微胶囊核桃粉加工工艺的研究

核桃油脂含量在50%～70%,其中90%以上是不饱和脂肪酸,因此被中医学认为有降低胆固醇、防止动脉硬化、补气养血、美容和抗衰老等作用.但是,核桃仁中大量的不饱和脂肪酸极易氧化,使其储存时间有限.本研究采用喷雾干燥微胶囊造粒法对核桃粉的加工工艺进行了研究,利用明胶、大豆分离蛋白、糊精等水溶性壁材包裹核桃仁中的油脂,再经喷雾干燥脱去壁材中的水分使之成为O/W型微胶囊,从而防止油脂与外界氧的接触,得到了油脂含量高达35.3%、包埋率 85.7%、预测保质期12个月的核桃粉产品.     

酵母营养素对酒精发酵的影响

该文探索了酵母营养素对山葡萄酒精发酵的影响.在供试的3个处理中,1.0g/kg葡萄的使用量效果较佳.酵母营养素可加快山葡萄酒精发酵进程,发酵比较彻底,还可降低挥发酸的生成量,但总酸含量稍有增加.     

辐照杀菌对核桃粉品质的影响

研究了60Co γ辐照杀菌对核桃粉主要营养成分变化及感官品质的影响。结果表明：剂量为2.0～8.0kGy时,辐照对核桃粉中的总糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著影响;辐照后的粗纤维含量有一定的增加,但不显著;辐照对核桃粉中的月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸含量基本没有影响,对棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸和亚麻酸含量有一定的影响,但不显著;辐照后核桃粉中的油酸含量随辐照剂量的上升而显著增加,剂量达到8.0kGy时,油酸含量增加了4.3%。8.0kGy以下辐照对核桃粉色泽、气味、口感无明显改变。可以得出结论低于8.0kGy的辐照不会对核桃粉的营养品质和感官品质有不良影响。     

影响禾谷类作物籽实营养素含量的遗传因素分析

禾谷类作物是最重要的粮食作物,为人类提供了必需的营养物质,淀粉、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素和矿物质作为谷物的主要营养素,其含量是培育健康谷物的关键。为给育种研究中有效提升禾谷类籽实的营养品质及谷物的有效利用提供参考,并为培育更具全面营养的谷物提供理论依据,从饮食源头上为人类健康保驾护航。本文基于近年来相关文献资料的梳理归纳,对几种主要的禾谷类作物小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻和玉米中的几种主要营养素含量进行比较分析,对影响这些营养物质含量和品质的遗传因素进行分析总结,认为小麦、大麦、燕麦、水稻、玉米等禾谷类籽实所含的各类营养物质有较大差异,不同物种遗传背景的差异是导致不同禾谷类籽实营养物质差异的根本原因,而在进化过程中基因突变的平行性又是导致禾谷类籽实中相同营养元素被同类基因编码调控的直接原因。     

哺乳动物胃肠道发育特征和早期营养调控研究进展

对哺乳动物胃肠道发育的研究已经超过三十年，但新生儿患胃肠道功能障碍以及由此引发的并发症的几率依然很高，如食物消化不良、生长缓慢、坏死性小肠结肠炎、吸收障碍综合症和腹泻等。此前的综述文章主要论述营养素以及调控因子对胃肠道形态与功能发育的影响，因此，本文在阐述胃肠道形态和功能发育特征的基础上，论述营养素对胃肠道发育的调控作用以及影响机制，揭示营养素和胃肠道发育的生理相关性以及潜在的早期营养调控措施。     

磷胁迫对粉带扦插苗生长和生理特征的影响

以粉带(Scaevola albida)扦插苗为材料,研究磷胁迫对其外观形态、生根率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、MDA含量和SOD、APA活性的影响.结果表明:在磷浓度0 g/kg处理下,无植株死亡,但生长状况(指标包括株高、叶片宽度、颜色和数量)在各处理中最差,生根率显著低于对照,叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量均略低于对照,MDA含量、SOD和APA活性均显著高于对照;在磷浓度0.02 g/kg处理下,生长状况、叶绿素含量和SOD、APA活性与对照基本相同,生根率显著高于对照,达到100%,可溶性蛋白含量略高于对照,MDA含量略低于对照;在磷浓度0.04,0.06,0.08 g/kg处理下,植株存活率、生根率、叶绿素含量和APA活性均开始显著下降,可溶性蛋白、MDA含量和SOD活性均显著上升.根据在各磷浓度处理下粉带扦插苗生长和生理指标的变化,磷浓度0.02 g/kg处理最适于粉带扦插苗的生长.     

