棉花细胞质雄性不育与育性恢复的研究与利用

对棉花细胞质雄性不育与育性恢复的研究现状进行了较为全面的综述。介绍了棉花细胞质雄性不育系、恢复系及“三系”杂种棉的选育进展,不育系花药的细胞学及其生理生化特征,细胞质雄性不育产生的分子机理,不育胞质对杂种一代的遗传效应。详细阐明了细胞质雄性不育恢复系的类型,育性恢复的遗传方式,育性恢复基因与育性增强基因之间的关系以及恢复基因的遗传定位。文中对“三系”杂种棉选育进展缓慢的原因进行了剖析,并从利用新的胞质不育类型选育优良不育系,聚合多个恢复基因和育性增强基因选育强恢复系,优化以蜜蜂为媒介的传粉体系等方面,探讨了“三系”杂种棉的发展对策。     

大豆质核互作雄性不育系NJCMS2A的选育及其雄性育性恢复的研究

 在前人工作的基础上 ,以 (N885 5×N16 2 8)F2 不育株为母本 ,N16 2 8为轮回亲本经连续回交 4代 ,选育出了新的质核互作雄性不育系NJCMS2A。该材料在选育过程中的育性表现与NJCMS1A不同 ,农艺性状与NJCMS1A相差很大 ,异交结实率比NJCMS1A也有很大提高。通过 8个品种与NJCMS2A的测交F1育性分析表明 ,有 5个品种可以恢复该不育系的雄性可育性 ,另外 3个品种可以保持其雄性不育性。     

大豆质核互作M型雄性不育系的选育及其育性表现

 用大豆中油89B[代号W#-(202)]品种作母本,分别与W#-(203)、W#-(206)、W#-(207)3个品种杂交,在F#-1代发现不育株;通过正反交测定,属质核互作型;通过连续4～5代核置换回交,获得雌、雄育性较稳定的3个不育系W#-(931A)、W#-(936A)、W#-(933A);这些不育系是栽培大豆与栽培大豆杂交后获得的,故定名为M型质核互作雄性不育系。     

大白菜质核互作型雄性不育的转育与应用

为了保证大白菜杂交种子的纯度,提高制种效率,利用大白菜质核互作型雄性不育系CMA,与不同球叶颜色（橘红心、黄心、白心）、不同结球类型（合抱、叠抱、直筒）、适合不同季节（春、夏、秋）栽培的多种类型自交系进行杂交,后代经连续多代回交,成功选育了满足市场需求的稳定的质核互作型雄性不育系。制种试验表明,杂交种杂交率达100%,整齐度高,制种产量与利用不亲和系杂交制种相当。     

棉花雄性不育与育性恢复的分子生物学研究进展

综述了棉花雄性不育系的来源及类型、雄性不育的分子基础及育性恢复机制、恢复基因的分子标记和基因定位的研究,并指出了其存在的问题和进一步的研究方向。     

新质源的质核互作型雄性不育水稻鉴29S的育性研究

在杂交组合８７９８／６８－８３的第六代株中发现一个具有明显育性转换的单株，经六个世代的系谱选择后出现稳定的群体－鉴２９Ｓ；通过对该材料的育性转换特性、遗传行为的研究表明；该不育系的育性表达受温度影响，高温导致不育，低温导致可育；对温度的敏感时间为幼穗分化期至第二枝粳分化期；该细胞质中存在对温度敏感的诱导因子，造成低温可育；综合分析结果，我们认为该材料属于质核互作型雄性的不育水稻。     

水稻质核互作雄性不育系异交结实率的初步研究

为了研究水稻质核互作雄性不育系异交结实率与父母本的关系,以花籼A(野败胞质)、华农A(野败胞质)、华农A(夜公胞质)、华农A(饶平野稻胞质)共4个水稻质核互作雄性不育系为母本,以抗草种、T180、G72、金华占2号、华航1号、粤香占、HN5413、丰穗占、M22和M31共10个恢复系进行配组,结果表明:不同质核互作雄性不育系异交结实率存在显著的差异;不同恢复系间的异交结实率也存在显著差异;不育系和恢复系互作效应对异交结实率的影响不明显;同质异核不育系的异交结实率的差异达到显著水平,而同核异质不育系的异交结实率的差异不显著。这说明水稻质核互作雄性不育系异交结实率的差异主要受核内遗传物质的影响,细胞质对异交结实率的影响不明显。进而提出了在选育水稻质核互作雄性不育系时,不仅要注意优良异交开花习性,而且还要注意核内遗传物质对异交结实率的影响。     

萝卜雄性不育转育进度的研究

以灯笼红萝卜雄性不育系为母本,美浓萝卜为转育父本,获得的不同回交转育世代(F1、BC1、BC2、BC3和BC4)分别与美浓萝卜之间对主要的植物学性状、农艺性状和品质性状进行转育差异度的比较分析.结果表明:在选育出全不育世代以后的各个回交世代均表现为全不育.株态、叶型、叶片色、叶脉色、根形和皮色在BC3代已经接近轮回亲本;单根重、外露长、根长、根粗和根形指数符合理论的转育趋势,至BC4代单根重的转育差异度仅为-3.49%;株高、展开度、叶重、根叶比、叶片长、叶片宽及叶片数等虽然在个别转育世代偏离了理论的变化趋势,但至BC4代时均已接近轮回亲本;Vc、蛋白质、可溶性糖、干物质和纤维素含量的转育差异度在不同转育世代波动幅度较大,但至BC4代时也已与轮回亲本相近.可见,在萝卜雄性不育转育过程中,至BC4代时与轮回亲本的主要性状已基本相似.     

