寒区马鹿繁殖规律研究

为探明寒区马鹿的繁殖规律,对大兴安岭地区107头马鹿繁殖情况进行统计,结果表明:寒区马鹿发情时间主要集中在10月4日~11月14日;发情周期为(17.33±5.23)d;妊娠期(242.54±5.28)d,变化范围231~253 d;发情持续期(21.21±4.45)h,变化范围17.00~27.17 h,其中发情初期(5.41±2.27)h,发情盛期(15.52±4.10)h,发情末期(1.80±0.76)h。     

繁殖障碍奶牛生殖系统的超声检查

应用B超诊断法对黑龙江省几个奶牛场的繁殖障碍奶牛进行卵巢和子宫检查,获得了奶牛卵巢和子宫疾病的超声影像图,并分析了引起奶牛不孕的卵巢和子宫疾病的超声影像图特点,以期为B超诊断奶牛繁殖障碍疾病提供参考。     

Latitudinal gradients in body size and sexual size dimorphism in fleas: males drive Bergmann's pattern

We tested for the effects of latitude and geographic range size (GRS) on body size, leg length, and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) across 103 species of fleas, taking into account phylogenetic between-species relationships. When the data on body size were combined for males and females, the positive correlation between body size and latitude, but not GRS, was revealed. When the analysis was restricted to one sex only, the effect of latitude appeared to be non-significant for females, whereas male body size increased with an increase in latitude. Intraspecific body size variation was not associated with either the latitude or the latitudinal span of the geographic range, independently of which data subset was analyzed. No evidence of association between size-independent tibia length and latitude was found for either females, males, or both sexes combined. The degree of SSD decreased with a decrease in latitude but was not affected by GRS. We conclude that macroecological patterns might be manifested differently in males and females. This should be kept in mind while searching for these patterns.     

IFN-γ研究进展及其在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征研究中的应用

γ-干扰素(interferon gamma,IFN-γ)是干扰素的一种,又称为Ⅱ型干扰素或免疫干扰素,主要由活化的T细胞和NK细胞产生。IFN-γ是动物机体最重要的细胞因子之一,是主要的巨噬细胞活化因子(macrophage activating factor,MAF),具有强大的免疫调节作用和抗病毒、抗肿瘤作用。目前,干扰素基因工程和基因治疗研究引起了广泛关注,已被应用于人类疾病临床治疗和动物疾病防控研究。作者就IFN-γ的基本特征、生物学活性、检测及其在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)中的研究应用进行了综述。     

Reproductive Disorders of Crossbred Dairy Cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia and Their Effect on Reproductive Performance

The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop–livestock production system (38.6%) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (>3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems.     

IGF系统调控绒毛用羊绒毛生长及生殖活动的研究进展

绒毛用羊绒毛生长和生殖活动均有周期性,受到多种因子的调控。胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)作为一类多肽类生长因子,参与细胞有丝分裂、细胞增殖分化和抗凋亡过程,在毛囊上皮和真皮细胞增殖分化、卵泡发育、卵母细胞成熟、卵泡闭锁和胎儿生长发育等过程中也发挥重要作用。对IGF系统及其对绒毛用羊的绒毛生长、卵泡发育和闭锁以及胎儿发育调控方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期为进一步研究IGF调控绒毛用羊重要性状提供参考。     

绵羊繁殖性状候选基因的研究进展

目前,研究发现的影响绵羊繁殖性状的候选基因主要有四个,即FecB,FecXI,FecXH,和FecX2w,本文就这四个基因的发现,定位及其研究进展作一系统阐述。     

牦牛RBM3的基因克隆及其在不同繁殖时期卵巢、输卵管、子宫中的表达定位

旨在研究RBM3在牦牛(Bos grunniens)生殖相关调控中的作用。本研究以卵泡期、黄体期和妊娠期4~6岁健康雌性牦牛各3头为采集对象,采集其卵巢、子宫和输卵管共9组试验样品,每组设置3个生物学重复。利用基因克隆技术克隆牦牛RBM3基因并进行生物信息学分析;利用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot,WB)分别在基因层面和蛋白层面检测RBM3在牦牛子宫、卵巢和输卵管中的相对表达量;利用免疫组织化学(immunocytochemistry,IHC)方法检测RBM3蛋白在试验样品中的分布定位。牦牛RBM3基因(GenBank No.:MF142258.1)被成功克隆并预测出二、三级结构,发现其与野牦牛亲缘性最近,基因编码区第51位、98位核苷酸不同于常见哺乳动物,生物信息学分析预测其编码的蛋白质为稳定的非跨膜蛋白。RBM3蛋白在本试验9组样品的表达量有如下差异：在卵巢中,黄体期显著高于卵泡期和妊娠期(P＜0.05);输卵管中,卵泡期显著低于黄体期和妊娠期(P＜0.05);子宫上,卵泡期显著高于黄体期和妊娠期(P＜0.05)。免疫组织化学结果显示,RBM3在卵巢中的主要表达位置是卵泡膜、颗粒层和黄体细胞;在输卵管的表达位置是黏膜上皮;子宫上的表达主要以子宫内膜和子宫腺为主。本研究结果提示,RBM3可能参与牦牛个体发情周期和妊娠过程的调控以及妊娠识别等过程,为RBM3这一冷应激调节因子参与牦牛对高原环境的适应性生理机制方面的研究提供参考。     

