研究对象,结合航空遥感和地理信息技术,在ArcGIS 8.3和ERDAS 8.6软件的支持下,通过数字矢量化、外业实地调查、地物调绘和核查以及室内补测的程序建立耕地景观图层数据库。在此基础上,运用景观格局指数：景观破碎度、分离度、形状指数和斑块分形维数对耕地整理前后的景观格局特征及其动态变化进行研究和分析。根据计算结果：整理后4个乡镇耕地景观的形状指数和分形维数都呈下降趋势,并且后者趋近于1,表明耕地景观的斑块形状越趋简单并越有规律;景观分离度减小,景观破碎度升高,斑块密度增大,而平均斑块面积却减小,这说明在目前耕地整理的初级阶段,不适当的耕地整理方式和方法使得耕地景观的分割、破碎程度加剧,孤立的嵌块体数量增加,将会影响农田生态系统的稳定性。因此,在开展耕地整理时,必须遵循可持续发展的基本原理,必须注重景观生态环境的保护,使之趋向生态环境保育型土地整理方向发展。     

五华河流域景观格局演变对径流泥沙的影响

根据五华河流域1981—2011年逐月的气温、降水、径流量和输沙量数据,以及1991年、2000年和2011年的Landsat TM遥感影像,运用景观格局指数分析方法和统计学方法,从景观水平和斑块类型水平两方面探讨了景观格局演变对径流泥沙的影响。结果表明:景观水平上,景观多样性指数（SEI）和景观边缘密度（ED）与年径流量和年输沙量呈正相关,而景观形状指数（PSCV,AWMSI,AWMPFD）与年径流量、年输沙量、输沙量变差系数呈负相关。类型水平上,林地景观破碎度（PD）和边缘密度（ED）、草地形状指数和边缘密度,建筑用地的斑块破碎度与年径流量、输沙量有明显的正相关关系,而林地斑块形状指数,草地和耕地斑块破碎度,建筑用地边缘密度和形状指数则与年径流量和输沙量呈负相关关系。同时,林地斑块形状指数、草地和耕地斑块破碎度、建筑用地边缘密度和形状指数均与输沙量变差系数存在明显的正相关关系。     

五陵原景观空间格局动态分析

基于地理信息系统支持计算景观多样性的有关参数,选取斑块大小及数量、分维数、斑块伸长指数、多样性、优势度、均匀度和破碎度等指标,对五陵原地区近17多年来景观多样性动态变化进行分析。结果显示:1988-2005年,研究区总斑块数减少了67个,斑块增加明显的主要是耕地及林地斑块,分别增加90个和27个;斑块数减少明显的是水体、果园和建设用地,分别减少了11个、121个和51个。平均斑块面积及平均斑块周长,分别增加4.036hm²和966.69m;耕地、林地、水体及未利用土地分维数,都有不同程度的下降,而果园和建设用地景观的分维数有所上升。五陵原地区景观异质性特征表现为:均匀度指数上升了0.13,景观破碎度指数上升了0.001,景观类型多样性指数上升了0.27,优势度指数下降了0.27。研究期间该区景观空间格局从以耕地及建筑为主的景观生态系统,转变为以耕地、果园和建筑景观为主的高度异质化的景观生态系统,人类活动是其景观空间格局变化的主要驱动因素。     

二滩库区(盐边)土地利用景观格局及水土流失动态研究

利用1988,1999和2003年3个时段的TM,ETM＋遥感数据,在GIS和FRAGSTAT景观分析软件的支持下,对二滩库区（盐边）的土地利用景观格局和水土流失动态特征进行了定量分析。结果表明,（1）耕地面积减少,所占百分比呈下降趋势,而有林地、灌木林地、草地所占百分比呈上升趋势。（2）耕地的斑块数目增加,平均斑块面积在减少,斑块密度上升;有林地的斑块数目减少,平均斑块面积增加,斑块密度下降;草地的斑块数目不断增加,平均斑块面积增加,斑块密度下降。说明耕地向不断破碎化发展而有林地、草地呈现持续扩张的空间集中化特征。（3）耕地、有林地、灌木林地、疏林地面积加权的平均斑块形状指数略有下降,斑块形状趋于简单化,而草地的该指数上升,斑块形状趋于复杂化。（4）从景观水平上看,景观格局变化总体特征是斑块数增加,拼块平均面积减少,斑块密度增加,最大斑块指数减少,说明景观破碎度增加。蔓延度降低,散布与并列指数增加,说明景观类型的相互关系变得复杂,镶嵌度增加。（5）景观多样性指数和土地利用相对合理指数增加,坡度较大的地区,耕地面积明显减少,相应地林地、草地面积明显增加,整体上土地利用结构趋于合理。（6）研究区强度以上水土流失面积15a来减少了23．02km2,减少率为15．13％,水土流失强度向低层次转变。说明随着水库的修建蓄水,加上天然林保护工程、退耕还林工程的实施,二滩库区的水土流失明显好转,生态环境逐渐得到改善。     

黄土丘陵小流域景观空间格局动态分析——以固原市上黄试区为例

 为黄土高原土地资源合理利用及区域可持续发展提供参考,以上黄试区为例,在地理信息系统支持下获得计算景观多样性的有关参数,选取斑块大小及数量、分维数、斑块伸长指数、多样性、优势度、均匀度和破碎度等指标,对黄土丘陵小流域10年来景观多样性动态变化进行分析。结果显示:1995—2004年,该试区总斑块数增加了6个,斑块变化明显的主要表现为:坡耕地及天然草地斑块分别减少19个和12个,人工草地斑块及梯田分别增加15个和9个;平均斑块面积及平均斑块周长分别下降了0.14hm2和185.36m2;梯田、天然草地、疏林地、园地及居民点用地分维数,都有不同程度的下降,而坡耕地、人工草地、灌木林地及未利用地景观的分维数有所上升,水浇地、川台地、乔木林地、水域景观分维数保持不变;上黄试区景观异质性特征表现为:均匀度指数下降5.86,景观破碎度指数上升0.002,人为干扰度增加1.95,景观类型多样性指数下降0.25,优势度指数上升0.25。目前,试区从耕地及草地为主的景观生态系统,转变为以林地和草地景观为主的高度异质化的景观生态系统,人类活动的干预,是驱动该试区景观空间格局变化的主要驱动因素。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用景观格局变化分析——以延河流域为例

为了给黄土丘陵沟壑区土地资源的合理利用和生态环境的改善提供依据,以延河流域为研究对象,应用GIS技术和景观格局指数分析方法,对研究区1978—2010年的土地利用景观结构特征、斑块特征和空间格局的变化规律进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）延河流域各景观类型的变化幅度表现为:耕地 > 林地 > 草地 > 建设用地 > 水域,研究区1978—1990年变化速率最快的景观类型是草地,1990—2000年是林地,2000—2010年是建设用地,由以耕地为主导的景观结构转变为林地—草地复合的景观结构;（2）研究区破碎度较高的景观类型是耕地和草地,斑块形状也较复杂,主要是受地形地貌因素的影响。林地、建设用地和水域受人类活动的干扰强烈,斑块分布趋于集中化,破碎度较小,形状较为简单;（3）32年来,延河流域土地利用景观格局经历了“耕地主导—相对平衡—林草主导”的变化过程,向着集中化和简单化的方向发展,抗干扰能力降低,不利于景观的稳定性,但有利于生态环境的改善。     

冀东平原农业景观格局与生态服务价值研究——以滦县为例

以冀东平原区域的河北滦县两期土地利用现状图为基础,结合GIS及Fragstats软件,对1996年、2009年景观格局及其生态服务价值进行分析。结果表明:13a来,滦县农田景观优势度降低,建设地景观优势度增高,破碎度增大,景观形状趋于简单。两期比较,总生态服务价值(ESV)减少了1 336.19万元,其中建设地景观扩展是生态服务价值减少的最主要因素。生态服务价值变化同农业景观格局演化之间紧密相关,其中景观斑块面积、景观斑块种类、斑块数量及破碎度等指数的变化都会引起区域生态服务价值波动。可通过保护区域林地、园地、水域等关键景观类型,增加有效网络面积和连通性,减少干扰以降低斑块破碎度等措施来增强区域的生态系统服务价值,更好地支撑和保证区域的可持续发展。     

