基于基因组学的作物抗旱改良

随着基因组学的发展，利用大量的序列信息鉴定和克隆抗旱相关基因以改良作物的生产性能具有重要意义。作物抗旱性属数量遗传，其数量性状位点的鉴定是分子标记辅助选择改良作物抗旱性的基础。笔者就作物抗旱基因鉴定及相关功能基因组学的最新进展作系统的介绍，并探讨了今后作物抗旱性研究发展方向     

小麦抗旱的分子标记、基因定位和基因工程研究进展

综述了与小麦抗旱相关的分子标记、基因定位和基因工程研究进展。作物抗旱性是复杂的数量性状,利用分子生物学技术对抗旱相关的性状进行研究,有利于阐明其遗传基础,为进一步应用现代生物技术进行小麦抗旱性改良提供理论基础,目前小麦抗旱的分子标记尚未和育种工作紧密结合,对这种现象的原因进行了分析,提出了解决问题的办法。基因工程从渗透调节物质、Lea蛋白、转录因子3个方面进行小麦抗旱性改良,转录因子是目前转基因抗旱育种的一个发展方向。     

禾本科主要作物抗旱相关基因及转基因研究进展

干旱是限制作物生长和产量的重要因素之一,为提高禾本科主要作物水稻、小麦、玉米、甘蔗的抗旱能力,本研究从植物抗旱机理出发,归纳了植物抗旱相关的功能基因、转录因子以及信号因子。综述了水稻、小麦、玉米、甘蔗抗旱相关基因挖掘以及抗旱转基因的研究进展,针对今后作物抗旱性的研究,提出了开展逆境植物重要抗旱基因资源挖掘、构建多基因共表达系统以及开展科学、标准的转基因抗旱鉴定指标评价体系研究的建议。     

野生大麦的抗旱性及其在大麦遗传改良中的应用

干旱是主要的非生物胁迫性灾害,极大地威胁到全球的粮食供应,是影响农业生产的最重要因素之一。因此,培育抗旱性植物是解决干旱危害和粮食危机的根本途径。野生大麦已经适应广泛的干旱环境并具有丰富的遗传多样性,它们的抗旱基因与抗旱相关数量性状位点(QTLs)已经确定,对改良大麦抗旱性有巨大的潜力。综述了野生大麦的抗旱性及其在大麦改良中的应用,并对大麦抗旱育种中存在的问题以及今后发展方向进行了展望。     

玉米抗旱机理及抗旱性鉴定指标研究进展

玉米抗旱性是一个复杂的综合特性,研究内容主要是抗旱机理研究和抗旱性鉴定与评价,其中适应干旱的形态结构特征是玉米长期进化的结果,生理代谢调节也是玉米适应抗旱的有效手段之一。通过总结前人有关对玉米抗旱性的大量研究,从形态结构、生理生化及遗传等角度阐述了玉米抗旱机理与抗旱性鉴定的各项指标。指出玉米抗旱性由多基因控制,呈现典型的数量遗传。抗旱性鉴定需要在特定环境和试验条件下运用生理生化指标变化结合遗传分析进行综合评价。同时发现玉米抗旱性研究的方向从一般的生理生化分析转移到分子遗传学的QTLs定位与分析。总结分析玉米抗旱性研究现状与方向,为玉米抗旱性鉴定、玉米抗旱育种和农业生产提供可靠的理论依据。     

野生大豆种植资源抗旱性评价

在年降雨量不足40mm的敦煌市,设干旱胁迫和正常灌水两个处理进行试验研究,考察与抗旱性相关的产量性状,采用抗旱指数的方法,从生态抗旱的角度进行抗旱性鉴定,探索野生大豆的抗旱潜力,拓宽大豆抗旱育种基因资源。应用产量性状指标评定野生大豆品种的抗旱性,简单、易行、可靠性高,尤其在进行野生大豆品种资源抗旱鉴定筛选过程中更显示出它的优越性。     

野生大豆种质资源抗旱性评价

在年降雨量不足40mm的敦煌市,设干旱胁迫和正常灌水两个处理进行试验研究,考察与抗旱性相关的产量性状,采用抗旱指数的方法,从生态抗旱的角度进行抗旱性鉴定,探索野生大豆的抗旱潜力,拓宽大豆抗旱育种基因资源。应用产量性状指标评定野生大豆品种的抗旱性,简单、易行、可靠性高,尤其在进行野生大豆品种资源抗旱鉴定筛选过程中更显示出它的优越性。     

基于性状和分子标记的小麦抗旱近等基因系的分离

创建小麦‘宁春4号’抗旱近等基因系,为其在生产中的应用和抗旱遗传改良提供有利用价值的材料。利用重组自交系(RILs)合适世代(F₆或F₇)的单株具有一定杂合率的特点,采用性状和分子标记分离近等基因系的方法,在‘宁春4号’/‘宁春27号’RILs一个家系RIL-97内分离出‘宁春4号’抗旱近等基因系,经抗旱性及特征特性鉴定表明,该近等基因系抗旱性较强,其他形态特征特性与‘宁春4号’基本一致。这些近等基因系可进一步用来精确定位抗旱相关性状QTL位点。利用RILs群体合适世代结合分子标记是快速构建近等基因系的有效方法。     