小肽营养素对断奶仔猪生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

本试验将40头21d断奶的三元杂交猪随机分为4组,用4组不同日粮组成及营养水平的饲料（Ⅰ：基础日粮＋2%喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉（SDPP）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加1%,2%和3%小肽营养素）饲养21d后称重、测定血液生化指标并进行统计分析。结果表明：添加小肽营养素对断奶仔猪的生产性能无显著影响;各处理组的血清总蛋白、血糖和血清尿素差异不显著,2%小肽组的球蛋白、免疫球蛋白含量显著高于其它组;小肽产品可以部分等蛋白取代断奶仔猪日粮中的血浆蛋白粉。通过了解小肽营养素替代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对21d断奶仔猪的生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,为肽类产品在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用提供了依据。     

燕麦品质分析及产业化开发途径的思考

论述了燕麦、燕麦粉(莜麦精粉)、燕麦麸皮的主要营养素含量及保健功效,介绍了国内外燕麦制品和新产品开发概况,并为燕麦产业化途径提出些许建议。     

营养改良型转基因植物研究进展

研究证实营养素在疾病预防中发挥着重要作用,摄入不足将影响人体健康,所以营养素的补充强化已成为各领域的研究热点。随着转基因技术的日益成熟,营养改良型转基因植物的研究也逐渐增多。本文围绕转基因技术在植物营养改良方面的应用,综述了转基因技术在提高植物中维生素含量、必需氨基酸含量、矿质元素含量和降低植物中有害因子、改善脂肪酸组成等方面最新研究成果,对其未来的发展方向及应用前景进行了展望,同时对转基因食品的安全性评价及商业化进程提出了建议。以期使读者能全面正确地认识和了解转基因技术在改良植物营养价值方面的研究进展和未来发展方向。     

钾对番红花球茎膨大的促进效应

采用4种钾浓度营养液培养番红花(Crocus.sativas.L.)的结果表明,随着施钾水平的提高,叶片中的钾含量、叶绿素含量、ATP相对含量及叶片净光合速率也相应提高,使叶片作为代谢源的能力加强;同时,随着施钾水平提高,新球茎富集钾的能力、可溶性糖的含量、Vc含量和蛋白质含量也增加,使新球茎作为代谢库的功能也增强。本文还探讨了钾元素通过加强源和库的功能来提高番红花球茎膨大速率的机理,为番红花的进一步研究与利用提供了依据。     

荞麦粉—小麦粉混粉流变学特性研究

以小麦粉为对照，对荞麦全粉、荞麦心粉、荞麦麸粉的理化特性进行了分析，参照国际标准分析方法，系统分析了荞麦粉-小麦粉混粉的粉质特性、拉伸特性以及糊化粘度特性等流变学特性。试验结果表明，与小麦粉相比，荞麦粉的粘度很高，β-淀粉酶活性很低，降落值大于1000 s。荞麦籽粒中各营养成分分布不平衡，荞麦麸粉的营养价值高。小麦粉中加入荞麦粉，当荞麦粉比例不超过30%时，混粉尚有较好的加工特性。与荞麦全粉相比，荞麦心粉具有较好的加工性能。     

Effects of lipase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase, and rutin on quality deteriorations in buckwheat flour

To investigate the effects of changes in lipase, lipoxygenase, peroxidase (POX), and rutin concentrations on the quality of buckwheat flour, 14 buckwheat varieties were stored for 0, 4, 10, and 30 days at 5 or 20 degrees C. During the storage period, lipase activity correlated to pH (significantly negative) and water-soluble acid (WSA) (significantly positive). The lipoxygenase 1 protein concentration had a negative correlation to WSA (significant at 0 and 4 storage days at 5 degrees C and at 0 and 10 storage days at 20 degrees C). POX had significant correlation to pH and peroxide value (POV) at 5 degrees C, whereas it was not significant at 20 degrees C. The rutin concentration had negative correlations to WSA (significant at 30 days of storage at 5 degrees C and at 4 days of storage at 20 degrees C). Thus, lipase activity plays an important role that relates to lipid degradation in quality deterioration of buckwheat flour.     

