Quantifying the effects of bycatch reduction devices in Queensland''s (Australia) shallow water eastern king prawn (Penaeus plebejus) trawl fishery

This study presents results from an experimental 10-day research charter that was designed to quantify the effects of (a) a turtle excluder device (TED), (b) a radial escape section bycatch reduction device (BRD) and (c) both devices together, on bycatch and prawn catch rates in the Queensland shallow water eastern king prawn (Penaeus plebejus) trawl fishery. The bycatch was comprised of 250 taxa, mainly gurnards, whiting, lizard fish, flathead, dragonets, portunid crabs, turretfish and flounders. The observed mean catch rates of bycatch and marketable eastern king prawns from the standard trawl net (i.e., net with no TED or BRD) used during the charter were 11.06 kg/hectare (ha⁻¹) (S.E. 0.90) swept by the trawl gear and 0.94 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. For the range of depths sampled (20.1–90.7 m), bycatch rates declined significantly at a rate of 0.14 kg ha⁻¹ for every 1 m increase in depth, while prawn catch rates were unaffected. When both the TED and radial escape section BRD were used together, the bycatch rate declined by 24% compared to a standard net, but at a 20% reduction in marketable prawn catch rate. The largest reductions were achieved for stout whiting Sillago robusta (57% reduction) and yellowtail scad Trachurus novaezelandiae (32% reduction). Multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities revealed that bycatch assemblages differed significantly between depths and latitude, but not between the different combinations of bycatch reduction devices. Despite the lowered prawn catch rates, the reduced bycatch rates are promising, particularly for S. robusta, which is targeted in another fishery. Prawn trawl operators are not permitted to retain S. robusta and the devices examined herein offer the potential to significantly reduce the incidental fishing mortality that this species experiences.     

Measuring the height of the fishing line and its effect on shrimp catch and bycatch in an ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) trawl

The relationship between fishing line height (FLH), shrimp catch and bycatch in a semi-pelagic ocean shrimp (Pandalus jordani) trawl was investigated using a newly developed recording inclinometer. The inclinometer was effective at measuring FLH and indicating trawl performance deficits. FLH was determined to be stable during a haul and also between hauls within a given footrope and groundline configuration. FLH was readily adjusted with simple modifications to the footrope “dropper” chains. Inclinometer data showed that FLH can be unequal between double-rigged nets of identical configuration. Shrimp catch and the bycatch of flatfish and juvenile rockfish varied inversely with FLH, suggesting FLH can be adjusted to equalize the catch of shrimp, flatfish and juvenile rockfish between two double-rigged shrimp nets.     

Reducing bycatch impacts in recreational fisheries: Case study examining terminal tackle in the multispecies Gulf of Maine groundfish fishery

Terminal tackle regulations can be a valuable tool for fisheries management, especially in multispecies fisheries where bycatch and discards are common issues. In the Gulf of Maine, recreational anglers frequently discard critically depleted Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. as bycatch when targeting the abundant haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus (L.) stock. The present study investigated species catch composition, catch rates and animal welfare across various terminal tackle setups, and aspects of capture and handling with the goal of reducing bycatch and discard mortality. Overall, 2558 cod and 4266 haddock were captured with six terminal tackle setups in the western Gulf of Maine from April to October 2018. Along with angler experience and capture depth, lure type primarily influenced species catch composition and catch-per-unit-effort; hook types additionally influenced hook-removal times and physical injuries to fish. Results indicate that using baited hooks can both promote haddock catch and reduce cod bycatch, with specific hook types promoting increased survival.     

A bio-economic indicators suite for the appraisal of the demersal trawl fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean)

The state of demersal fishery in the Southern Adriatic Sea (GFCM-GSA 18, Central Mediterranean), years 1996–2003, from a biological, social and economic point of view was analysed using 47 indicators: 22 biological indicators obtained from fishery-independent data through yearly experimental bottom trawl surveys (“Medits” Programme), and 25 socio-economic indicators estimated from fishery-dependent data, available from the monitoring system of the Italian Institute for Economic Research on Fisheries and Aquaculture (IREPA). Biological indicators were applied for “single-species” (Eledone cirrhosa, E. moschata, Illex coindetti, Merluccius merluccius, Mullus barbatus, Nephrops norvegicus, Parapenaeus longirostris, Raja clavata, Zeus faber) and for “multi-species” analysis. Economic indicators describing economic performance, productivity, costs and prices, and the overall economic sustainability of fishery were estimated. Social indicators and a general indicator summarising social sustainability were also considered. Indicators’ values were displayed using the Traffic Light system. Both fishery-independent and fishery-dependent indicators highlighted a progressive decline of the trawl fishery system in the GSA 18. This decline was mainly related to the ongoing depletion of the traditional fishery target species (mostly long-living, late-maturing species) partially replaced by the increase of traditional accessory species (generally short-living species), as well as to the reduction of productivity and increasing costs. The whole procedure was proposed as a contribution to the identification and applicability of bio-economic indicators for fishery management purposes.     

Influence of size, age and maternal condition on the oocyte dry weight of Argentine hake (Merluccius hubbsi)

Effects of maternal age–size and condition on oocyte dry weight were analysed for Merluccius hubbsi. Samples of mature females were collected in the Patagonian spawning area during 10 research surveys carried out between 2000 and 2005. Dry weight of 50 hydrated oocytes ranged from 0.80 to 1.90 mg. Relationships of this variable with total length and age were best described by a logarithmic model during the spawning peak. At the beginning and at the end of the reproductive season no significant relationship between these variables was observed, but a decrease in egg dry weight was detected during the spawning period. In general, young spawners (≤5-year-old) showed more variability in egg dry weight, which was associated with a reproductive season shorter than that of old females. Relative condition factor did not shows a significant relationship with oocyte dry weight, and mean values of this index were similar for different months of the spawning seasons analysed.     

Spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of European hake, Merluccius merluccius, eggs and larvae in the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean)

Plankton hauls were conducted on five surveys from November 1998 to November 1999 to study the spatial distribution of eggs and larvae of European hake off Catalonia (NW Mediterranean Sea). Also CTD casts to record hydrographic parameters were carried out on a closely spaced station grid. Merluccius merluccius eggs and larvae appeared mainly in late spring, summer and autumn surveys and were very scarce in winter. Strong differences in terms of egg and larval densities were observed between the two November surveys, which could be attributed to the anomalous hydrographic situation during November 1998. M. merluccius egg and larvae were mainly distributed over the continental shelf, with peak abundances between the 100 m isobath and the edge of the shelf. On the evidence of larval size frequency distributions in the different sampling sectors and the closely overlapping distribution patterns for the eggs and the adult spawning stock, drifting of hake eggs and larvae was not a major factor. The larval distribution extended only slightly further offshore than the egg distribution. Using the hydrographic information and the larval distribution data, an attempt was made to relate the different seasonal productivity levels over the spawning period and the distribution of the larvae.     

Reduction of elasmobranch by-catch in the hake semipelagicnear-bottom longline fishery in the Algarve (Southern Portugal)

ABSTRACT:   Elasmobranch fish, particularly deep-sea sharks, are the mostimportant component of the by-catch of the hake semipelagic near-bottom 'pedra-e-bola' longlinefishery in the Algarve (South Portugal) and most of these fish arediscarded. The effects of the removal of the lower hooks were evaluated,in terms of target and by-catch reductions, by quantifying the catchesof each hook relative to the distance from the bottom. The analysisshowed that most European hake ( Merluccius merluccius ), thetarget species of this fishery, were caught in the middle rangeof the hooks, with very few individuals caught near the bottom,whereas for sharks the situation was the opposite, with most hookednear the bottom. The removal of the lower three pairs of hooks wouldresult in a small reduction in the catch of the target species,but a much more significant reduction in elasmobranch by-catch.In the specific case of the blackmouth catshark ( Galeus melastomus ),discard mortality would be further minimized due to the fact thatthe lower hooks capture significantly smaller animals that are alwaysdiscarded compared with hooks that are more distant from the bottom.     

Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) bycatch in Canadian pelagic longline fisheries: Relative importance in the western North Atlantic and opportunities for mitigation

Little is known about the ecology of loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, in Canadian waters. However, Canada's eastern waters off the Scotian Shelf, Georges Bank and Grand Banks appear to be seasonal foraging habitats based on dates and locations where they have been captured as fishery bycatch. Estimates derived from data recorded by the international observer program (IOP) and used for this study suggest that thousands of mostly immature loggerheads have been captured in the Canadian pelagic longline fishery (PLF) in the western North Atlantic since 1999. These data suggest that the PLFs for tuna and swordfish are among the most important causes of incidental capture. Although U.S. and Canadian bycatch estimation methods differ and uncertainty associated with the estimates is high, it is clear from the IOP data that bycatch in the Canadian PLF is substantial and roughly within the same magnitude as that reported for the entire U.S. fleet in the North Atlantic for the same period (1999–2005). Analysis of bycatch observer data from the Canadian PLF and other empirical data suggests that fishing at temperatures below 20 °C using fish rather than squid bait and size-18 circle hooks could reduce loggerhead bycatch and mortality. However, research is needed to identify the best options and their commercial viability. Loggerheads that use Canadian Maritime waters are one of the least studied groups of loggerheads in the world, so systematic long-term studies on the ecology of loggerheads in Canada would help fill important information gaps and assist in developing effective recovery plans for this species.     

Movement of adult male snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and eastern Nova Scotia, Canada

A total of 12,755 adult male snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) were tagged with spaghetti–Carlin tags in 33 sites throughout the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (sGSL) and eastern Nova Scotia (eNS) between 1993 and 2003. Of the 1971 tag returns obtained between 1994 and 2004, 1703 had accurate geographical recapture positions. The average distance travelled was 16.7 km for sGSL (maximum 165 km) and 61.5 km for eNS (maximum 368 km). The release site and the number of days at liberty before recapture were significant factors affecting the distance travelled by the crabs. Size had no significant effect on the distance travelled or the direction of movement. The present observations support the sedentary nature previously reported for the sGSL snow crab stock, but not the eNS stock, where the movement of snow crab was more dynamic. In both regions, there were movements between management areas, which indicates that managing the fisheries in discrete units is not warranted.     

Molecular evidence for the lack of transmission of the monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii (Monogenea, Polyopisthocotylea) and isopod Ceratothoa oestroides (Crustacea, Cymothoidae) between wild bogue (Boops boops) and cage-reared sea bream (Sparus aurata) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

In the Mediterranean area, wild fish have often been suggested as either the reservoirs of the causative agents or at least the carriers of the pathogens responsible for disease outbreaks in cultured fish. However, no epidemiological investigations on actual pathogen/disease interactions between farmed and wild fish have been conducted even for the most important fish pathogens. Only sporadic isolations and identifications of various pathogens in wild fish have been done and real associations with the pathological conditions that exist within the farm environment and vice versa have not been established. Monogenean ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii and isopod Ceratothoa oestroides are commonly found in the Mediterranean cage-reared sea bream and sea bass and in the surrounding wild fish population. Both species were recognized as pathogens that seasonally inflict serious losses in fingerlings and juveniles of sea bream and sea bass, being potentially propagated and exchanged during wild and caged fish interaction. In order to evaluate the degree of pathogens transfer between wild and farmed fish, we investigated genetic population structures of these two important parasitic pathogens inferred by mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I locus. Parasites isolated from wild and farmed fish on the two most productive Adriatic fish farms showed genetic heterogeneity, contradicting widely accepted hypothesis of cross-contamination, at least in case of S. chrysophrii and C. oestroides. As far as we know, this is the first report that in a study of pathogen transfer molecular evidence was employed to asses the genetic population structure of shared parasites.     

