开发土霉素滤渣作为菌体蛋白饲料的新工艺

根据土霉素药渣成分及土霉素的理化性质,试验研究了土霉素滤渣作为菌体蛋白饲料的新工艺,探讨用加入盐酸、氧化钙、甲醇及加热的方法处理土霉素滤渣,减少土霉素药渣中残留有效成分的含量,确定了最佳的工艺参数,经过处理后的土霉素滤渣的效价平均结果为430IU,消除率可达96.93%。     

土霉素药渣替代豆饼喂肉仔鸡

经干燥处理的土霉素药渣,其蛋白质含量在40％左右,每克药渣中还含有一万单位的土霉素有效成分。为了探讨土霉素药渣在日粮中替代豆饼对肉仔鸡的饲喂效果,我们于1990年10月17日—12月12日进行了该试验。试禽选用AA商品代肉鸡雏400只,均匀分为二组,每组200只公母混养,试验组喂以4％药     

碱处理土霉素药渣在蛋鹑日粮中的应用研究

多年来,我们就土霉素药渣的开发和利用开展了系统研究,筛选出一系列较佳的处理方式及猪、鸡日粮合理利用的比例,为探索产蛋鹌鹑日粮中土霉素药渣的合理添加浓度,特把我们1995年在高产鹌鹑日粮中的应用研究简况报告如下。1 材料与方法1.1 土霉素药渣及处理 用华北制药厂风干土霉素药渣,经分析其主要营养成分见表1。     

土霉素药渣在鲤成鱼配合饲料中的应用研究

土霉素药渣在鲤成鱼配合饲料中的应用研究祖岫杰，刘艳辉土霉素药渣系生产土霉素药的副产品。含有４０％左右的粗蛋白和丰富的氨基酸。几年来，我们在鲤鱼、鲂鱼、草鱼等鱼饲料中添加不同量的土霉素药渣进行了饲养试验，均取得了较好的养殖效果。为了进一步验证土霉素药渣...     

猪口服土霉素、盐酸土霉素、土霉素钙后血液药物浓度评估

本试验旨在评估猪口服土霉素、盐酸土霉素及不同厂家土霉素钙制剂后血液药物浓度。试验将64头健康经产母猪随机分为8个处理组,每个处理组8个重复。I组为空白对照组,饲喂不含任何抗生素的全价日粮;II~VIII组为试验组:分别饲喂含有300 mg/kg(以土霉素计)土霉素、盐酸土霉素、A-E厂家土霉素钙的全价日粮,每日饲喂两次(7∶00和17∶00);试验周期为3 d,于最后一次饲喂结束2 h~4 h内耳静脉采血,测其血液药物浓度。结果:试验组经产母猪血液中土霉素的药物浓度高于对照组母猪,其中添加土霉素、盐酸土霉素及B、E土霉素钙的猪血液药物浓度显著高于添加A、C、D土霉素钙组的母猪血液药物尝试,且其中C土霉素钙组中母猪血液药物浓度最低。综上,土霉素与钙络合可以降低土霉素钙吸收入血,且市场上不同厂家土霉素钙的络合技术优劣存在较大差异。     

中药渣喂养湖羊育肥效果、经济效益分析

为了解中药渣饲喂湖羊的育肥效果,本试验设计了两组不同配比的中药渣饲料与常规饲料进行60 d的育肥对比实验。结果表明,两组中药渣饲料增肥效果都高于常规饲料,80%中药渣饲料增肥效果好于60%中药渣饲料。中药渣喂羊是帮助中药类企业处理废物,从投入与产出比来看,极大地降低了生产成本,既环保又经济。实践发现,中药渣在饲喂过程中发挥了中药的特性,对羊有预防、治疗和保健的作用。     

古汉养生精中药渣发酵制剂对小鼠耐力及免疫力的影响

目的:研究古汉养生精中药渣及其发酵处理后对小鼠耐力及免疫力的影响,为中药渣的综合利用提供依据。方法:中药渣经发酵处理、制剂制备,灌胃小鼠,观察其对小鼠耐力及免疫功能的影响。结果:灌喂制剂组较对照组小鼠血液中LDH、IL-2含量均升高,血液中肌酐、尿素氮含量降低,力竭游泳时间延长,免疫器官指数升高,迟发型变态反应增强,其中发酵组效果最显著。结论:发酵处理前后的中药渣对正常小鼠和免疫抑制小鼠均有不同程度的抗疲劳与免疫增强作用,其中发酵后效果更佳。     