荞麦籽粒生物力学性质及内芯黏弹性试验研究

针对可供相关作业机械设计参考的荞麦籽粒生物力学性质指标可用参数缺乏的现状,该文研究了优种荞麦籽粒的常规力学性质及芯粉黏弹性力学性质,并对相关影响因素进行了分析。试验测定了不同品种荞麦籽粒在不同含水率下的三轴尺寸、千粒质量、容重等基本物性参数,采用斜面仪、休止角测定装置测定了荞麦籽粒的滑动摩擦系数及休止角,应用DMA(Q800)动态力学性能分析仪测定了荞麦(粉状)的动态黏弹性,运用物性分析仪测定了荞麦籽粒的破坏力、破坏能等力学性质,利用摆锤式动载试验机测定了荞麦籽粒所能承受的最大撞击载荷。结果表明:同一品种荞麦籽粒的长、宽、高、千粒质量、几何平均径均随含水率的降低而减小,容重随着含水率的降低而增大;摩擦系数随含水率的降低而减小,籽粒与Q235钢板的摩擦系数最大,与7075铝合金板的次之,与304不锈钢板的最小;休止角随含水率的降低而减小;随着含水率的降低,破坏力、表观弹性模量和最大接触应力逐渐增大,变形量逐渐减小,破坏能呈上升趋势。而在相同含水率下,不同品种荞麦籽粒的物性参数及上述力学特性参数均呈现极显著差异(P0.0001)。荞麦粉末的储能模量随含水率的降低而增大,弹性性能提高,损耗模量和损耗正切随含水率的降低而减小,黏性性能降低。同一品种荞麦在相同含水率下,撞击载荷越大,破碎率越高;同一撞击载荷下,随着含水率的降低,籽粒的破碎率先减小后增大。研究结果可为荞麦收获及加工装备研制、参数优化提供基础依据。     

红花甜荞籽粒淀粉的理化特性

为明确红花甜荞籽粒淀粉理化特性,选用12个红花甜荞品种为材料,分析了其淀粉颗粒形态、粒度分布特征、直链淀粉含量、溶解度、透明度及糊化特性以及品种间差异。结果表明,红花甜荞淀粉颗粒多为不规则多角形和球形,多角形多且颗粒较大,球形颗粒较少且颗粒小,淀粉粒径范围介于0.38～25.78 μm;品种间淀粉粒径、直链淀粉含量、溶解度、透明度存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;起始糊化温度在62.80～72.60℃,峰值黏度在126.58～141.00 RU;品种间谷值黏度、最终黏度、破损值、回生值和峰值时间差异显著。定边甜荞谷值黏度大,为118.00 RU;破损值及回生值小,分别为13.00和57.33 RU;达到峰值时间最长,达5.80 min;淀粉糊稳定性好。因此,在进行优质专用品种选育和产品加工时,应根据不同目标选择不同的甜荞品种。     

汽蒸荞麦干燥工艺优化研究

采用二次正交旋转组合设计试验,研究了介质温度、介质风速、料层厚度对单位耗热量、小时去水率、小时去水量、爆腰率增值的影响规律；利用复合形法，以热耗为目标函数，对参数进行优化，确定了最佳工艺参数，即介质温度：100℃、介质风速：3.6 m/s、厚度：56 mm。从而为汽蒸荞麦干燥机的设计和现有干燥机的操作和调整提供了理论依据。     

Identification of anthocyanins in the sprouts of buckwheat

The anthocyanin profiles and varieties/breeding line differences of anthocyanin concentrations in common/tartary buckwheat sprouts have been studied. Four anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, and cyanidin 3-O-galactopyranosyl-rhamnoside, were isolated from the sprouts of common buckwheat, were separated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and were identified using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC)/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS techniques. In tartary buckwheat sprouts, two anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside) were identified. Among 19 common/tartary buckwheat varieties/breeding lines, Hokkai T10 contained the highest amounts of anthocyanins. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside concentrations in 6-10 days after seeding sprouts of Hokkai T10 ranged from 0.16 to 0.20 mg/g dry wt and from 5.55 to 6.57 mg/g dry wt, respectively. In addition, dark-grown sprouts of Hokkai T10 accumulated 0.091 and 2.77 mg/g dry wt of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside whereas other varieties/breeding lines accumulated trace amounts of anthocyanins. Given its anthocyanin-rich red cotyledons, Hokkai T10 is a promising line for use as "Moyashi" type sprouts and is strongly recommended as a new functional food, rich in dietary anthocyanins.     

