国外休闲渔业可持续发展管理现状及我国休闲渔业管理对策

介绍了休闲渔业的兴起和发展以及在此过程中出现的环境、资源破坏等突出问题,论述了国外休闲渔业可持续发展管理现状,以提供我国休闲渔业管理借鉴.     

珠江渔业管理中渔业生态环境保护的突出问题——来自珠江中上游广西的报告

党的十六届四中全会提出了构建社会主义和谐社会，要坚持以科学的发展观统领社会经济发展全局的重要思想。其基本内涵是：一要坚持发展，发展是硬道理；二是要以人为本，促进社会的全面发展；三要实现社会经济全面、协调、可持续发展。     

基于个体生态模型在渔业生态中应用研究进展

近年来, 基于个体的生态模型(individual-based model, IBM)被广泛应用到海洋生态环境中, 被认为可能是研究鱼类生态过程的唯一合理手段。基于个体生态模型以众多的生物个体为模拟对象, 考虑个体之间的差异、环境条件的时空变化对个体发育的影响,这一研究为基于生态系统的渔业管理, 以及资源补充量预测分析提供了科学的研究方法和手段。本文主要介绍了IBM的基本概念, 以及在渔业上的研究方法和技术, 总结了IBM在鱼类输运、生长死亡和捕食相关的应用研究现状以及IBM在渔业上未来发展趋势, 并对IBM在渔业上应用的问题和不足进行了分析和讨论。本论文的总结与分析将为国内开展我国近海鱼类早期生活史的研究, 以及基于生态系统的渔业资源评估管理提供参考。     

“鱼—猪—鸭”生态渔业试验小结

为了探讨适合池塘生态渔业模式，提高池塘的经济效益，1988年我站在胜丰乡板桥湖渔场养鱼户蔡冬伍一口8亩大的成鱼池内开展了“鱼、猪、鸭”生态渔业模式试验，效益十分可观，现将试验情况小结如下：     

WebGIS在渔业领域应用的研究进展

实现渔业的可持续发展,需要制定合理的渔业管理规划与科学的决策。WebGIS作为一种新兴的GIS技术,不仅具有大部分GIS的传统功能,还具有基于Internet的独特功能,对于渔业管理规划与决策起着重要的辅助作用。随着互联网技术的快速发展以及多学科交叉的推动,WebGIS在渔业领域的应用逐渐深入和扩展。本文简述了WebGIS的特点和主要开发平台,系统回顾与总结了其在渔业领域的应用进展及存在的问题,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

渔业生态与渔业管理研究的进展

至七十年代末，大多数沿岸国家的渔业管辖范围已扩大到离海岸线200海里，使沿岸国家对以前不能管辖的海区也具有渔业管辖权，可以利用管辖权作出渔业管理的决策，从捕捞中得到最佳经济效益，因而提高了渔业管理的重要性。     

稻田养鱼是开发生态渔业的重要领域

稻田养鱼是开发生态渔业的重要领域黑龙江省松花江地区行署水产局赵连胜人口增加，耕地减少．农产品供需矛盾较大，特别是近年来粮食生产出现徘徊的状况．要求我们在农业上拓宽生产领域，进一步向生产的深度和广度开发．在这种形势下，大力发展生态农业，实行农业的综合开...     

生态渔业技术在小型水库的应用

攸县有小（Ⅰ、Ⅱ）型水库161座，总面积894．2hm2，占全县总可养面积的24.7％、长期以来，这些水库绝大多数由于缺肥、缺饵、缺钱，单位面积产量只有50多kg，经济效益仅300余元。为了挖掘这些水库的生产潜力，提高单产和经济效益，我们于1996年在本县两个过去产量较低的南星水库和长岭拗水库进行试点。试验表明，以渔为主，实行渔一农一牧结合的综合开发，由单一的水库渔业发展为水陆复合生态渔业，其生态、社会和经济效益同步提高，易被农民所接受和运用。现将生态渔业技术在小型水库应用的两种类型浅析如下：l材料与方法本试验分两种类型…     