奶牛繁殖障碍综合征研究进展

奶牛繁殖障碍综合征严重影响奶牛业的发展,是造成奶牛业经济亏损的重要原因之一,也是一个全球性的经济问题。其原因可分为先天性繁殖障碍和后天性繁殖障碍两大类。为了更加全面地认识和有效控制奶牛繁殖障碍综合征的发生,本文对奶牛繁殖障碍综合征的发病原因、临床症状、诊断方法以及治疗原则进行了概述。     

龙胆草及其提取物体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒作用的研究

为研究龙胆草水提取物、龙胆草总黄酮、龙胆草总苷体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的作用,本试验建立Marc-145细胞模型,在研究其对Marc-145细胞最大安全浓度的基础上,结合细胞病变形态观察和MTT法,设立药物组、利巴韦林阳性对照组、病毒对照组和细胞对照组,对病毒进行阻断、抑制和直接灭活3种作用方式的测定。结果显示,龙胆草水提取物、龙胆草总黄酮、龙胆草总苷和利巴韦林的最大安全浓度分别为6.250、0.020、0.630和0.016 mg/mL。在体外抗PRRSV作用的试验中,龙胆草水提取物对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为43.1%、57.4%和56.4%,均低于阳性对照利巴韦林,且各作用方式下细胞均发生了明显病变。龙胆草总黄酮对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为66.1%、41.1%和42.7%,其抑制作用和直接灭活作用的抑制率均低于阳性对照利巴韦林,阻断作用下细胞轻微病变。龙胆草总苷对病毒的阻断、抑制和直接灭活作用的最高抑制率分别为33.4%、78.2%和81.9%,其抑制和直接灭活作用较强,远高于阳性对照利巴韦林,且在这两种作用方式下细胞基本保持单层完好。综合3种作用方式,3种龙胆草提取物中龙胆草总苷抗PRRSV的效果最好,其次是龙胆草水提取物和龙胆草总黄酮。     

波尔、萨能山羊与崇明白山羊杂交对繁殖性能和血清乳酸脱氢酶活性的影响

为了筛选与崇明白山羊杂交的优势组合,选用波尔山羊♂、萨能山羊♂、崇明白山羊♂各两头分别与20头崇明白山羊♀进行交配,研究不同组合对繁殖性能和血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性的影响。试验结果表明:①就繁殖性能而言,波尔山羊、萨能山羊与崇明白山羊杂交后,体现出一定的杂交优势。其中,波尔山羊的杂交效果比萨能山羊的杂交效果明显,每头母羊胎产羔2头,活羔1.71头,产羔率为200%,羔羊的断奶成活率平均为100%,产活羔数、产羔率、羔羊成活率、断奶活羔数均为三组中最高,是生产中较为理想的杂交父本。②三种成年公羊血清LDH活性由小到大的顺序是波尔、萨能、崇明,以崇明白山羊的活力为最高;在后代羔羊中,波尔与崇明杂交一代公羊的LDH活性高于萨能杂交一代公羊,也高于崇明羊自交后代,可辅助判断出波尔与崇明羊的杂交优势高于萨能羊,可能是较优杂交组合。     

近交对狼山鸡繁殖性状影响的研究

利用RAD-seq简化基因组测序鉴定狼山鸡保种群个体基因组SNP标记,计算个体(间)分子近交系数和分子亲缘系数,结合系谱信息组建高、低近交两个试验组。分析后代繁殖性状近交衰退系数,评价近交对繁殖性状的影响。结果显示:利用FROH、FGRM、FHOM和FUNI四种分子近交系数结合亲缘系数kin估算的后代分子近交系数较为一致。低近交组后代的平均分子近交系数小于0.04,高近交组(6个家系)后代的平均分子近交系数介于0.14~0.25。近交对各繁殖性状的效应表现并不一致。高近交组后代母鸡开产日龄、300日龄产蛋数发生显著衰退(P<0.05,P<0.01),且与分子近交系数呈显著相关(P<0.05,P<0.01);开产体重和开产蛋重未发生显著性衰退(P>0.05)。研究结果为进一步探讨狼山鸡繁殖性状近交衰退分子机制提供了基础。     