水稻生长对干旱胁迫的响应及抗旱性研究进展

水稻是我国主要粮食作物,也是用水量最多的作物.研究水稻抗旱性,培育抗旱水稻品种,实现水资源不足背景下水稻的高产和稳产,有助于缓和粮食生产与水资源短缺之间的矛盾.国内外学者对水稻抗旱机理、抗旱鉴定指标以及抗旱相关基因的分析等做了大量研究并取得了突破性进展.本文从形态特征、生理生化特性以及分子水平等方面综述了干旱胁迫对水稻生长的影响,全面了解水稻在干旱胁迫下的形态变化及其生理生化抗旱机制,以期为鉴定筛选抗旱种质、选育抗旱品种提供参考.     

TILLING技术在作物品质改良中的应用

TILLING(定向诱导基因组局部突变)技术是近年来发展起来的一种全新的反向遗传学技术,它能高通量、低成本地在EMS诱变群体中鉴定出发生在特定基因上的点突变,已广泛应用于植物功能基因组学的研究。TILLING作为一种诱导并鉴定新的遗传变异的非转基因的反向遗传学研究方法,可在影响作物关键性状的基因中诱导并鉴定新的遗传突变,已经开始应用于作物的品质改良。     

玉米耐旱分子育种研究进展

干旱是玉米生产的主要非生物胁迫因子之一,培育耐旱品种可以有效地保持其在干旱环境下的产量稳定性。目前,随着生物信息学数据库的不断完善及基因组学技术的发展,耐旱通用QTL的发掘以及关联分析技术在功能标记开发上的应用,新的耐旱相关转录因子／基因的克隆都为解释玉米耐旱性的复杂遗传网络和分子育种提供了新的机遇和方法。本文综述了耐旱基因组学研究进展及其在玉米耐旱分子育种上的应用。     

Recent progress in drought and salt tolerance studies in Brassica crops

Water deficit imposed by either drought or salinity brings about severe growth retardation and yield loss of crops. Since Brassica crops are important contributors to total oilseed production, it is urgently needed to develop tolerant cultivars to ensure yields under such adverse conditions. There are various physiochemical mechanisms for dealing with drought and salinity in plants at different developmental stages. Accordingly, different indicators of tolerance to drought or salinity at the germination, seedling, flowering and mature stages have been developed and used for germplasm screening and selection in breeding practices. Classical genetic and modern genomic approaches coupled with precise phenotyping have boosted the unravelling of genes and metabolic pathways conferring drought or salt tolerance in crops. QTL mapping of drought and salt tolerance has provided several dozen target QTLs in Brassica and the closely related Arabidopsis. Many drought- or salt-tolerant genes have also been isolated, some of which have been confirmed to have great potential for genetic improvement of plant tolerance. It has been suggested that molecular breeding approaches, such as marker-assisted selection and gene transformation, that will enhance oil product security under a changing climate be integrated in the development of drought- and salt-tolerant Brassica crops.     

Breeding drought tolerant cowpea: constraints,accomplishments, and future prospects

This review presents an overview of accomplishments on different aspects of cowpea breeding for drought tolerance. Furthermore it provides options to enhance the genetic potential of the crop by minimizing yield loss due to drought stress. Recent efforts have focused on the genetic dissection of drought tolerance through identification of markers defining quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on specific traits related to drought tolerance. Others have studied the relationship of the drought response and yield components, morphological traits and physiological parameters. To our knowledge, QTLs with effects on drought tolerance have not yet been identified in cowpea. The main reason is that very few researchers are working on drought tolerance in cowpea. Some other reasons might be related to the complex nature of the drought stress response, and partly to the difficulties associated with reliable and reproducible measurements of a single trait linked to specific molecular markers to be used for marker assisted breeding. Despite the fact that extensive research has been conducted on the screening aspects for drought tolerance in cowpea only very few—like the ‘wooden box’ technique—have been successfully used to select parental genotypes exhibiting different mechanisms of drought tolerance. Field and pot testing of these genotypes demonstrated a close correspondence between drought tolerance at seedling and reproductive stages. Some researchers selected a variety of candidate genes and used differential screening methods to identify cDNAs from genes that may underlie different drought tolerance pathways in cowpea. Reverse genetic analysis still needs to be done to confirm the functions of these genes in cowpea. Understanding the genetics of drought tolerance and identification of DNA markers linked to QTLs, with a clear path towards localizing chromosomal regions or candidate genes involved in drought tolerance will help cowpea breeders to develop improved varieties that combine drought tolerance with other desired traits using marker assisted selection.

