山东省东营市苜蓿产业发展情况

介绍了山东省东营市种植苜蓿的基本情况,讨论了苜蓿种植的成本和收益情况,分析了东营市发展苜蓿种植的有利条件和制约因素,并提出了促进东营市苜蓿产业发展的措施和建议。     

扶持苜蓿产业 促进奶业发展

优质苜蓿对全面提升奶业发展水平有着极为重要的作用。但我国苜蓿产业发展速度较慢,产业化水平较低,配套服务融合度较差,对苜蓿产业的扶持已迫在眉睫。本文在论述苜蓿对于我国奶牛养殖业的作用的基础上,分析了我国苜蓿产业的现状和制约苜蓿产业发展的因素,并提出了应从苜蓿育种、规模化种植,以及加工企业方面进行政策扶持的建议。     

影响苜蓿田化学除草剂施用效果的因素

由于农业产业结构调整，我省苜蓿产业的蓬勃的发展，但苜蓿草田杂草危害已经成为制约黑龙江苜蓿产业发展的重要因素。杂草防除主要依靠化学除草剂，但在具体使用过程中，由于种种因素，除草剂的药效难以发挥，而且时常发生田间药害，导致苜蓿杂草防除不尽，发育生长受影响，或发生大面积药害而导致减产、绝产。因而，正确分析影响除草剂药效和药害的因素，提出相应的对策，才能使除草剂的药效发挥到最大程度，确保苜蓿产业安全、高效的发展。     

浅谈我国苜蓿产业的发展

随着国民经济的发展,人们对乳制品的量和质的需求越来越高。苜蓿产业是发展优质奶牛业的必要环节,大力发展苜蓿产业对提高奶业生产水平,加快我国奶业发展转型具有重要意义。因此本文主要对我国苜蓿产业发展现状及其制约因素等方面加以分析讨论。     

我国苜蓿饲草产业的发展现状与思考

本文阐述了我国苜蓿饲草产业的现状,探讨了我国苜蓿饲草产业发展面临的主要问题,并针对性地提出了加快苜蓿饲草产业快速发展的对策和措施建议。     

合理发展苜蓿产业确保奶业饲草供应稳定安全

稳定的苜蓿产业是奶业发展的基础和前提.为了避免苜蓿盲目生产,促进奶业良性发展,应倡导以质量为本的苜蓿产业发展理念.本文在总结苜蓿科学生产的基础上,阐述了苜蓿的品种选择、田间管理及收获措施,介绍了质量评价方法,并提出苜蓿生产的3种发展模式.     

西藏"一江两河"地区苜蓿产业及其种子本土化生产的前景展望

"一江两河"地区是西藏高原最主要的农业区,发展苜蓿产业解决高寒牧区蛋白质饲草资源缺乏问题和抗灾保畜,具有区位优势和相对优越的自然资源条件.通过分析当地苜蓿产业发展中存在的主要问题,以及影响苜蓿种子本土化生产的主要限制因素,提出了确立符合"一江两河"地区实际的苜蓿产业发展战略,立足区域特点研究解决产业发展中产生的具体问题,系统地研究解决有关提高种子产量的技术难题,以种子生产为育种目标培育新品种等建议.     

甘肃省苜蓿草产业发展的现状与对策

甘肃是种草大省，更是苜蓿种植大省，苜蓿种植面积占全国苜蓿种植总面积的1/3，为了进一步促进草产业发展，为畜牧业提供量多质优的饲草，保障人民身体健康，本文对全省草产业，尤其是苜蓿草产业发展的现状、制约因素及存在的问题进行了具体分析，并提出了对策及建议。     

紫花苜蓿丰产性生产关键技术控制

立足张掖市发展苜蓿产业的自然禀赋,在全面分析制约苜蓿产业发展的诸多因素的基础上,提出紫花苜蓿丰产性栽培与机械化收获加工等关键技术环节控制是苜蓿产业快速健康发展的关键所在,并因地制宜地采取土地选择整理、品种选择与种子精选处理、适期精量科学播种、水肥调控与病虫杂草防控、适期适度刈割与机械化收获、饲料化加工利用等关键技术控制,从而实现苜蓿高产、优质、安全和苜蓿产业持续健康发展。     

山东省东营市苜蓿产业发展情况调研报告

本文对山东省东营市的基本状况、苜蓿生产现状进行了介绍,并分析了东营市发展首蓿产业的4个优势条件,总结了近期开展的促进苜蓿产业发展的措施,并提出了未来发展苜蓿产业的目标和举措.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein