环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖和人工育幼

以石家庄市动物园人工饲养的环尾狐猴为研究对象,通过对环尾狐猴的生物学特性以及人工圈养条件下的环境、行为、营养、繁殖、人工育幼等多方面进行分析和研究,为环尾狐猴的饲养繁殖工作提供了一定的实践依据。     

兰州市动物园环尾狐猴的饲养管理

环尾狐猴(Lemur catta),是狐猴科狐猴属的一个种,具有较高的观赏展出和科研价值。主要分布于非洲南部的马达加斯加岛南部和西南部。本研究对甘肃省兰州市动物园的环尾狐猴进行了调查研究,主要从环尾狐猴的生物学特性,日常饲养,常见疾病的治疗等方面阐述了动物园中环尾狐猴的饲养管理,以提高环尾狐猴饲养的福利水平,为其生物学研究及饲养管理提供科学依据。     

环尾狐猴在华南地区的饲养与繁殖

以广州动物园人工饲养的10只环尾狐猴（雄性5只，雌性5只）为研究对象，根据广州地区多雨潮湿的气候条件，以400m。草地作为饲养场地，配置栖枝、凉亭和恒温保暖箱，采取逐只投喂的办法进行饲养。在广州地区的气候条件下，环尾狐猴2岁即可进行繁殖交配，发情期为8～9月，妊娠期为5个月，育幼主要由母猴来完成，雄猴可参与育幼，母猴有明显的护食行为。当气温低于15℃时，狐猴进入恒温保暖箱活动。在华南地区的气候条件下，环尾狐猴的饲养管理需做好防雨、防晒工作，冬季气温低于15℃时需开启恒温保暖设施。在繁殖育幼期，需添加面包虫等食物，并合理搭配成年雌雄性狐猴比例，防止动物打斗而出现伤亡。本文主要阐述环尾狐猴在广州地区的饲养繁殖、防寒保暖、环境丰容等方面的技术要点，为在华南地区环尾狐猴的保育及进一步研究奠定基础。     

香港成功繁殖了黑白领狐猴等濒危动物

香港动植物公园最近成功繁殖了黑白领狐猴、环尾狐猴及白面僧面猴等濒危灵长类动物。黑白领狐猴双胞胎、环尾狐猴三胞胎、白面僧面猴独生女等6名濒危物种“新秀”8月28日在媒体面前正式亮相。     

定时饲喂器丰容对笼养环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响

2017年3—6月,在上海动物园笼养环尾狐猴展区布设定时饲喂器,探讨其对环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响。采用瞬时扫描法记录环尾狐猴行为,分析环尾狐猴的行为变化及其对定时饲喂器的认知。开展定时饲喂器丰容后,环尾狐猴的休息行为显著减少,移动和取食行为显著增加(Mann-Whitney U,P<0.05),对展区空间利用发生了显著变化(chi-square test,P<0.05)。环尾狐猴通过学习,适应了定时投喂器的工作模式,并形成了相应的行为模式。本次丰容在短时间内效果较好,但在后期,动物的反应速度减慢。     

环尾狐猴的行为训练探讨

2011年1～10月,采用正强化方法对成都动物园饲养的5只环尾狐猴开展了行为训练工作.训练通过口令、响板和食物的关联建立条件反射,从而达到训练目标.训练的结果为:经过15 d左右的训练,环尾狐猴与训练员之间基本建立了信任关系,但不同个体有一些差异.通过进一步训练,达到了以下的一些目标:伸手、坐、听诊、测体温、进笼等.在动物完成训练目标的基础上,获得了2只环尾狐猴在非麻醉状态下的上、下午腋温和心率,分别为37.7±0.4℃、37.9±0.3℃和112.8±15.0次/min.     

环尾狐猴桡尺骨骨折1例

正1临床检查幼环尾狐猴,3月龄,母,体重为530 g。2015年5月19日上午,被其它环尾狐猴咬伤。右前肢不负重,有开放性伤口、出血。触诊敏感,异常活动有骨摩擦音。2手术治疗2.1麻醉与保定将幼环尾狐猴保定隔离到网兜后,硫酸阿托品0.05 mL皮下注射,基础麻醉为舒泰2.5 mg肌肉注射,等幼环尾狐猴进入麻醉状态后,行气管插管,先用5%的异氟烷维持麻醉深度10 min,待幼环尾狐猴     

圈养环尾狐猴血常规两种检测方法的比较应用

血液生理指标的测定可以为动物的饲养繁殖及健康状况提供一定的科学依据。空腹采集上海动物园圈养健康环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)的血液样本,分别用人工镜检法和全自动血液分析仪测定7项血液生理参数,对检验结果进行分析,并得出这些常规指标的变动范围和最佳的检测方法,以实现对环尾狐猴血常规的快速准确分析。结果显示,两种检验方法获得的结果中白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比率、淋巴细胞比率差异不显著(P0.05),红细胞计数、单核细胞比率、嗜碱性粒细胞比率、嗜酸性粒细胞比率差异显著(P0.05);白细胞计数(r=0.971)、单核细胞比率(r=0.887)、淋巴细胞比率(r=0.967)、中性粒细胞比率(r=0.879)应用两种方法获得的结果相关性较好;红细胞计数(r=0.493)、嗜酸性粒细胞比率(r=0.256)的相关系数都较低,且P值接近或大于0.05,呈弱相关或极弱相关。针对环尾狐猴的血液生理指标检测,仪器检验在某些方面具有稳定、快速的特点,但考虑野生动物细胞的特殊性,应与人工镜检结合,以提高检验结果的准确性。     

环尾狐猴在高原地区的饲养繁殖

<正>环尾狐猴(Lemurcatta)又称节尾狐猴,属于灵长目狐猴科,分布于非洲南部的马达加斯加岛南部和西南部,由于环尾狐猴受原产地人类活动的影响日趋严重,原始森林大面积减少,栖息地受到严重破坏,现在野生种群数量急剧减少,被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)红色名录列入"易危"级别,在《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》亦被列入《附录Ⅰ》。因其性情温顺,具有一对大大的双眼,生着一条美丽带有黑白相     

密氏倭狐猴生活及生理习性浅谈

<正>密氏倭狐猴(Microcebus murinus;Lesser mouse-lemur)属于灵长目狐猴总科、鼠狐猴亚科、倭狐猴属,迄今为止是实验室内能够饲养的最小的一种灵长类动物。在自然界,主要分布在马达加斯加岛西南部的树林中。它们是典型的夜行性动物,长期的地理隔绝使得狐猴进化特殊、种类特别、依赖环境性强。早在20世纪80年代,密氏倭狐猴就与其他的狐猴一起被国际公约列为濒危动物。在实验室内繁殖成功后,欧洲和美洲等地有了观赏和科研用密     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, GA, USA

In the current study, we determined the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Serum samples were tested from 52 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) using an agglutination assay. Three ring-tailed lemurs (5.8%) were positive for T. gondii (titer of 1:50); one ring-tailed lemur (1.9%) and one black and white ruffed lemur (25%) were positive for S. neurona (titers of 1:1000); and one ring-tailed lemur (1.9%) was positive for E. cuniculi (titer of 1:400). All blue-eyed black lemurs were negative for antibodies to T. gondii, S. neurona, and E. cuniculi. This is the first detection of antibodies to T. gondii in ring-tailed lemurs and antibodies to S. neurona and E. cuniculi in any species of prosimian.     

Evaluation of iron status in lemurs by analysis of serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation

OBJECTIVE: To assess serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation as indicators of iron metabolic status in 3 genera of lemurs and determine whether these variables are useful for screening for iron overload. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 11 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), 11 black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco), and 11 red-ruffed lemurs (Varecia rubra). PROCEDURES: Blood samples were collected weekly for 3 weeks and assayed for serum iron and ferritin concentrations and total iron-binding capacity. Liver biopsy specimens were evaluated histologically and assayed for total iron, nonheme iron, and trace mineral concentrations. Deposition of iron was scored on Prussian blue-stained slides. RESULTS: Hepatic iron content ranged from 497 to 12,800 Pg/g dry weight (median, 2,165 Pg/g). Differences were seen in mean hepatic iron content across genera, with ruffed lemurs having the highest concentrations and ring-tailed lemurs having the lowest. Iron accumulation in the liver was mild, and cellular pathologic changes associated with iron storage disease were not detected in any lemur. Ferritin concentration was the only variable that correlated significantly with hepatic iron content in all 3 genera of lemurs; however, both transferrin saturation and serum iron concentration were correlated with hepatic iron concentration in ring-tailed and ruffed lemurs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Serum ferritin concentration was the only variable that was consistently correlated with hepatic iron content in all 3 genera. Mean hepatic iron content varied across genera, suggesting that the propensity for lemurs to develop iron overload in captivity may vary across taxa.     