东北虎雌性生殖系统解剖

对 2例 1 999年 1 0月意外死亡的东北虎雌性生殖系统进行了解剖。雌性东北虎的卵巢被覆卵巢囊 ,随着年龄增长卵巢表面凸凹不平 ,呈脑的沟回状。输卵管位于卵巢游离缘外侧 ,呈半圆形围绕着卵巢 ,输卵管壶腹部弯曲、峡部直 ;子宫与输卵管分界明显 ;子宫角长度约相当于子宫体长度的 2倍 ;阴道呈背腹压扁的管状     

孕马血清促性腺激素对水貂雌性生殖系统发育的影响

将30只处于乏情期的雌性水貂,随机分成6组.除一对照组外,5个实验组每只动物肌注PMSG 200 IU,在注射后2、3、4、5、6 d(5个阶段)分别取卵巢和子宫作组织切片,光镜下观察其结构变化.结果显示,注射PMSG后,乏情期母貂的卵巢迅速增长,卵泡发育加快,子宫也迅速增大,表明PMSG能促进之情期水貂雌性生殖系统迅速发育.     

Reproductive performance measures among Thoroughbred mares in central Kentucky,during the 2004 mating season

Reason for performing study: To improve efficiency at the farm level, a better understanding of how farm management factors impact reproductive performance is important. Objective: To assess reproductive efficiency and effectiveness among Thoroughbred mares in central Kentucky. Methods: A cohort of 1011 mares on 13 farms in central Kentucky was followed during the 2004 mating and 2005 foaling season. Information on farm level practices was collected via interviews with farm managers. Reproductive records were collected for each mare mated to obtain information on mare characteristics. The influence of mare age and status (maiden, foaling, barren) on Days 15 and 40 post mating pregnancy rates, foaling rates and total effective length of the mating season were assessed. The influence of stallion book size on reproductive performance measures was also examined. Results: Per season pregnancy rates on Days 15 and 40 post mating and live foal rate were 92.1, 89.3 and 78.3%, respectively. Per cycle rates for the same time periods were 64.0, 58.3 and 50.8%. There were no significant associations between stallion book size and reproductive performance outcomes. The mean s.d. interval from the beginning of the mating season to the last mating of the mare was 36.5 ± 26.1 days. Conclusions: Mare age had a significant impact on efficiency of becoming pregnant, maintaining pregnancy and producing a live foal. Overall, fertility did not decrease among stallions with the largest book sizes. Total interval length of the mating season can be reduced if managers ensure maiden and barren mares are mated at the beginning of the season and foaling mares are mated at the earliest oestrus after acceptable uterine involution has been achieved. Potential relevance: Measures identified in the study can be used by owners, farm managers and veterinarians to improve mare reproductive performance and identify parameters to assist with the implementation of effective culling practices.     

瑞典大白猪繁殖性能的研究

本文统计分析了2 063窝瑞典大白猪的繁殖性能,总产仔数、产活仔数、初生窝重、断奶头数、28日龄断奶窝重分别达到了12.03头、11.21头、17.09 kg、10.44头和83.21 kg,第4胎繁殖性能达到了最佳,最佳使用年限为6胎次。平均产仔间隔161.24 d,繁殖性能与产仔间隔呈反比关系。     

Study on the Changes of Reproductive Hormone and Regulation of Follicle Development During the Reproductive Cycle of Yili Goose in Xinjiang

This experiment was aimed to study the changes of reproductive hormone and regulation of follicle development during the reproductive cycle of Yili goose in Xinjiang. 2 years old Yili goose were chosen which were in good health and similar weight. 32 samples were randomly selected to take blood samples for hormone detection during the laying, broodiness and ceased periods, and 15 samples were randomly selected to gather ovarian tissue for the observation of the development of ovary and follicular. The results showed that during the laying period, the GnRH of the Yili goose was extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 16.78% and 58.29% (P<0.01);PRL was significantly lower than the broodiness period of 13.00% (P<0.05), and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 28.94% (P<0.01); FSH was higher than the broodiness period of 6.98% (P>0.05),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 21.12% (P<0.01); LH was extremely significantly lower than the broodiness period of 8.38% (P<0.01),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 16.84% (P<0.01); E₂ were extremely significantly higher than that the broodiness and ceased periods of 29.80% and 112.40% (P<0.01); P₄ levels were extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 28.89% and 30.34% (P<0.01). The ovary volume and weight of Yili goose were extremely significantly higher than that of broodiness and ceased periods (P<0.01). In the laying period, the mature follicles of Yili goose were significantly larger than that of the broodiness and resting periods, the number of secondary follicles was more and the number of primary follicles was lesser. Ovarian growth and mature follicle atresia, granule layer shrinkage, inward depression, cytoplasmic cavity, follicular atrophy at all levels in the broodiness period. The follicle cytoplasmic cavity of the ovary was larger in the ceased period than broodiness period, and inward concave further deeper, a large number of primordial follicles evenly arranged. Thus, during the laying period, the responses of GnRH, E₂ and LH of Yili goose were active and played a leading role on the development of ovarian and follicular. PRL and LH maintained a high level of secretion, cooperated to maintain the broodiness behavior during the broodiness period.     