土霉素药渣作为饲料蛋白的安全性评价

土霉素药渣中粗蛋白的含量为30％─40％，是十分有利用价值的饲料蛋白。我们对其进行了系统的一般毒性和遗传毒性试验，并参考国内外有关化学物毒性安全评价程序作了综合性研究。研究结果表明，土霉素药渣可以作为饲料蛋白安全使用。     

高效蛋白饲料喂肉鸡的效果

为广辟蛋白饲料来源,满足畜禽营养需要,我们将药厂生产的下脚料——土霉素药渣,在化验分析基础上,配制成高蛋白饲料,进行了饲喂试验。报告如下。材料与方法 1.高效蛋白的营养成分。见表1 2.选用刚出壳罗曼肉用雏鸡386只,雏鸡出壳后立即个体编号分组,按体质强壮随机分成四组,试验1、2、3组和对照组分     

抗生素药渣的饲料利用及四环素药渣养鲤试验

抗生素药渣的饲料利用及四环素药渣养鲤试验西南农业大学水产系叶元土抗生素药渣系指发酵生产抗生素后的滤渣，如青霉素、链霉素、四环素、土霉素、缬霉素等抗生素发酵生产的滤渣。这类药渣在我国分布广，资源量大，如能作饲料原料或饲料添加剂加以开发利用，不仅对资源的...     

热应激条件下添加中药渣对獭兔生产性能、血液生化指标及免疫功能的影响

本试验旨在研究热应激条件下添加藿香正气药渣对獭兔生产性能、血液生化指标及免疫功能的影响。选用60日龄生长兔随机分成4组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,日粮中分别添加1%、2%、3%藿香正气药渣;Ⅳ组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮。结果表明,在日粮中添加药渣可以提高獭兔的日增重,降低料重比;提高血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、肌酸激酶、IgA、IgM、IgG、T3 和T4水平,降低了血清中甘油三酯、尿素氮、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平。由此说明,清瘟败毒中药渣能提高獭兔生产性能和免疫力,提高饲料转化率,降低热应激的作用。     

牛奶中土霉素残留检测方法改进及临床消除规律探究

试验对牛奶中的土霉素残留检测方法进行了改进,并采用改进后的方法对牛奶中土霉素的临床消除情况进行了探究。样品前处理过程中,选取0.1mol/LNa₂EDTA-Mcllvaine缓冲溶液提取牛奶中的土霉素,正己烷除脂及HLB固相萃取柱净化浓缩。釆用Symmetry Shield RPC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)反相色谱柱,以乙腈和0.048%的磷酸溶液(pH2.5)为流动相,采用梯度洗脱的方式对样品进行分析。方法改进后,土霉素的出峰时间为6.5min,峰形尖锐,与样品中的杂质峰分离良好。土霉素标准溶液在5~2000μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,标准曲线R²=0.9999;牛奶中土霉素在10、20、100μg/kg3组浓度的加标回收率分别为87.9%、90.5%和87.8%,批内变异系数范围为2.2%~5.8%,批间变异系数范围为4.0%~5.1%。土霉素在牛奶中的检出限为5μg/kg,定量限为10μg/kg,适用于研究土霉素在牛奶中的残留消除规律。选取了29头产后患有子宫内膜炎的奶牛,分成4个不同剂量组(2、3、4和5g),通过子宫内灌注土霉素的方式进行治疗,然后采用优化后的方法检测牛奶中残留的土霉素。结果发现,4g及以下剂量组给药72h后,牛奶中的土霉素可以消除至残留限量以下;而当给药剂量达到5g时,72h后牛奶中的土霉素未消除至残留限量以下,因此不建议采用5g及以上剂量灌注病牛子宫。     

Study on Optimizations of Oxytetracycline Residues Detection Method in Milk and its Clinical Elimination