Physicochemical and functional properties of buckwheat protein product

This study was conducted to compare the physicochemical and functional properties of buckwheat protein product (BWP), soy protein isolate (SPI), and casein. BWP was prepared from buckwheat flour by the method including alkaline extraction and isoelectric precipitation. The amino acid composition of BWP was very similar to that of buckwheat flour. The protein solubility (PS) of BWP was much greater than that of SPI at all pH levels (pH 2-10) but lower than that of casein at pH 7-10. The isoelectric point of BWP was around pH 4. The higher aromatic hydrophobicities (ARH) of BWP, SPI, and casein were obtained at lower pH levels (pH 2-3). The emulsifying stability (ES) of BWP was lower than those of SPI and casein at high pH levels (pH 7-10). At all pH levels, BWP formed a thin emulsion. Regression analysis showed that the ARH of BWP was significantly associated with the ES. Although the water holding capacity of BWP was quite lower than that of SPI, its fat absorption capacity was slightly higher than those of SPI and casein. These results indicated that the physicochemical properties of BWP were different from those of SPI or casein. Thus, BWP is a potential source of functional protein for possible food application.     

Purification and characterization of lipase in buckwheat seed

To obtain basic information about enzymatic deterioration of buckwheat flour, triacylglycerol lipase (LIP; EC 3.1.1.3) was purified from buckwheat seed. The LIP consisted of two isozymes, LIP I and LIP II, and they were purified with purification folds of 60 and 143 with final specific activities of 0.108 and 0.727 mumol of fatty acid released per minute per milligram of protein at 30 degrees C using triolein as a substrate. Molecular weights were estimated to be 150 (LIP I) and 28.4 kDa (LIP I) by gel filtration and 171 (LIP I) and 26.5 kDa (LIP II) by SDS-PAGE. Optimal pHs of LIP activities were 3.0 (LIP I) and 6.0 (Lip II) using triolein as a substrate. Both LIP I and II reacted in the acidic pH range. Optimal temperatures were 30 (LIP I) and 40 degrees C (LIP II), and both LIP I and II were stable below 30 degrees C when p-nitrophenyl-laurate was used as a substrate. However, they were inactivated above 60 degrees C. On the other hand, when triolein was used as a substrate, optimal temperatures were 30 degrees C for both LIP I and II, and they retained 40% of their activity after a 4 h incubation of enzymes at 70 degrees C. LIP I and II had higher activity against triolein than monoolein or tri/monopalmitin. Most of the LIP activity was distributed in the embryo.     

荞麦剥壳机分离装置的改进试验

针对传统的荞麦剥壳机配用的上端吸风式分离器存在气流与物料混合不均匀,荞壳、荞仁分离不彻底等问题,为了进一步提高荞麦剥壳过程中荞壳、荞仁的分离率,试验在测得脱出物各自悬浮速度的基础上,对吸风式分离装置进行了改进设计,并对吸风口气流速度、匀料板的数量、通风网的放置位置进行了优化试验。得出试验因素的最优组合为：吸风口气流速度为8.0 m/s,通风网位置为中部,匀料板数量为3个。研究结果表明：经过优化改进后的侧吸风式分离器分离率达到99.3%,损失率为0.35%,证明对传统的剥壳机进行改进设计是有效的,达到了提高分离率和降低损失率的目的。     

Uptake of calcium and magnesium by buckwheat from limestone

Liming is a most fundamental agricultural practice for acid soils. Calcium and magnesium are necessary elements for plant growth. Strong acid soils, in addition to possible magnesium and/or calcium deficiency, may supply toxic amounts of trace elements to the plant. Soil testing has become an important factor for it indicates the need of lime and fertilizers. With advances in soil chemistry, many testing methods have been suggested and are being used. Advances have been made in the measurement of soil acidity, for instance, the “lime potential” theory of Schofield and Taylor (1,2) may provide basic information on that problem. In recent years there have been radical changes in the concept of exchangeable aluminum associated with the problem of soil acidity (3,5,5).