---

     

抗旱基因在小麦抗旱基因工程中的应用进展

干旱严重影响小麦的生长发育及产量,小麦抗旱育种是保障小麦生产的重要措施,利用基因工程技术提高小麦抗旱性是优于传统育种的有效途径。抗旱基因主要包括调节基因（蛋白激酶、蛋白酶和转录因子基因）和功能基因。目前,已证实的可提高小麦抗旱性的基因主要为转录因子基因CBF/DREB1、MYB、NAC（NAM、ATAF1、ATAF2和CUC2）、HD-Zip和WRKY等和功能基因LEA蛋白基因、甜菜碱合成酶基因和海藻糖合成酶基因等。本文从转录因子基因和功能基因2个方面概述国内外利用基因工程技术提高小麦抗旱性的研究进展,并对目前存在的问题进行分析,以期为小麦抗旱遗传改良及育种提供参考。     

Advances in “omics” approaches to tackle drought stress in grain legumes

Grain legumes being affordable sources of proteins, vitamins and essential micronutrients are key to human nutrition worldwide. However, frequent drought episodes present serious threat to grain legume production worldwide. Advances in legume omics in concert with evolving phenotyping and breeding techniques hold great promise to improve drought response of these crops. These resources could underpin prebreeding efforts to expedite discovery and deployment of novel drought tolerance traits into elite backgrounds. Fast-track transfer of traits that confer drought tolerance using marker technologies has been demonstrated in grain legumes like chickpea. However, complex genetic architecture of drought tolerance demands embracing more efficient tools like genomic selection (GS) for accelerated trait improvement. Recent studies on GS for addressing complex traits like drought tolerance have yielded encouraging results in these crops. Recently, speed breeding (SB) protocols have also been optimized for the improvement of long-day/day-neutral grain legumes. Efficacy of SB protocols with regard to complex traits awaits further evidences though. There remains immense scope for integrating SB with GS and gene editing to deliver drought-tolerant cultivars.     

Meta-analysis of constitutive and adaptive QTL for drought tolerance in maize

The response of plants to drought stress is very complex and involves expression of a lot of genes and pathways for diverse mechanisms and interactions with environments. Many quantitative trait loci(QTL) mapping experiments have given heterogeneous results due to use of different genotypes and populations tested in various environments. Our purpose was to identify some important constitutive and adaptive QTL using meta-analysis and to find specific genes and their families for speculating on drought tolerance networks. A total of 239 QTL detected under water-stressed conditions and 160 detected under control conditions from 12 populations tested in 22 experiments were compiled and compared, resulting in identification of 39 consensus QTL under water stress, and 36 under control conditions. Of them, 32 consensus QTL were supposed to be adaptive while others were constitutive QTL. The consensus QTL on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 9 were highly overlapped with several different traits and could be identified under multiple environments, most of which were related to traits of high phenotypic variance. Moreover, 48 candidate genes related to stress tolerance were located in silico in these consensus QTL regions what should facilitate the construction of QTL networks and help to understand the mechanisms related to drought tolerance.     

多变量统计方法及其在作物环境胁迫研究中的应用

干旱、湿涝、高温、低温、盐渍等环境条件严重限制植物的生长发育和农作物其产量。通过多变量统计分析方法,以主成分分析、因子分析、聚类分析、多重回归分析、隶属函数分析、灰色关联度分析、层次分析、多维空间坐标分析等方法为手段可筛选抗性强的品种,确定农作物抗逆鉴定的最佳时期及鉴定指标。目前多变量统计分析在农作物逆境抗性研究中得到广泛应用和发展,现已成为农作物抗逆鉴定的一个重要工具。     

植物抗旱相关功能基因研究进展

综述了影响植物抗旱性的各相关功能基因的研究进展及其在抗旱基因工程上的应用现状。干旱是影响植物正常生长发育的一个最重要的逆境因子。人们对植物的抗旱性进行了多层次研究，并从各种生物中鉴别和定位了几十种与提高抗旱性相关的基因，为从分子水平上研究植物的抗旱性奠定了基础。近年来，人们发现了更多的抗旱基因，对已知抗旱基因也有了更深入的研究，并成功转化了多种不同类型的植物，提高了其抗旱能力。     

小麦小G蛋白Rab2基因TaRab2的克隆及其表达分析

小G蛋白Rab在真核细胞内的小泡运转过程中起重要作用。本文通过反向Northern筛选,从小麦抗旱品种旱选10 号水分胁迫诱导表达的cDNA文库中分离到与小G蛋白Rab2基因高度同源的EST片段。利用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法,在小麦中克隆了该基因的全长cDNA,命名为TaRab2（GenBank编号为AY851657）。测序结果表明,TaRab2的cDNA长度为824 bp,包含一个完整的633 bp的ORF,推测编码一个210个氨基酸的蛋白质。氨基酸多重比对分析表明,TaRab2编码的蛋白质与玉米、水稻、拟南芥及Sporobolus stapfianus等植物小G蛋白Rab2的同源性均大于90%。Northern杂交分析结果表明,TaRab2为水分胁迫诱导上调表达的基因,在水分胁迫6 h的表达量最高,随着胁迫时间的推移表达量下降。