国外的渔业管理

<正> 五十年代以来,世界各沿海国家,大量建造渔船、提高捕捞技术,迅速提高助渔、导航设备,使捕捞能力远远超过水产资源的再生能力;加上工业的加速发展,严重遭致海洋的污染,使渔业资源遭受严重破坏。资源衰退,逐渐成为世界性的渔业危机。各国科学家尖锐地指出:“世界渔业已到了关键的转折时期,要想再发展,需要进行一场革命”。即用科学的渔业管理和水产鱼类资源的增殖来发展渔业。所以,加强和研究渔政管理已是各个渔业国家当务之急,不少国家已列为渔业工作的重要任务。     

福建省近海渔业管理目标的比较

应用Schaefer和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y0．1模式，分别估算了福建省近海海洋捕捞业的最大持续产量，最大持续捕捞力量，最适产量，最适捕捞力量，最大经济产量，最大经济捕捞力量，最佳经济效益，并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较，建立了渔业管理3种模式，并根据福建省近海渔业实际情况和渔业发展趋势 ，提出实现3种管理目标的实施步骤。     

Method evaluation and risk assessment: A framework for evaluating management strategies for data-limited fisheries

Fisheries managers are in need of quantitative tools to inform decisions regarding selection of robust management practices, prioritising research gaps and stocks to focus on, particularly where there are limited resources or data. To support these decisions, the use of Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE), that is, closed loop simulation-testing of management procedures, is widely regarded as best practice. However, applying MSE is time- and computationally intensive, and requires highly skilled expertise and processes for stakeholder input and peer review. For data- and capacity-limited fisheries, MSE may be particularly challenging to implement. Yet, these are the contexts where it is most critical to test assumptions, evaluate the implications of all sources of uncertainty and identify the most informative data sources. To facilitate wider use of MSE, the Method Evaluation and Risk Assessment (MERA) framework was developed as an accessible online interface, with quick processing time, focused on generic data-limited management procedures, but allowing progression to tailored and more data-rich methods. The framework links a quantitative questionnaire and data input standard to a flexible operating model with optional customisation via command line access to the back-end open-source R libraries. Here, we illustrate a case study application of MERA for the bocinegro (Pagrus pagrus, Sparidae) fishery in the Gulf of Cadiz, where in conjunction with fishery stakeholders, a custom management procedure was developed and tested and key research gaps and data collection priorities were identified. We discuss implications for wider use of MSE in various contexts, including eco-certification and fishery improvement projects.     

渔业补贴对海洋渔业资源可持续利用的影响

渔业补贴是渔业行业特有的政府作为或者不作为,而政府的这种作为或者不作为改变了渔业行业的短期、中期或长期潜在利润。这些变化又进一步改变了捕捞个体的捕捞行为,从而对资源的开发和使用产生重要的影响,有可能导致了资源的过度捕捞？渔业补贴所带来的实际经济效果是双方面的,即补贴的积极效果与补贴消极效果。一些看似将带来积极效果的渔业补贴政策在实际实施中却带来了消极效果,即对资源的持续利用产生的负面影响。本文主要针对渔业补贴带来的消极效果进行分析,从而使人们对于渔业补贴的政策的认识更深一步。     

我国渔业风险综合管理研究

渔业风险管理是渔业经济持续健康发展的重要保障。在科学厘定渔业风险综合管理范畴的基础上,指出我国渔业高风险及风险管理低效率的困境在于割裂了渔业风险间的联系及渔业与其他产业的关联性、管理方式单一性和风险作用的复杂性,并从渔业风险管理的基本环境管理、致险因子管理、体制机制管理等方面明确渔业风险综合管理的新思路,提出从组织机构健全、法律法规完善、风险基金设立及渔业风险信息系统建设等方面推进渔业风险综合管理,提高我国渔业抵御风险和降低风险的能力。     

Changing how we approach fisheries: A first attempt at an operational framework for ecosystem approaches to fisheries management