Comparison of the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine-based anesthetic protocols in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta).

The relative efficacies and cardiorespiratory effects of three injectable anesthetic combinations containing medetomidine were evaluated in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). In addition, the direct effects of medetomidine on heart rate and blood pressure were evaluated in lemurs anesthetized with isoflurane. For injectable anesthesia, captive adult ring-tailed lemurs were anesthetized with medetomidine and ketamine (0.04-0.06 mg/kg, i.m. and 3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively), medetomidine, butorphanol, and ketamine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m., 0.4 mg/kg, i.m., and 3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively), or medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam (0.04 mg/kg, i.m., 0.4 mg/kg, i.m., and 0.3 mg/kg, i.m., respectively). For inhalation anesthesia, lemurs were mask-induced and maintained with isoflurane for 30 min before receiving medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg, i.m.). Sedation produced by medetomidine-ketamine was unpredictable and of short duration. Both medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine (MBK) and medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam (MBMz) provided adequate anesthesia for routine physical exams; however, the effects of MBMz lasted longer than those of MBK. Heart rates and respiratory rates were within clinically normal ranges for all groups, and lemurs remained normotensive throughout the study. Common side effects such as hypertension and bradycardia associated with the use of alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist combinations in other species were not observed. Likewise, medetomidine administration had no effect on HR in lemurs receiving isoflurane. Lemurs in all groups were well ventilated and remained well oxygenated throughout the procedures, though arterial partial pressure of O2 was lowest in the MBMz group. All three injectable medetomidine combinations were effective in ring-tailed lemurs but only MBK and MBMz provided adequate depth and duration of anesthesia for use as sole regimes. For many clinical procedures in lemurs, MBMz offers advantages over MBK because of its longer duration of action and its rapid and more complete reversibility with specific antagonists.     

Molecular and serologic evidence of tick-borne Ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from St. Catherines Island, Georgia, USA.

In recent years, several species of ehrlichiae have been recognized as tick-borne disease agents of veterinary and medical importance. Clinically normal free-ranging or previously free-ranging lemurs, including 46 ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), six blue-eyed black lemurs (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), and four black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) from St. Catherines Island, Georgia, were tested for evidence of exposure to tick-borne ehrlichiae. All 52 adult lemurs were serologically tested for exposure to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for E. chaffeensis, A. phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia ewingii, and Ehrlichia canis were conducted on blood samples from all 56 lemurs. Blood from all lemurs was inoculated into DH82 cell cultures for E. chaffeensis isolation. Of the adult lemurs, 20 (38.5%) and 16 (30.8%) had antibodies reactive (> or =1:128) for E. chaffeensis and A. phagocytophilum, respectively. Two ring-tailed lemurs were PCR and culture positive for E. chaffeensis. Molecular characterization of the two E. chaffeensis isolates showed that both contained 5-repeat variants of the variable-length PCR target (VLPT) antigen gene and 3-repeat variants of the 120-kDa antigen gene. Sequencing of the VLPT genes revealed a novel amino acid repeat unit (type-9). One lemur infected with E. chaffeensis was slightly hypoproteinemic and had moderately elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. These lemurs from St. Catherines Island have been exposed to or infected with tick-borne ehrlichiae, or both, but showed no clinical disease.     

Field anesthesia of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) using tiletamine-zolazepam, medetomidine, and butorphanol