江苏省射阳县土地利用景观格局及分区

基于江苏省射阳县2010年度全国第二次土地利用变更调查的数据,利用GIS软件平台及景观生态学方法探讨射阳县土地利用景观格局特征并划分土地利用景观类型。结果表明:不同的土地利用类型在整个县域及沿景观格局梯度表现出明显的空间特征。耕地是最大优势景观类型,城镇村及工矿用地斑块形状不规则,水域及水利设施用地斑块分布连续而集中,其他土地破碎程度较高。景观指数沿样带呈现不同的变化规律。斑块密度沿样带呈现较大幅度的变化,景观形状指数变化幅度较小,蔓延度出现微幅变化。土地利用景观存在明显的镇域空间分异。黄沙港镇、合德镇、经济开发区斑块形状不规则,海通镇、新坍镇景观破碎程度较高,合德镇、兴桥镇、洋马镇斑块呈小而集聚型分布。土地利用景观可划分为高强度、中强度、低强度、弱强度四种土地利用景观区。     

基于IKONOS影像的城市景观格局研究——以银川市开发区为例

选用2001年和2005年的IKONOS遥感图象,应用GIS软件Arcview提取各景观斑块,并计算斑块面积、斑块数量、景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数、景观均匀度指数和景观破碎度数等景观生态指标,对研究区的景观格局进行分析。结果表明:研究区近几年景观格局变化较大,景观的多样性指数和均匀度指数逐渐增加,破碎度指数和优势度指数则呈现减小的趋势。各种景观类型中耕地变化最为明显,斑块面积和斑块数目大幅度减小:居住用地的斑块面积增加较大,道路用地、公共用地和防护林地的面积也有所增加,水域面积有所减小。     

岩溶山区林地景观梯度变化分析

运用景观生态学的理论与方法,以贵州省麻江县为研究区,分析了1992年和2012年两个时期的林地景观的地形梯度变化规律。结果表明:(1)研究期间,各林地景观的类型面积、斑块数、斑块密度、各景观类型的面积比重、平均斑块面积以及斑块形状指数都随坡度和海拔梯度带的变化而变化。在坡度大和海拔高区域林地景观破碎度降低,景观格局趋于简单,而坡度小和海拔低的区域林地景观破碎度增大,景观格局趋于复杂。(2)坡度小和海拔低区域的连通性指数和聚集度指数呈下降趋势,而分离度指数呈上升趋势,反映出该区域林地景观分布趋于分散,聚集度和连通性减低。坡度大和海拔高区域的连通性指数和聚集度指数呈上升趋势,而分离度指数呈下降趋势,反映出该梯度带林地景观分布趋于集中,聚集度和连通性提高。     

红河哈尼稻作梯田旅游资源价值空间差异评价

红河哈尼稻作梯田拥有丰富的自然与文化景观资源,是全球/中国重要农业文化遗产、世界文化遗产。目前该地区旅游发展水平空间极不平衡,在对其资源进行科学评价的基础上,提出差异化发展的策略是现实需要,也具有示范意义。本研究以哈尼稻作梯田十大片区所在8个乡镇的旅游资源为评价对象,根据自然景观与人文景观特征的差异,从资源特征和影响力两个方面,分别构建评价指标体系(自然景观6个指标,人文景观7个指标),采用层次分析-模糊数学分析方法对其资源价值进行评价。研究结果表明,自然景观价值方面,马鞍底乡、阿得博乡和三猛乡依托国家级保护区资源具有较明显的优势,其中马鞍底乡因景观奇特、规模宏大而优势突出,甲寅镇则因其水域和植物等组合景观而具有自然景观优势;人文景观价值方面,攀枝花乡、新街镇、甲寅镇和宝华镇因梯田而知名度高,民族文化典型而优势明显,其他乡镇也因具有优美的梯田景观、古村落、传统文化等人文景观资源而得到较高评价。哈尼稻作梯田系统的人文景观价值高于自然景观价值,但自然景观资源尚未得到开发,旅游发展水平空间差异巨大。最后,本研究根据各乡镇的资源优势,提出了各有侧重的旅游发展策略。     