大豆质核互作雄性不育系NJCMS1A的选育及其特性

栽培大豆品种间杂交组合N8855×N2899的F#-1表现雄性不育,经与N2899连续回交4代,选育出综合农艺性状优良、花粉败育率为100%的大豆质核互作雄性不育系NJCMS1A及其保持系NJCMS1B。不育系雌性育性正常,在不同环境条件下雄性不育性稳定。在回交世代BC#-1F#-1、BC#-2F#-1不育株中发现个别花内含有2个雌蕊（周围20个雄蕊）、3个雌蕊（周围30个雄蕊）等异常现象。     

萍乡显性核不育水稻与质核互作不育系的遗传关系研究

结果表明：萍乡显性不育水稻带有质核互作不育系的恢复基因,不同遗传背景的萍乡显性核不育水稻对质核互作不育系具有不同的恢保关系;萍乡显性核不育基因与质核互作不育基因是独立发生的。当质核互作不育系中细胞质和细胞核的隐性不育基因一起作用时,能够掩盖萍乡显性核不育基因的育性表达。     

细胞质雄性不育彩色棉杂种优势的表现

利用棕色棉细胞质雄性不育系和恢复系配制的19个杂种F1表现出显著的杂种优势,平均单株铃数和皮棉产量比棕色棉对照品系G008分别增加3.9个和增产15.2%,其中9个组合的增产幅度为15.6%～48.1%. 尤其是ZJ12×ZJ02组合的皮棉产量较常规推广良种"中棉所12号"增产4.1%.在纤维品质上,与棕色棉对照相比,有8个组合的纤维长度显著增长2.6～4.8 mm,幅度为10.5%～19.4%;比强度增加0.1～2.9 cN/tex,其中4个组合的增幅为10.8%～16.5%;马克隆值低0.5～1.7,降幅为26.0%～34.0%. 在浙江大学农业试验站的制种田,不育系分别与保持系、恢复系按2∶1比例间隔种植,昆虫自然传粉,能得到高的异交率.不育系的繁种产量和杂种的制种产量分别为1 948.5 kg/hm2和1 282.5 kg/hm2,杂种F1的皮棉产量与亲本相比超亲优势达36.1%. 表明利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的杂种优势在改良彩色棉产量和品质上有显著作用.     

棉花核不育系抗A1育性转换不育株育性变化与温度的关系

为了纯合棉花核不育系抗A1,使其不育株率由50%上升到100%,通过调节播种期,从不育株群体中发现了2株育性转换不育株,并对该育性转换不育株的育性变化与温度的关系进行了研究.结果表明,抗A1育性转换不育株属低温不育、高温可育类型,其育性转换临界温度在27～28℃之间,敏感时期为花前7～13天;在自交条件下,抗A1育性转换不育株的不育株率逐代提高,经过3代自交,其不育株率已达65%,有希望纯合.     

新彩棉5号生育特性及其丰产栽培技术

通过总结新彩棉5号的生育性状和丰产栽培技术,分析获得高产、优质、提高抗性的田管措施,以期为生产实践提供理论参考。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产（制种）。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的“两系法”制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的“三系法”制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F₁的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F₁负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本（不育系和恢复系）选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点：（1）不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;（2）棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;（3）棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;（4）可利用种间（海岛棉与陆地棉间）杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。     

植被重建对沙地采伐迹地土壤肥力的作用研究

以植被重建后的科尔沁沙地为研究对象,采用野外采样与实验室检测分析相结合的方法,对其南缘樟子松固沙林采伐迹地上的更新树种林下土壤特性演变特征进行研究,运用模糊综合评判法,选用7项评价指标对植被重建后土壤肥力特征进行综合评价。结果表明,植被重建后,土壤肥力各指标均有所提高,其中五角枫林地有机质、全氮、速效钾增幅最大,红刺榆林地碱解氮、全钾增幅最大,彰武松、樟子松林地全磷、有效磷增幅最大;4种植被重建类型对土壤肥力的综合改良效果为五角枫(0.8735)彰武松(0.6494)红刺榆(0.5618)樟子松(0.4814),该评价结果可为当地植被恢复提供一定参考。     