Telazol has been commonly used for field anesthesia of wild lemurs, including ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta). Telazol alone provides good induction, but doesn't cause adequate muscle relaxation and sedation for collecting consistent somatic measurements and high-quality dental impressions that are sometimes needed. Variability in induction response has been seen between individuals that have received similar dosages, with young lemurs seeming to need more anesthetic than mature lemurs. This investigation evaluated Telazol induction in young (2.0-4.9 yr) and mature (> or = 5.0 yr) ring-tailed lemurs and compared postinduction supplementation with medetomidine or medetomidine-butorphanol. Forty-eight lemurs were anesthetized with Telazol administered via blow dart; then, 20 min after darting, they were supplemented via hand injection with either medetomidine (0.04 mg/ kg) or medetomidine-butorphanol (0.04 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). The odds ratio for young lemurs to need more than one dart for induction, relative to mature lemurs, was 3.8, even though the initial dose of Telazol received by young lemurs (19 +/- 7 mg/kg) was significantly higher than the initial dose administered to mature lemurs (12 +/- 5 mg/kg). The total Telazol dosage was also significantly different between young lemurs (33 +/- 15 mg/kg) and mature lemurs (18 +/- 9 mg/kg). Both medetomidine and medetomidine-butorphanol provided good muscle relaxation and sedation for all procedures. Physiologic values were similar between the two protocols. Oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry was generally good, although there were a few SaO2 values < 90%. Recoveries were smooth, but long. Time to head up was correlated with total Telazol dosage in mature lemurs. In young lemurs, time to standing was correlated with Telazol induction dosage and time of last Telazol administration. Lemurs that received hand injections of Telazol took longer to recover than those that did not. Further refinements are needed to increase induction reliability and to decrease recovery time, particularly in young lemurs.     

Evaluation of modified techniques for immobilization of wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)

Wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) can be anesthetized with Telazol via blow dart, but improved techniques are needed so that each lemur is reliably induced with a single dart. Medetomidine-butorphanol (MB) is a good supplemental protocol to be administered once the lemurs are captured, but other protocols may provide longer periods of sedation and immobility. One possible way of increasing the efficacy of each dart is to increase the time it is retained in the leg. In this investigation, a "double-sleeve" technique was used to try to increase the time of dart retention. This technique used a standard silicone sleeve on the needle, along with a second sleeve at the needle hub. Induction values were compared between lemurs darted with double-sleeve needles and those induced with needles that each had a single silicone sleeve. Once the lemurs were induced, supplementation with MB (0.04 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg) was compared with supplementation with ketamine-medetomidine (KM) (10 mg/ kg and 0.04 mg/kg). Twenty-three lemurs were darted with Telazol by using single-sleeve needles, and 24 were darted with double-sleeve needles. The number of darts per lemur and number of escapes were not different between animals darted with a single sleeve compared with a double-sleeve; thus, there were no significant improvements in induction success with the double-sleeve technique. Adequate sedation and muscle relaxation were achieved with both MB and KM; however, lemurs that received MB were more relaxed and needed fewer additional supplements that those that received KM. Single-sleeve dart needles are recommended for Telazol induction of ring-tailed lemurs via blow dart and MB is preferable to KM for supplemental sedation and muscle relaxation.     

Cuterebrid myiasis (Diptera: Oestridae) in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at a South Carolina zoo

In September 2008, two ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), comprising a mother-daughter pair, at the Greenville Zoo, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, were diagnosed with cuterebrid myiasis (Diptera: Oestridae) subsequent to sudden death of the adult lemur. On necropsy, a single bot warble was discovered in the subcutis of the axillary region. Histopathology revealed a severe eosinophilic bronchopneumonia. The juvenile lemur was inspected and found to have warbles on three separate dates in late September. One representative bot fly larva was identified as a Cuterebra sp. that normally infests lagomorphs in the southeastern United States. Cuterebrid myiasis is rarely reported in lemurs and has not been previously associated with pneumonia or death in these animals.     

Preventing dental calculus formation in lemurs (Lemur catta, Eulemur fulvus collaris) and baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

The prevention of calculus accumulation in exotic animals is a relatively unexplored topic. A 6-mo study in ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and collared lemurs (Eulemur fulvus collaris) and two studies in baboons (Papio cynocephalus) (7.5 wks and 6.5 mo) tested the benefits of a primate diet coated with 0.6% sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP) in controlling calculus in these species using a sequential crossover design. The control regimen was an identical, but non-HMP-coated, dry primate chow. At study initiation, the primates were given a thorough dental prophylaxis and provided with the control diet or experimental diet. At the conclusion of the test period, the animals were anesthetized and examined for clinical calculus independently by two examiners. The animals were then given another dental prophylaxis, provided the alternate ration, and the foregoing procedures were repeated. When the animals were provided the HMP-coated diet, significant reductions in calculus formation of 48-62% were observed in the lemurs and the baboons. No clinically significant changes were observed in body weights or in blood chemistry values as a result of ingestion of the HMP-coated regimen.