Evaluation of artificial and natural baits for the pot fishery of the sand crab Ovalipes punctatus (De Haan, 1833)

We compared the luring effectiveness of artificial bait made from fish waste with natural baits in pots targeting the sand crab Ovalipes punctatus in the East China Sea. Bait types used were fish (mackerel), minced fish (heads of greenling) and two artificial baits made mostly from fish waste and starch. The first two need frozen storage but artificial bait does not. Three fishing operations were conducted in May 2010 and in each forty pots (10/treatment) were fastened along a bottom line. Results for the three operations had catch data for 30 pots/treatment. The number of crabs captured was 496, of which 206 (41.5%) were caught in pots containing fish, 116 (23.4%) in those with minced bait, and 93 (18.8%) and 81(16.3%) in pots baited with the two artificial baits, respectively. Fish was significantly more attractive than minced bait and artificial baits, but no differences were detected between the other baits. Natural baits disappeared almost entirely by the time of hauling, with only 1% of the fish and 5.3% of the minced bait remaining; artificial bait remained almost intact (96.3–100%). The artificial bait catch was approximately half of that of fish bait, but it only contained 30% fish waste. Furthermore, if catch returns are calculated according to the bait's fish content their efficiency seemed higher, ranging from 88 to 100 crabs/kg of fish waste vs only 69 crabs/kg of fish.     

Production of the Australian freshwater silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell), at two densities in earthen ponds

Silver perch fingerlings (mean weight 15.3 g) were stocked at densities of 21 000 and 7000 fish/ha in six 0.1-ha earthen ponds and cultured for 10 months. There were three replicate ponds for each density. Ponds were aerated for at least 11 h a day and water was added every 4 weeks to replace that lost by evaporation and seepage. Fish were fed a formulated diet containing 35% crude protein at 4% body weight per day for the first 4 weeks and at rates up to 3% thereafter. The mean annual production rate of 9819 kg/ha of fish stocked at 21 000/ha was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the annual rate of 3699 kg/ha of fish stocked at 7000/ha. The maximum daily production and growth rates achieved in any pond over a 1-month period during summer were 97.7 kg/ha and 5.1 g/fish, respectively. Stocking density did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect survival rate (treatment means for 21 000 and 7000 fish/ha: 92.8 and 94.7%), daily growth rate (0.2–3.3 and 0.3–3.4 g/fish), weight at harvest (434.9 and 473.2 g), food conversion ratio (1.9:1 and 1.8:1) and cost of feeding ($A1.55 and $A1.47/kg), suggesting that higher stocking densities and production rates are possible. Water temperatures ranged from 11.1 to 30.0 °C. Significantly (P < 0.05) slower growth during December was associated with concentrations of NH₃-N up to 0.65 mg/l. The results demonstrate that silver perch is an excellent species for semi-intensive culture in static earthen ponds with the potential to form the basis of a large industry in Australia, based on high-volume, relatively low-cost production.     

基于结构方程模型研究环境因子对毛里塔尼亚双拖鲣CPUE的影响

探索渔业资源丰度与环境因子的关系, 并掌握种群分布对环境变化的响应机制, 是养护资源、实现渔业可持续发展的基础。然而, 渔业资源的变化受多个环境因素的综合影响, 这些因素之间存在复杂且相关的关系。目前的研究主要集中于环境因子对种群分布和资源丰度等直接影响, 而忽视了环境因素之间的相互作用。为了探索不同环境因子及其相互关系对毛里塔尼亚双拖鲣种群资源量的影响机制与路径, 本研究基于 2017—2019 年毛里塔尼亚海域双拖渔业鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE), 采用结构方程模型(SEM)构建海表面温度 (SST)、海表面盐度(SSS)、海面高度异常(SLA)、溶解氧(DO)和叶绿素 a 浓度(Chl-a) 5 个环境因子对鲣 CPUE 直接和间接影响。结果表明: SEM 模型具有良好的拟合效果; SST、SSS、SLA、DO 和 Chl-a 对鲣 CPUE 均有直接影响, 其中 DO 和 SLA 对 CPUE 有着显著正相关影响, 而 SST、SSS 和 Chl-a 对 CPUE 有显著负相关影响; SST 等环境因子还会通过多种路径对鲣 CPUE 产生间接影响。研究揭示了毛塔海域 SST 通过直接影响或通过影响其他环境因子而间接影响鲣种群资源变动的潜在机制。     

Evaluation of a simple means to reduce discard in the Kattegat-Skagerrak Nephrops (Nephrops norvegicus) fishery: Commercial testing of different codends and square-mesh panels