生态农业景观与生物多样性保护及生态服务维持*

现代集约化的农业生产极大地改变农业景观生物多样性状况及生态系统服务功能,进而影响到农业可持续发展。大量研究显示,农业生态系统中物种多样性维持、害虫控制、传花授粉等生态系统服务功能受到景观结构的影响,仅仅改变集约化的生产方式,并不足以促进生物多样性的恢复及生态系统服务的维持,尚需考虑景观结构的调整和管理。从不同尺度上优化景观要素的空间配置和景观管理方式、建设生态农业景观成为促进农业景观生态系统服务功能维持、保护生物多样性和农业可持续发展的重要措施,具体包括:1)在区域和景观尺度上合理规划和配置种植区域和非种植区域以确保生态安全与稳定性;2)在地块间尺度保护、建设和管理甲虫带、野花带等生态设施,为农业生产提供必要生态系统服务;3)在地块内尺度通过多样化的种植和优化管理措施以获取农业生产和自然保护之间的平衡;4)整合景观规划设计与生态循环工程以促进农业景观资源的高效利用。     

Mapping community change in modified landscapes

Habitat loss is not randomly distributed across modified landscapes, yet spatial patterns of habitat cover are not routinely combined with biodiversity data when assessing or predicting the biodiversity impacts of land use change. Here, we convert point observations of more than 28,000 beetles from 851 species into a continuous biodiversity surface representing the similarity of ecological communities relative to that of pristine forest, effectively integrating on-the-ground biodiversity data with remotely sensed land cover data to predict the magnitude of community change in a modified landscape. We generated biodiversity surfaces for both present-day and pre-human landscapes to map spatial patterns of change in a diverse ecological community to calculate the combined biodiversity impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation that accounts for the exact spatial pattern of deforestation. Our spatially-explicit, landscape-scale index of community change shows how the fine-scale configuration of habitat loss sums across a landscape to determine changes in biodiversity at a larger spatial scale. After accounting for naturally occurring within-forest heterogeneity, we estimate that the conversion of 43% of forest to grassland in a 1300 km² landscape in New Zealand resulted in a 47% change to the beetle community.     

Changes in Collembola richness and diversity along a gradient of land-use intensity: A pan European study

Changes in Collembola richness and diversity along a land-use intensity gradient were studied in eight European countries (Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Hungary, UK, Ireland and Finland). In each country a set of six 1 km² land-use units (LUUs) were selected forming a gradient ranging from natural forest to agricultural dominated landscapes, passing through mixed-use ones. In addition to data on Collembola, detailed information regarding landscape diversity and structure was collected for each LUU. A total of 47,774 individuals were identified from 281 species. Collembola reacted not only to changes in the diversity of the landscape, but also to the composition of that diversity and the area occupied by each land-use type at each LUU. Although species richness patterns were not concordant among the different countries, the total number of species per LUU (landscape richness) was generally higher in natural forests and mixed-used landscapes, and lower in agricultural dominated landscapes. Moreover, high richness and diversity of Collembola at each LUU were associated with a diverse landscape structure, both in terms of number of patches and patch richness. Despite this comparable species richness between mixed-use landscapes and those dominated by natural forests, average species richness on forested areas (local richness) decreased along the gradient, showing that forest patches on mixed-use landscapes support a lower richness than in landscapes dominated by forest. This aspect is important when addressing the role of native forests in structuring biodiversity in disturbed and fragmented landscapes. Although a diverse landscape can support a high biodiversity, the results suggest that intensive fragmentation should be avoided with the risk of collapsing local species richness with the consequent result for regional biodiversity.     