生殖周期小鼠输卵管粘膜糖复合物结合特性

为了解输卵管粘膜糖复合物的特点和变化规律,用４种酶标植物凝集素（ＣｏｎＡ、ＳＢＡ、ＲＣＡ１２０、ＷＧＡ）作探针,研究了小鼠发情周期、妊娠早期（７ｄ）、产后（１ｄ）的输卵管粘膜凝集素结合糖复合物染色特性的变化。结果发现,输卵管粘膜与ＣｏｎＡ、ＳＢＡ、ＲＣＡ１２０的结合,无论在发情周期还是妊娠早期（７ｄ）及产后（１ｄ）,均有波动,而与ＷＧＡ的结合始终保持最强阳性。提示输卵管粘膜凝集素结合特性的变化,可能与生殖周期激素的波动和胚泡的调节有关。     

纳米银体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的作用研究

【目的】 研究纳米银（silver nanoparticles,AgNPs）体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）的作用,并初步分析其抗病毒作用机制,为PRRSV的防控提供新思路。【方法】 使用0.1875、0.375、0.75、1.5、3、6、12 μg/mL AgNPs处理Marc145细胞,采用CCK-8试剂盒评估AgNPs对Marc145细胞毒性,确定其安全浓度。通过显微观察、间接免疫荧光试验、病毒滴度测定、实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法评估AgNPs体外抗PRRSV感染Marc145细胞的效果。通过间接免疫荧光试验和实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法评估AgNPs对PRRSV的直接灭活效果。通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法分析AgNPs对不同感染复数（multiplicity of infection,MOI） PRRSV （0.0001~0.1）黏附和入侵Marc145细胞的影响,以及PRRSV感染Marc145细胞3、6、12、18和24 h后加入AgNPs对Marc145细胞增殖的影响。【结果】 AgNPs对Marc145细胞的最大安全浓度为1.5 μg/mL,0.375、0.75、1.5 μg/mL AgNPs均具有良好的体外抗PRRSV活性,0.375、0.75、1.5 μg/mL AgNPs均对PRRSV起一定灭活作用。AgNPs对不同MOI的毒株黏附和入侵Marc145细胞均有一定抑制作用,且不同时间（3、6、12、18、24 h）加入AgNPs对PRRSV增殖均有一定抑制作用。【结论】 AgNPs具有良好的体外抗PRRSV活性,体外抗PRRSV的作用机制包括直接灭活以及抑制病毒的黏附、入侵和增殖过程。     

新疆伊犁鹅繁殖周期生殖激素变化及卵巢卵泡发育规律的研究

为探究新疆伊犁鹅繁殖周期中血浆主要生殖激素、卵巢形态及卵泡发育的变化规律,试验以健康状况良好、体重相近的2岁伊犁鹅为试验对象,分别在产蛋期、就巢期及休产期各随机选取32只,采集1次血样,测定激素水平;在各时期分别选取5只采集卵巢组织,观测卵巢及卵泡发育情况。结果表明,在产蛋期,伊犁鹅的GnRH分别极显著高于就巢期和休产期16.78%和58.29%（P<0.01）;PRL显著低于就巢期13.00%（P<0.05）,极显著高于休产期28.94%（P<0.01）;FSH高于就巢期6.98%（P>0.05）,极显著高于休产期21.12%（P<0.01）;LH极显著低于就巢期8.38%（P<0.01）,极显著高于休产期16.84%（P<0.01）;E₂水平分别极显著高于就巢期和休产期29.80%和112.40%（P<0.01）;P₄水平分别极显著高于就巢期和休产期28.89%和30.34%（P<0.01）。产蛋期伊犁鹅的卵巢体积和重量均极显著大于就巢期和休产期（P<0.01）。产蛋期伊犁鹅成熟卵泡与就巢期和休产期相比明显较大,次级卵泡数量较多,初级卵泡数量较少;就巢期卵巢上生长及成熟卵泡发生闭锁,颗粒胞层收缩,向内凹陷,胞质出现空腔,各级卵泡出现萎缩;与就巢期相比,休产期卵巢上卵泡胞质空腔变大,向内凹陷程度进一步加深,大量原始卵泡均匀排列。由此可见,在产蛋期,伊犁鹅的GnRH、E₂、LH反应活跃,对卵巢卵泡发育起主导作用;在就巢期,PRL、LH维持较高的分泌水平,协同维持就巢。