Discarding of fish species in the Kattegat-Skagerrak Nephrops directed fisheries remains at high levels. In this work we have tested four sets of codends pair-wise with the catch comparison technique under full commercial conditions to assess their potential in reducing the catch of undersized commercial species, in particular cod. We investigate the position of a 90 mm square-mesh panel (SMP), the effect of increasing the mesh size from 90 to 120 mm in the SMP, the effect of inserting a 90 mm SMP in an 80 mm codend and the effect of increasing the codend mesh size from 90 to 120 mm in a total of 89 hauls. Inserting the SMP 3–6 m from the codline compared to 6–9 m from the codline, reduced catches of cod above the minimum landing size (MLS) and Nephrops above and below the MLS. Increasing the mesh size in the SMP from 90 to 120 mm increased the catch of cod above the MLS in weight with an overall increase of 12% in the revenue. The effect of installing a 90 mm SMP 6–9 m from the codline in a nominal 80 mm codend had no effect on the catch of cod. Increasing the nominal codend mesh size from 90 to 120 mm reduced the catch of all species below the MLS, except monkfish. Catches of Nephrops above the MLS were, however, reduced by approximately one third and the total loss in revenue was 21%.     

不同蛋白水平下添加晶体氨基酸对罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响

实验主要研究不同蛋白水平下添加晶体氨基酸(CAA)对罗非鱼生长和饲料利用的影响。实验饲料为全植物蛋白实用饲料,通过调整豆粕含量,设置出4个蛋白梯度(蛋白含量:34%、32%、30%和28%),每个蛋白水平下设置不添加CAA组(34CP-28CP)和添加CAA组(34AA-28AA),后者通过添加赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸,使之在饲料中的水平分别达到1.43%、0.75%和1.05%,满足罗非鱼的必需氨基酸需要量。实验结果显示,34AA、30AA和28AA组的增重率和特定生长率(1074.75%、951.60%、815.12%和4.11%、3.92%、3.69%)显著高于相应的不添加组(869.85%、641.25%、523.75%和3.79%、3.33%、3.05%),32AA与32CP之间则没有显著差异(917.45%对882.27%、3.87%对3.81%)。从增重率的增长幅度来看,30%和28%蛋白水平下添加CAA的效果更为明显(48.4%、55.6%对23.6%、4%)。饲料效率、蛋白质效率、蛋白质保留率和能量保留率方面,34CP、34AA、32CP和32AA4组间没有显著差异;30CP和28CP组显著低...     

哥斯达黎加外海茎柔鱼耳石形态学分析

茎柔鱼是大洋性重要经济头足类,其耳石包含着重要的生态信息。根据2009年7-8月哥斯达黎加外海采集的茎柔鱼耳石样本,分析其耳石外部形态,探讨耳石形态差异及生长模式。研究认为,茎柔鱼左右耳石及其分区间的形态差异均不显著(P>0.05)。主成分分析认为,耳石总长(TSL)、吻侧区间长(RDL)、吻侧区夹角(RDA)可表征左耳石形态特征,TSL、吻区基线长(RBL)、RDA可表征右耳石形态特征。在整个生长过程中耳石各部分均异速生长,其形态变化趋势为整体狭长、吻区长窄、背区宽大,符合中上层头足类耳石特征。耳石生长表现为两个阶段,TSL为1 600 μm前后其耳石形态出现显著差异。RDL/TSL由上升变为下降(P<0.05),RBL生长速度迅速上升(P<0.01),RDA由下降变为上升(P<0.05),TSL＝1 600 μm可作为栖息水层变化的重要标志。     

Selectivity estimates for Amblygaster sirm (Clupeidae) in the small-meshed gill net fishery on the west coast of Sri Lanka

Selectivity of Amblygaster sirm by gill nets of seven mesh sizes ranging from 2.3 to 3.8 cm stretched mesh was studied for a period of 12 months in the coastal waters off Negombo on the west coast of Sri Lanka. The size range of fish caught was 9.0–22.0 cm. Selection by mesh sizes smaller than 3.0 cm was towards the lower end of the selection curve.