Aesthetic preferences of non-farmers and farmers for different land-use types and proportions of ecological compensation areas in the Swiss lowlands

Beyond its traditional function of food production, agricultural land offers public amenities such as the protection of natural resources and landscape scenery. This study investigates the preferences of non-farmers and farmers for nine landscape scenarios in the Swiss lowlands. The nine landscapes were the result of a photo editing process combining three land-use types (arable crops, grassland and a mixture of both) and three proportions of ecological compensation areas (0%, 10% and 30%). The landscape photographs were randomly arranged on one page of a paper-based questionnaire which was sent to a random sample of 4000 Swiss households (non-farmers) and 500 farmers. The respondents (1376 non-farmers and 276 farmers) rated each landscape by attractiveness. Both non-farmers and farmers preferred a mixed land-use type or one dominated by arable crops over one dominated by grassland. Non-farmers’ preference ratings were highly influenced by the proportion of ecological compensation areas (ECAs) in the rated landscape: Non-farmers rated a landscape with a mixed land-use type and 30% ECAs highest, whereas farmers rated a landscape dominated by arable crops and 10% ECAs highest. The results indicate that heterogeneous landscapes (mixed land use, high proportion of ECAs) influence scenic beauty positively. Thus, farming practices and agro-environment schemes such as ECAs can have an impact on the visual attractiveness of a landscape.     

Responses of flood peaks to land use and landscape patterns under extreme rainstorms in small catchments - A case study of the rainstorm of Typhoon Lekima in Shandong,China

Investigations of the formation mechanisms of flood peaks in small catchments facilitate flood prediction and disaster prevention under extreme rainstorms. However, there have been few studies on the responses of flood peaks to land use landscape patterns using field surveys during extreme rainstorm events. Based on field data from 17 small catchments near the rainstorm center of Typhoon Lekima, 7 landscape indices were chosen. The flood peak and its sensitivity to the land use landscape were investigated by combining remote sensing interpretation and related analysis. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The peak discharge of the small catchment was 2.36–56.50 m³/s, the peak modulus was 8.00–48.89 m³/(s·km²), and the flood index K ranged from 3.61 to 4.55. (2) Under similar rainfall conditions, the flood peak modulus, K and the proportion of sloping cropland had significantly positive correlations (p < 0.05). The flood peak modulus was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of forest-grassland and terrace (p < 0.05), and K and the proportion of forest-grassland and terraced land exhibited a negative correlation. (3) The flood peak modulus and K were positively correlated with the landscape fragmentation. (4) The sensitivities of small catchments to floods were evaluated to be moderate compared to K values from other studies. The ability of small catchments to cope with extreme rainstorms can be improved by increasing the areas of forest-grassland, and terraces and reducing landscape fragmentation. Our results could be applied to provide a basis for land use planning and support for the response against disasters caused by extreme floods.     

Body size, niche breadth, and ecologically scaled responses to habitat fragmentation: mammalian predators in an agricultural landscape

The ability to make a priori assessments of a species' response to fragmentation, based on its distribution in the landscape, would serve as a valuable conservation and management tool. During 1997-1999, we monitored 717 scent stations to examine seasonal use of forest patches, corridors, and crop fields by coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Urocyon cinereoargenteus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata). For each species we developed landscape-based ecologically scaled landscape indices (ELSI), and we modeled species spatial distribution across three spatial scales (landscape-level, element-level, and local habitat-level). Our results suggest that these predators view landscape fragmentation at different spatial scales and demonstrate strong interspecific differences in their response to elements of the landscape. All species except coyotes and domestic cats avoided agricultural fields. In general, predator species that were more mobile (i.e. high ESLI for landscape connectivity; coyotes) were characterized by landscape- and element-based logistic models. In contrast, models including local habitat features generally were most appropriate for less mobile or more stenophagous predators (e.g. long-tailed weasels). Our analysis extends the application of the ESLI concept to species assemblages that do not appear to function as metapopulations, and it highlights the importance of examining spatial scale and species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation. We discuss the relevance of these findings for defining ecological landscapes, understanding predator-prey interactions at multiple spatial scales, and conserving predator and prey populations in fragmented landscapes.     