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F₁ were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F₁ not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F₁ fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniques of hybrid cotton seed production, such as rules of parent (sterile line and restorer line) selection, location selection and environment optimization for enriching native pollinators to produce more hybrid seeds. Then, the paper pointed out that compared with other crops, cotton hybrid seed production based on CMS system has four advantages in the cotton heterosis use: (1) The purity of hybrid seeds can be guaranteed because there is no pollen in anthers of cotton CMS line and its sterility is very stable and not affected by the climate and other environments; (2) The high yield of hybrid seed can be obtained since the long flowering period (about 3 months) of cotton does not result in the flowering asynchronism between sterile line and restorer line; (3) The wide ecological adaptability of cotton and the possibility of large-scale hybrid seed production will be benefited to popularize hybrid cotton; and (4) Interspecific heterosis between upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sea-island cotton (G. barbadense L.) can be used. It is predicted that the hybrid cotton production based on CMS system will be the main approach to utilize heterosis of cotton. Finally, the future works in study and application of CMS in cotton heterosis, especially in development of new sterile lines and restorer lines by use of modern biotechnology, was also discussed.     

Effect of in vivo plant preservation on the fertility and chromosome configuration of a quadri-specific hybrid derived from 4 cultivated cotton species

A quadri-specific hybrid F₁ (G. arboreum, G. herbaceum, G.hirsutum, and G.barbadense) was produced by crossing the doubled-chromosome (G.arboretum × G. herbaceum) F₁ with (G.hirsutum × G.barbadense) F₁. The hybrid plants were preserved for 15 years via the method of grafting. The hybrid flowers were self-crossed and back-crossed every year, and the pollen vigor was tested as well. The results showed that the percentage of fertile pollens and weak-vigor pollens increased with the time of plant preservation, especially for those of weak-vigor that occupied about 10% of the total pollens after 15 years of growth. Meanwhile, the percentage of the sterile pollens decreased with the plant preservation, and the fertility of the quadri-specific hybrid was recovered partially. After plant preservation for more than 10 years, some backcrossed seeds were obtained via backcrossing with upland cotton parents, and a few self-crossed seeds were produced finally. The characteristics of chromosome behavior and the chromosome configuration during the meiosis were studied and the results showed that the chromosome configuration of the quadri-specific hybrid plant grown for 15 years was 2n = 52 = 4.92I + 14.62II + 2.29III + 1.56IV + 0.71V+ 0.19VI, while that from the plants of 15 years ago was 2n = 52 + 8.4I + 8.1II + 5.7III + 1.9IV + 0.6V. It was showed that the univalents decreased to 3.5 per cell, bivalents increased up to 6.5 per cell, and the number of multivalents decreased obviously as well. It was found from this experiment that extending the growth period by the method of grafting would be helpful to harmonize the relationship among the different chromosome groups which came from different species, and balance the chromosome configuration, which led to the partially recovering in plant fertility of the interspecific hybrids. __________ Translated from Cotton Science, 2007, 19(6): 461–466 [译自: 棉花学报]     

棉花细胞质雄性不育研究进展

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势,棉花细胞质雄性不育在棉花杂种优势的利用上具有重要作用。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复系统突破传统人工去雄杂交育种的瓶颈,为棉花杂交种制种的商业化推广展现了光明的前景。综述了近年来棉花细胞质雄性不育在细胞学、生理生化、分子生物学和育性恢复4个方面的研究进展。详细阐明了棉花细胞质雄性不育小孢子败育时期及细胞学形态、生理生化指标研究、胞内基因组和核内恢复基因的分子生物学研究和获得理想恢复系的方法,并提出了研究中存在的主要问题,展望了今后工作的研究方向。     

彩色棉纤维品质的杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ设计,以3个白色棉为母本,3个绿色棉为父本,配制绿色杂交组合;以2个白色棉为母本,以4个棕色棉为父本,配制棕色杂交组合。纤维品质杂种优势和配合力方差分析表明:绿色杂种(F1)纤维品质的超白色棉亲本优势、中亲优势、超彩色棉亲本优势和竞争优势,2.5%跨长分别为0.91%、6.53%、13.02%和1.21%,比强度分别为-5.77%、15.63%、49.7%和1.02%,马克隆值分别为-14.6%、9.31%、52.51%和-23.61%。棕色杂种(F1)纤维品质的超白色棉亲本优势、中亲优势、超彩色棉亲本优势和竞争优势,2.5%跨长分别为-3.09%、1.71%、7.12%和-5.59%,比强度分别为-6.99%、-0.06%、9.55%和-4.05%,马克隆分别为-8.67%、-3.15%、4.49%和-18.37%。绿色纤维2.5%跨长的加性方差和显性方差分别占表性方差的56.18%和31.32%,达显著;比强度以显性方差为主,占表性方差的59.53%,马克隆值的显性方差占表性方差的39.22%,达显著;棕色纤维绿色纤维2.5%跨长以加性方差为主,占表性方差的68.59%,达极显著;比强度加性方差占表性方差的37.77%,达显著,马克隆值的加性方差和显性方差分别占表性方差的54.76%和34.69%,均达显著。