Estimated values for selection factors ranged from 5.11 to 6.03 and those for optimum selection lengths varied from 12.9 to 19.7 cm. The highest selection factor was observed for 2.9 cm mesh, probably due to wedging of larger individuals in this mesh.     

Anisakid larva in the viscera of a farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Parasitic nematodes of the family Anisakidae occur in the visceral cavity and surrounding tissues of many marine fish species at a prevalence as high as 100% in wild salmon samples. Human consumption of fish products containing these parasites can result in the zoonotic disease anisakiasis, and Anisakis simplex is most commonly associated with human disease. Previous studies of farmed salmon have found no anisakids in viscera or muscle, presumably because formulated feed production renders parasite larvae nonviable. However, among farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) examined by histopathology as part of a provincial government auditing program in British Columbia, Canada, 1 of 894 (0.11%) had an anisakid larva partly embedded in the wall of an intestinal cecum. Skeletal muscle is not examined as part of the government's program, but other studies have correlated anisakids in the viscera and muscle. Using anisakid prevalence in viscera as an estimate of its prevalence in muscle, the risk ratio of anisakid parasites in commercial product is 570 times less in farmed than in wild Atlantic salmon.     

Biological parameters of the bathyal fish black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839) off the Canary Islands, Central-east Atlantic

The main biological characteristics for black scabbardfish in the Canary Islands waters were established, focusing on its reproductive behaviour and strategy and its growth pattern. The sex proportion differs significantly from the 1:1 ratio, being clearly unbalanced towards the females. The sex ratio according to depth clearly shows the presence of male and female individuals in all the studied layers, thus sex segregation does not happen according to depth. The Canaries can be considered to be a reproduction site for A. carbo, since samples showing all stages of maturity have been observed. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed that the mean values were higher in the third and fourth quarters of the year. The index values clearly allow the differentiation of the individuals in resting or in spent (II and V) stages from individuals in ripe or in ripe and running stages, indicating that index levels higher than 2 are typical of maturation followed by spawning process. Up to twelve marks, assumed to be annuli, were visible in the sampled otoliths. Three to five years old were the dominant age classes and only 7.7% of fish were 7 years old or older. Age estimates ranged between 2 and 8 years for males and between 2 and 12 years for females. Estimated growth parameters were: L_∞ = 1477 ± 18.73 mm; k = 0.200 ± 0.016 year⁻¹; and t₀ = −4.58 ± 0.413 year. Biological aspects of the black scabbardfish suggest that this species has a generalist life-history strategy.     

Effects of continuous light and short-day photoperiod on smolting, seawater survival and growth in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Duplicate groups of 1-year-old Atlantic salmon were exposed to 5–7 weeks of short days (LD 8.15:15.45) with artificial light, followed by a period of continuous light (LL) for 3 months (A), 2 months (B) or 1 month (C) before transfer to sea cages. Duplicate groups were also exposed to a 2-week period of LD 8.15:15.45, followed by a period of continuous light for 2 months (D). Comparisons were made with fish that were reared under natural light conditions from October onwards (F) and continuous light (E) only. Fish from all groups were transferred to sea cages on 9 June and their survival and growth were monitored until 31 October. There was a significant (P < 0.001) interaction between light regime and time for all smolt characters measured. Development of smolt colouration, decrease in condition factor, increases in gill Na-K-ATPase activity and the ability to regulate plasma Na⁺ after 24 h in full-strength sea water, indicated that the fish in groups A, B and C completed smoltification 6–8 weeks after the end of the short-day periods. No decrease in the condition factor was recorded for fish in groups D and E. The mortality was 40% for group A and 34% for group B, and 15% or less for the other groups. Groups A and B had probably lost some of the smolt characters by the time of seawater transfer. The specific growth rate in sea water was 1.5% for group F and for the survivors of groups A and B, 1.4% for group C and 1.2% for groups D and E. In conclusion, a short-day regime of 5–7 weeks, followed by continuous artificial light, caused smolt-related changes similar to those found in outdoor-reared fish, whereas this was not so for fish exposed to either a short-day period of only 2 weeks or to continuous artificial light.