Here an improved HPLC-PAD method was developed and demonstrated suitable for studying the clinical residue elimination of oxytetracycline in milk from postpartum cows with uterine diseases after intrauterine treatment with oxytetracycline.In this study, 0.1 mol/L Na₂EDTA-Mcllvaine buffer solution was used to extract oxytetracycline from milk, n-hexane for degreasing, and a 3 CC Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction column for purification and concentration.A reversed phase chromatographic column Symmetry Shield RP C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with acetonitrile and 0.048% phosphoric acid solution (pH 2.5) as mobile phase by gradient eluting was applied to as the chromatographic separation condition.The results showed that the retention time of oxytetracycline was 6.5 min with a symmetrical and sharp peak, which was well separated from the impurity in the milk sample.Oxytetracycline standard solutions within the concentrations ranging from 5 to 2 000 μg/kg, had a good linearity between peak areas and the concentrations, R²=0.9999.The recoveries of oxytetracycline at three levels of 10, 20, 100 μg/kg were 87.9%, 90.5% and 87.8%, respectively, with the coefficient of variation ranged from 2.2% to 5.8% in intra-day and 4.0% to 5.1% in inter-day.The LOD was 5 μg/kg and the LOQ was 10 μg/kg.All of those parameters suggested that the optimized method was suitable for the study on the clinical residue elimination of oxytetracycline.29 postpartum cows with uterus disease were randomly divided into four different groups in terms of dosage, 2, 3, 4 and 5 g, and treated with oxytetracycline by intrauterine infusion administration, and the residues of oxytetracycline in milk were detected to study its clinical residue elimination.The results showed the oxytetracycline in milk fell to the MRL during 72 h after treatment at 4 g and below dose group.However, in 5 g dose group, residue levels of oxytetracycline in milk were above the MRL at 72 h after treatment.Therefore, 5 g and the higher were not recommended for intrauterine infusion administration.     

牛奶中抗生素残留规律研究

为了解新疆地区奶牛生产中常用抗生素类药物在牛奶中的残留情况,本试验按照新疆地区奶牛生产中抗生素类药物的使用方法及剂量进行投放,并采集牛奶样品进行检测。结果表明,青霉素钾在牛奶中的残留规律为：停药1d〉5d〉3d;头孢噻呋钠为：停药3d〉5d〉1d;链霉素为：停药1d〉3d〉5d;长效土霉素在牛奶中的残留量在停药1～11d一直维持在175μg／kg左右。本试验中除了长效土霉素外,其他药物的残留量均低于中国和欧共体（EEC）规定的标准残留限量。     

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening the plasma residues of tetracycline antibiotics in pigs.

The recommended therapeutic doses of three kinds of tetracyclines, oxytetracycline (OTC, withdrawal period, 10 days), chlortetracycline (CTC, withdrawal period, 5 days) and tetracycline (TC, withdrawal period, 5 days), were each administered to a group of 15 pigs. Blood was sampled before drug administration and during the withdrawal period. The concentration of tetracyclines in plasma, determined by semi-quantitative ELISA, was compared with that of internal standard (10 ppb as oxytetracycline). The absorbance ratio of internal standard to sample (B/Bs) was employed as an index to determine the tissue residues in pigs. All 45 plasma samples from nontreated pigs showed negative in the residue of any of three tetracycline antibiotics. OTC was detected in plasma of pigs treated until the 8th day, CTC until the 4th day, and TC was detected until the 3rd day of its withdrawal period. The present study showed that the semi-quantitative ELISA easily be adopted in predicting tissue residues for tetracycline antibiotics in live pigs.     

Application of a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay to determine oxytetracycline and tetracycline residues in tissue of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

Parallux, a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay (SPFIA) developed for antibotics residue detection in milk, was applied for analysis of fish tissue. The recommended therapeutic doses of oxytetracycline (OTC, 100 g/ton water, withdrawal period 30 days) and tetracycline (TC, 150 g/ton water, withdrawal period 30 days) were treated to a group of 35 olive flounders (Paralichthys olivaceus) using dipping administration. Muscle was sampled before and after drug treatment 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 14th day. The concentration of oxytetracycline in muscle, determined by SPFIA, was compared with that of internal standard (100 ppb as oxytetracycline). The S/C ratio of sample inhibition value to cutoff inhibition value was employed as an index to determine the muscle residue in olive flounder. To investigate the recovery rate, and standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in muscle of 0.1 and 0.5 microg/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were >89% of the spiked value. OTC and TC were detected in muscle of fishes treated until the 3rd day of withdrawal period. The present study showed that the SPFIA can be easily adopted in predicting tissue residues for OTC and TC in farmed fishes.     