Effects of roads on landscape structure within nested ecological units of the Northern Great Lakes Region, USA

Road development is a primary mechanism of fragmentation in the northern Great Lakes Region, removing original land cover, creating edge habitat, altering landscape structure and function, and increasing access for humans. We examined road density, landscape structure, and edge habitat created by roads for eight land cover types at two ecological extents within a 78,752 km² landscape. Road density ranged from 0.16 to 2.07 km/km² within land type associations. Between 5 and 60% of a land cover type was affected by roads, depending on the assumed depth-of-edge influence (DEI). Roads increased number of patches and patch density, and decreased mean patch size and largest patch index. Changes in patch size coefficient of variation and measures of patch shape complexity depended on ecological level (i.e. scale) and land cover class. Limited additional change in landscape metrics occurred as road DEI was increased from 20 to 300 m. Land cover type occurred in buffers at the same percentages as in the landscape as a whole. At finer extents, areas with greatest road densities did not always parallel those with greatest changes in landscape structure. Interactions of scale and variation in the distribution of roads across the region emphasize the importance of examining landscape metrics and road impacts within specific cover types and at appropriate, or multiple, scales. Although this region is densely forested, the fragmentation effects of roads are pervasive, significantly altering landscape structure within multiple forest cover classes and at differing ecological extents.     

Independent effects of woodland loss and fragmentation on Brown Treecreeper distribution

We examined the influence of local habitat and the surrounding landscape on the distribution of Brown Treecreepers in a matrix of woodlands and pastures. Our goals were to: (1) determine the importance and scale of the independent effects of woodland cover and fragmentation on treecreeper distribution, and (2) employ landscape variables to improve models of treecreeper distribution based on local habitat features. Woodland fragmentation was important at a large scale while both woodland cover and fragmentation were important at a smaller scale. Excluding unoccupied sites in highly fragmented landscapes improved the ability of local habitat features to explain Brown Treecreeper distribution, which appeared to be constrained by cavity density. Brown Treecreepers' response to fragmentation at the larger scale may occur because fragmentation disrupts dispersal. Alternatively, their response may be an example of a general phenomenon of fragmentation effects only arising when < 20% of woodland cover remains at a given scale. As fragmentation increases, so does the need to incorporate landscape patterns into wildlife-habitat models.     

基于生态学意义可视指标的乡村景观情景可视化评价

获得情景的关键就是辨识和归纳未来变化的方式、途径和关键要素,进而有的放矢地进行情景模拟。目前,一些研究开始通过增减某些关键景观要素来进行乡村景观情景可视化模拟,但还较少将基于生态学意义的可视景观指标运用到模拟的条件之中。本研究将基于生态学意义的可视景观指标应用到乡村景观情景可视化评价的情景设计之中。通过复杂性、自然性、开阔性、一致性和记忆表象5个可视景观指标的专家预期和基于GIS环境的客观分析,确定出不同情景的设计标准,并根据此标准生成原始现状景观、生态保护景观、集约生产景观和旅游休闲景观4个设计情景。通过当地居民、周边利益相关者以及在校学生对4个情景中的乡村景观进行评价,探讨了不同利益相关者对景观情景偏好的选择差异及影响因素。结果表明:参与者对集约生产景观情景普遍不感兴趣;越靠近当地的利益相关者对旅游休闲景观情景的偏好越强、对生态保护景观情景的偏好越弱;人们通过情景得到的感性认识和他们经过理性思考后的选择往往有差异,对景观主观判断上的差异很大程度来自于他们的个人生活背景。基于生态学意义的可视景观指标而构建的情景可视化对反映乡村景观变化、增强相关者决策与设计参与具有重要作用。