不同连作年限对大豆根际土壤养分的影响

本试验通过对不同连作年限大豆根际土壤养分的测定,明确了连作对大豆根际土壤养分的影响,研究结果表明,连作处理根际土壤pH值随连作年限增长呈下降趋势,各连作大豆根际土壤中氮、磷、钾、镁、锌、硼、钼、有机质等养分含量均低于正茬,不同连作年限对大豆根际土壤中铁、钙、锰含量的影响未表现出线形规律。     

玉米/小麦间作对根际土壤和养分吸收的影响

通过对水培和根箱模拟试验。研究了小麦／玉米间作条件下养分的种间竞争和促进作用，证明了间作条件下能获得明显的生物产量优势。并对间作条件下根系的生长状况，养分吸收利用和根际环境的影响作出了较详细的阐述。     

施用稻草等有机物料对黄瓜连作土壤速效养分的影响

不同有机物料稻草，猪粪，锯木屑成分不同，入土转化过程不同，对连作土壤速效率养分产生不同的影响，通过培养实验表明猪粪有增加土壤铵态氮，速效磷和速效钾含量，稻草能提高土 速效磷，钾含量，但降低土壤铵态氮的含量；而锯木屑地土壤铵态氮，速效磷速效钾含量的影响不大。     

云南省彝良县天麻连作根际土壤细菌群落分析

基于天麻产业的抬升式发展,连作障碍卡脖子问题逐渐凸现,天麻根际微生物区系平衡遭破坏,可能是导致连作障碍原因之一。本研究为探明不同连作茬数对天麻根际土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,于云南省昭通市彝良县采集未种植天麻的土壤(cha001)、种植1茬(cha002)、种植2茬(cha003)的天麻根际土壤,采用高通量测序技术测定土壤细菌群落组成。试验共获得细菌有效序列1245904条,细菌总OTU 2068个,种植2茬天麻土壤OTU数目最多,为1746,且细菌群落丰度（ACE指数1619.98、Chao1指数1643.94）及多样性（Shannon指数8.82）最高;ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数随连作次数增加呈升高趋势,Simpson指数无显著差异(P<0.05)。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)为连作天麻根际土壤中优势菌门,变形菌门和酸杆菌门物种丰度随连作次数增加呈升高趋势,而绿弯菌门物种则相反,呈降低趋势。优势菌纲为酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、变形菌纲(Alphapro...     

转DREB3基因抗旱大豆对土壤理化性状的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,在正常水分管理和干旱胁迫条件下研究了转DREB3基因抗旱大豆对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明:转DREB3基因抗旱大豆对土壤主要物理性状土粒密度和土壤容重无显著影响,对根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量等主要化学性状无显著影响。转DREB3基因抗旱大豆的种植不会带来对土壤主要理化性状的不利影响。     

转双价基因棉花对根际土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以3种转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321为研究对象,比较分析转双价基因棉和常规棉石远321根际土壤酶活性及养分的变化。结果表明,转双价Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉sGK321与石远321根际土壤速效磷和铵态氮含量无显著差异,而硝态氮含量则显著高于石远321;转双价Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab基因棉(双Bt抗虫棉)速效磷和铵态氮含量均显著低于石远321,而硝态氮含量与石远321无显著差异;转双价Cry1Ac+Epsps基因棉(抗虫抗除草剂棉)速效磷和硝态氮含量均显著高于石远321,而铵态氮含量显著低于石远321。sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均无显著差异;双Bt抗虫棉土壤脲酶活性显著低于石远321,碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与石远321均无显著差异;抗虫抗除草剂棉与石远321土壤脲酶活性无显著差异,碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于石远321,而过氧化氢酶活性显著低于石远321。表明sGK321棉与石远321根际土壤养分(硝态氮除外)含量和酶活性无显著差异,而双Bt抗虫棉和抗虫抗除草剂棉所呈现的差异是因不同品种所致。     

不同氮素营养水平对茶树根际土壤微生物的影响及其在养分调控中的作用

为茶园氮肥的科学施用提供理论依据,通过盆栽试验探讨4个不同氮素营养水平(N0、N1、N2、N3)下茶树根际土壤养分、微生物种群组成的变化以及二者的内在联系。结果表明:与不施氮(N0)处理相比,适宜施用氮肥可以增加茶树根际土壤的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量以及微生物总量,促进了土壤微生物群落多样性的改善;亦提高了茶树根际土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量,并且均在N1或者N2处理时达到最大值。相关分析结果显示,不同氮素水平下茶树土壤微生物数量与土壤各养分含量之间存在着极显著的相关关系。合理施用氮肥对于茶园土壤微生物数量及其群落中细菌、放线菌及真菌数量与土壤中有效态养分含量具有良好的调节作用。     

分析转基因大豆种植对根际土壤酶活性和养分的影响

为了分析转基因大豆种植对根际土壤酶活性和养分产生的影响,以耐草甘膦大豆、抗虫耐草甘膦大豆和常规大豆中黄13为基础开展盆栽试验方法,并且通过土壤酶活性测定、土壤养分含量测定方法,提出对根际土壤酶活性、根际土壤速效养分含量等方面造成影响的因素,试验目的是表明转基因大豆种植不会对土壤酶活性产生较大影响。     