水飞蓟残渣配合饲料对猪肉品质的影响

试验选用体重相近的"杜×长×大"三元杂交仔猪,随机分成2个组(组间差异不显著),每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。试验组中添加水飞蓟残渣,对照组添加土霉素,在试验实施中,其它的饲养条件和技术措施质量一致。结果表明:试验组十四烷酸、油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、十七烷酸、5,8,11,14-四烯二十烷酸、11-烷烯酸、花生酸、11,13-二烯二十烷酸含量都有所提高,且差异显著(P<0.05)。试验组棕榈酸比对照组减少了54.2%(P<0.01),从胆固醇含量的测定结果中,试验组比对照组降低9.1%,差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验说明,水飞蓟残渣配合饲料可替代抗生素配合饲料并比抗生素配合饲料更能改善猪肉品质。     

Acute toxicity of boric acid and boron tissue residues after chronic exposure in broiler chickens.

The acute oral mean lethal dose of boric acid in 1-day-old chickens was found to be 2.95 +/- 0.35 g/kg of body weight, which classifies this product as only slightly toxic to chickens. One-day-old broiler chicks were housed in floor pens in which litter had been treated with 0, 0.9, 3.6, or 7.2 kg of boric acid per 9.9 m2 of floor space. Boron residue levels in brain, kidney, liver, and white muscle were not statistically elevated following a 15-day exposure period. Boron residue levels in the same types of tissue were not significantly elevated in chicks fed 500 ppm or 1250 ppm boric acid in feed ad libitum for 3 weeks; however, residues were significantly higher in chicks fed 2500 ppm or 5000 ppm boric acid. These data indicate that broilers grown on boric acid-treated litter do not consume enough boric acid to cause elevated boron levels in tissues.     

Tissue residue depletion of oxytetracycline after repeated intramuscular administration of Oxysentin 100 in sheep

The depletion profile of oxytetracycline was studied in healthy sheep after intramuscular administration of Oxysentin 100, given at a dose of 10 mg oxytetracycline per kg body weight once daily for 5 consecutive days. Five medicated sheep were slaughtered at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9 and 12 days postmedication, and injection site, muscle, fat, liver and kidney tissues were sampled and analysed using a liquid chromatographic method, which was fully validated for oxytetracycline and 4-epi-oxytetracycline. At day 0 postmedication, the concentrations of oxytetracycline marker residue (sum of oxytetracycline and 4-epi-oxytetracycline) in all tissues examined were at the mg/kg level. At day 2 postmedication, the concentrations of oxytetracycline marker residue in all injection site and kidney samples examined were higher than the corresponding maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union, while the concentrations in muscle and liver tissues of two and three out of five animals examined, respectively, were below the corresponding MRLs. At days 4 and 6 postmedication, concentrations of oxytetracycline marker residue above the MRLs were found only in the injection site, whereas at day 9 postmedication, all observations were below the corresponding MRLs.     

Prevalence of antimicrobial residues in raw table eggs from farms and retail outlets in Enugu State,Nigeria

The use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production results in their accumulation in the body tissues and products such as milk and egg. The subsequent accumulation of these drugs and their metabolites in body cells is known as drug residue. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial residues in eggs from poultry farms and retail outlets in Enugu State, Nigeria. Eggs from 25 selected commercial farms and ten retail outlets were screened for the prevalence of antimicrobial residue. Also, structured questionnaires were administered to 25 commercial farms in the state to determine the management practices and the most widely used antimicrobial drugs in farms and possible association between the management practices and the occurrence of antimicrobial residues in eggs from these farms. All the 25 farms surveyed use oxytetracycline. Eggs from nine of the surveyed farms tested positive for antimicrobial residue and three of the ten surveyed farms also tested positive for antimicrobial residue. No association was observed (p 0.05; Fisher’s exact test) between the occurrence of antibiotic residues in eggs and farm size, feed source and housing systems. This study was able to demonstrate the presence of antimicrobial residues in eggs destined for human consumption. Drugs like nitrofurans which has been banned for use in food animals are still very much in use in Enugu State, Nigeria. Antibiotics given as feed additives may give rise to drug residues in food animals.