The increasing need to account for the many factors that influence fish population dynamics, particularly those external to the population, has led to repeated calls for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM). Yet systematically and clearly addressing these factors, and hence implementing EAFM, has suffered from a lack of clear operational guidance. Here, we propose 13 main factors (shift in location, migration route or timing, overfishing (three types), decrease in physiology, increase in predation, increase in competition, decrease in prey availability, increase in disease or parasites and a decline in habitat quality or habitat quantity) that can negatively influence fish populations via mechanisms readily observable in ~20 population features. Using these features as part of a diagnostic framework, we develop flow charts that link probable mechanism(s) underlying population change to the most judicious management actions. We then apply the framework for example case studies that have well‐known and documented population dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to provide a clearly defined matrix of all the probable responses to the most common factors influencing fish populations, and to examine possible diagnostics simultaneously, comparatively and relatively in an attempt to elucidate the most probable mechanisms responsible. The framework we propose aims to operationalize EAFM, thereby not only better diagnosing factors influencing fish populations, but also suggesting the most appropriate management interventions, and ultimately leading to improved fisheries. We assert the framework proposed should result in both better use of limited analytical and observational resources and more tailored and effective management actions.     

应用地理信息系统对福建海洋渔业资源进行管理的初步探讨

利用地理信息系统来存储、管理福建海洋渔业资源信息，除了可以将渔业资源信息形象直观地体现在电子地图上(可视化表达)外，还可以通过对这些渔业信息加以分析从而实现渔场综合分析、渔情动态的实时跟踪监测、渔业资源动态查询和统计运算等功能，为管理和利用福建海洋渔业资源提供更为有效的技术手段。     

Unintended consequences of climate-adaptive fisheries management targets

Climate change is projected to affect the productivity of global fisheries. Management based on maximum sustainable yield (MSY) has been effective at eliminating overfishing in many regions. However, continuing to use yield-maximizing targets under climate-driven changes in productivity can result in higher anthropogenic pressure on populations subject to climate-related stress than maintaining status quo management targets. We demonstrate this effect using a theoretical example and case studies from snow crab in the eastern Bering Sea and a global marine fisheries database. In these examples, the conservation gain (i.e. biomass in the ocean) of maintaining status quo management targets is larger than the small gain in harvest made through climate adaptation in MSY-based management. The aggregate conservation gain of maintaining management targets increases as the harmful impacts of climate change on productivity worsen. Instead of climate-adaptive MSY-based targets, new management tools are needed to balance conservation and food production in ecosystems of populations displaying non-stationary productivity.     

Size matters: How single-species management can contribute to ecosystem-based fisheries management

In this study we show how substantial gains towards the goals of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) can be achieved by different single-species management. We show that fishing has much less impact on stocks if fish are caught after they have reached the size (L_opt) where growth rate and cohort biomass are maximum. To demonstrate our point we compare the impact of three fishing scenarios on 9 stocks from the North Sea and the Baltic. Scenario (1) is the current fishing regime, scenario (2) is a new management regime proposed by the European Commission, aiming for maximum sustainable yield obtained from all stocks, and scenario (3) is set so that it achieves the same yield as scenario (2), albeit with fishing on sizes beyond L_opt. Results show that scenarios (2) and (3) are significant improvements compared to current fishing practice. However, scenario (3) consistently shows least impact on the stocks, with seven-fold higher biomass of demersal fishes and an age structure similar to an unfished stock. This allows juveniles and adults to better fulfil their ecological roles, a major step towards the goals of ecosystem-based fisheries management. We give examples where scenario (3) is practiced in successful fisheries. We present a new interpretation of the relative yield per recruit isopleth diagram with indication of a new target area for fisheries operating within the context of EBFM. We present a new expression of the relative biomass per recruit isopleth diagram, which supports our analysis. We conclude that size matters for precautionary and ecosystem-based fisheries management and present a list of additional advantages associated with fishing at L_opt.     

加强我国海洋渔业资源管理的思考

目前我国近海捕捞能力大大超过了渔业资源的再生能力,海洋渔业资源面临枯竭的严峻形势。加强渔业资源管理,保持海洋渔业资源的再生能力,实现可持续发展已经刻不容缓。在对我国海洋渔业资源管理现状深入分析的基础上,从改善和健全管理体制、建立健全法规体系、加强管理执法能力建设、完善各项管理措施等方面提出了一些具体建议。