The closest wild relatives of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The origin of cassava has long eluded researchers. The botanical origin, the geographical origin, the area of domestication, all are disputed matters. The argument advanced here is that, once the wild ancestor is identified, speculation about the taxonomy and the geographical cradle of the root crop will narrow considerably, as a number of species and geographical areas will automatically become excluded from consideration in matters of classification, domestication and evolution. Current knowledge about the three subjects shows that discoveries on the botanical origin of manioc have progressed a great deal, discoveries on the geographical origin are in progress, and discoveries on the area where the beginning of cultivation happened are incipient. In this paper, five Brazilian Manihot species are suggested as the closest wild relatives of cassava. One of them (M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia) is regarded as the wild progenitor of modern cultivars and thus part of the primary genepool of the root crop. Another species (M. pruinosa) is regarded as the nearest species to the GP1 of cassava and can hardly be separated from the wild strain M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia on morphological grounds. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The primary gene pool of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz subspecies esculenta, Euphorbiaceae)

The primary gene pool (GP-1) of a crop is composed of gene reservoirs that cross easily with the domesticated, while the crosses regularly produce fertile offspring. The GP-1 is further subdivided into cultivated and wild gene pools. The cultivated gene pool encompasses commercial stocks of the crop, as well as landraces. The wild GP-1 of the crop comprises putative ancestors and closely related species that show a fair degree of fertile relationships with the domesticate. Two South American wild subspecies of cassava (M. flabellifolia and M. peruviana) were proposed as natural members of the wild GP-1 of the crop. Another Brazilian species(M. pruinosa) is morphologically so close to both wild subspecies that it may turn out as another member of the wild GP-1. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Prospects of polyploidizing cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, by unreduced microspores

Eleven interspecific hybrids of cassava with the wild relatives Manihot glaziovii, M. pseudoglaziovii. M. dichotoma and M. anomala were examined to detect unreduced microspores. The frequency of dyads and triads was counted, as well as pollen viability. Of these hybrids, the second generation progeny of cassava×M. glaziovii showed a high frequency of unreduced microspores (3.7%) permitting their selection for further manipulation of this character. An association of vegetatively-reproduced genotypes and the occurrence of unreduced microspores has also been observed.     

Somatic embryogenesis from floral tissue of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The aim of this study was to examine the embryogenic potential of floral material of the cassava cultivar MCOL 1505. Macerated immature inflorescences were found to be highly embryogenic, with almost 78% of the explants producing somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were also produced from whole male florets and half florets although at much lower rates. No regeneration was obtained from anther, microspore or floret wall tissue. Somatic embryos derived from immature inflorescences were regenerated via organogenesis and the plants derived from this process were assessed in terms of phenotype and ploidy level. If haploid plants could be produced by this method, this would have significant implications in assisting traditional cassava breeding, as this would allow homozygosity to be reached more rapidly. In a crop such as cassava, which is highly heterozygous in nature, the use of haploids in a breeding programme could considerably shorten the time taken to produce new desirable cultivars. This is the first report on plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from floral tissue of cassava. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heredity of seventeen isozyme loci in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Summary Starch gel electrophoresis was used to assess isozyme polymorphism in two Manihot species. Crude extracts were obtained from leaves and pollen. Ten enzymes were examined for their polymorphism in a germplasm collection of 365 cultivated plus 109 wild accessions, mainly from Africa. The inheritance of these enzymes was examined using 13 intra and interspecific progenies. Seventeen polymorphic loci were found for the ten enzyme systems, with 59 alleles. All the markers showed disomic heredity and three linkage groups were identified.     

Efficient In Vitro Shoot-regeneration Systems in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Two different protocols for in vitro regeneration of cassava using zygotic embryos and nodal axillary meristems have been developed. In both cases, buds were regenerated directly from excised explants without an intervening callus phase after a two-step culture procedure. In cotyledonary explants derived from zygotic embryos, prolific shoot formation occurred within 2—3 weeks on MS medium supplemented with 0.5—5 mg/1 BAP alone or in combination with 0.1 mg/1 NAA. Nodal explants with axillary meristems derived from aseptically grown seedlings or stem cuttings were used to initiate a round compact bulb-like structure on MS medium containing 10 mg/1 BAP. These latter structures, when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/1 NAA, 1 mg/1 BAP and 0.1 mg/1 GA₃, produced multiple shoots. Somatic embryos isolated at the globular/torpedo stage from zygotic embryo explants were also capable of multiple shoot production on medium with 1 mg/1 BAP. Rooting of regenerated shoots exceeded 95 % in phytohormone-free MS medium. No change in their ploidy levels was observed. Therefore, the protocols developed should be of use in the particle gun and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of cassava.     

RAPD-based genetic diversity study of fifty cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes

Fifty cassava clones were studied using RAPD technique. They included landraces from the Wenchi, Nkoranza, Dormaa Ahenkoro and Asonafo districts of the Brong Ahafo region of Ghana and three improved varieties. Genetic diversity of these genotypes was studied using four primers, OPK-01, OPR-02, OPR-09 and OPJ-14. A total of 41 different bands were detected. Levels of polymorphic fragments detected by the four primers ranged from 90% to 100%. By pooling bands from individual accessions together, mean number of fragments per accession per primer ranged from 5.50±1.04 for the Improved cultivars to 7.00±0.71 for populations of landraces from Dormaa. Mean frequencies of fragments not detected by the primers for the accessions were 0.524±0.12, 0.460±0.12, 0.561±0.12 and 0.523±0.12 for landraces from Wenchi, Nkoranza, Dormaa Ahenkro, Asonafo and the Improved varieties, respectively. The grand mean frequency of individuals showing fragments not present in populations was 0.522±0.10. Genetic diversity estimates ranged from 0.290 to 0.425 (mean 0.352±0.05) for primer OPK-01, 0.001 to 0.381 (mean 0.309±0.06) for primer OPR-02, 0.335 to 0.344 (mean 0.283±0.04) for primer OPR-09 and 0.152 to 0.352 (mean 0.261±0.07) for primer OPJ-14. Within the accessions mean gene diversity estimates were 0.316±0.03, 0.293±0.09, 0.331±0.02, 0.322±0.07 and 0.247±0.03 for accessions from Wenchi, Nkoranza, Dormaa Ahenkro, Asonafo districts and the Improved varieties, respectively. Interpopulational genetic divergence ranged from 0.069 to 0.203 (mean 0.119±0.04). Rate of nucleotide substitution among the landraces was 9.8 per cent per site per year, while that for the Improved varieties was 15 per cent. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) germplasm collections using RAPD markers

Summary Deterioration of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., seed can adversely affect stands, seedling vigor, and subsequent performance of plants, but deterioration can be lessened by improved genetic resistance. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of physical and germination characteristics of cotton seed and to determine the inheritance of resistance to seed deterioration. Physical (weight, volume, density, and imbibition rate) and germination (germination of non-deteriorated seed and deteriorated seed) characteristics were determined for eight cotton genotypes. In addition, imbibition rate and the germination characteristics were determined for all possible F₁, including reciprocals, combinations of the eight genotypes. Variation among the parents for germination of deteriorated seed and imbibition rate were significantly, highly correlated (r=–0.97) and intrinsically related. Resistance to seed deterioration tended to increase as seed weight and volume decreased. Significant genetic effects were found for imbibition rate and germination of both non-deteriorated and deteriorated seed. However, general combining ability (GCA) accounted for only 21% of the variation in crosses sums of squares for germination of non-deteriorated seed. In contrast, GCA accounted for 90% of the variation for germination of deteriorated seed and imbibition rate. A breeding approach involving selection of early generation seed for ability to survive hot water treatment, then evaluating later generations for imbibition rate is suggested as a means to improve resistance to seed deterioration in cotton.     

A molecular and embryonic study of apomixis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

In cassava, apomixis fixes heterosis and avoids transmission of systemic pathogens which complicate vegetative propagation of the crop. A combination of evidence from maternal inheritance of RAPD markers and the structure of the embryonic sac in large progeny sets of two distinct genotypes have further confirmed the occurrence of apomixis in cassava. We could advance further on earlier reports of the detection of apomixis in four ways: (1) we could arrive at an estimate of the rate of facultative apomixis in the range of 2%; (2) we detected the occurrence of apomixis in a second genotype, derived from a different interspecific cross; (3) apomictic behavior was demonstrated in an F₁ individual and (4) parallel embryonic evidence was generated that corroborate the potential occurrence of apomixis by apospory. The fact that apomixis was detected in an F₁ interspecific hybrid hints to the possibility of directly transferring genes for apomixis from a wild relative to cultivated cassava. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A cytogenetic study of bilateral sexual polyploidization in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

Microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis were cytogenetically and histologically analysed in three cassava clones:‘Rayong 1′,‘Rayong 60′,‘M. mga’ and two hybrid lines,‘OMR 3641‐1’ and ‘OMR 3641‐1’ to elucidate the evolution of sexual polyploids in cassava. At telophase II, formation of 17‐21 micronuclei per pollen cell plate was observed in 16 out of 351 cell plates in ‘M. mga’. Micronuclei were observed at low (0.3‐2.3%) frequencies, at the sporad stage in all clones. Monads, dyads, triads and tetrads, which are established sources of high ploidy levels were observed at low (2.6%) and high (22.2%) frequencies. Megasporogenesis in ‘Rayong 1’ and ‘Rayong 60’ showed a lack of second meiotic divisions after a successful first division that resulted in partly unreduced embryo sacs with 2n eggs, suggesting another unrecognized and, as yet, unreported source of sexual polyploid formation in cassava. Meiotic abnormalities during microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis are implicated as being responsible for the formation of mixoploids (triploids and tetraploids) in cassava breeding programmes. A cytogenetic mechanism resulting in bilateral sexual polyploids through different gametic fertilization pathways in cassava is suggested and its role in breeding is briefly discussed.