硅对干旱胁迫下四棱豆幼苗生物量和生理特性的影响

采用营养液培养的方式,用PEG 6000(聚乙二醇6000,渗透势约为-0.315MPa)模拟干旱胁迫,研究了硅对干旱胁迫下四棱豆幼苗生物量和生理特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱胁迫抑制了四棱豆幼苗生物量的积累,施用不同浓度的硅能有效缓解干旱胁迫对四棱豆幼苗生物量积累的抑制;与单独PEG 6000处理相比,模拟干旱胁迫下施硅处理提高了叶绿素含量、根系活力以及POD、CAD、SOD活性,降低了细胞膜透性、H2O2、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量以及脂氧合酶活性,降低了膜脂过氧化作用,缓解了干旱胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,增强了四棱豆幼苗的耐旱性,且1~1.5mmol/L的硅处理效果优于2mmol/L硅处理。     

干旱胁迫下硅对草莓生长及生理特性的影响

采用水培试验,在调节pH值和消除陪伴离子影响的基础上,以草莓为试材,用PEG6000(聚乙二醇6000,渗透势约为-0.15MPa)模拟干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫下硅对草莓生长及生理特性的影响.结果表明,干旱胁迫下草莓植株的生长和光合作用受到抑制,加硅能有效地提高干旱胁迫下草莓植株的相对生长速率和光合色素含量,增加植株生物量.与不加硅处理相比,施加适量浓度的硅可提高膜系统的稳定性,减少丙二醛积累,各加硅处理的丙二醛含量依次比不加硅处理降低26.56％～35.84％;可降低植物体内膜脂过氧化作用,使游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量保持在一定水平,提高植株抵抗干旱胁迫的能力;可提高SOD、POD、CAT活性.与不加硅处理相比,各加硅处理SOD、POD和CAT活性依次提高42.89％ ～ 57.347％、26.63％ ～ 47.80％和4.85％ ～ 44.64％,从而减轻活性氧自由基对草莓叶片的毒害.     

钾营养对不同基因型小麦幼苗NaCl胁迫的缓解作用

在温室砂培条件下,研究了钾营养对NaCl胁迫下不同基因型小麦幼苗生长、植株可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量及几种抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,100.mmol/L.NaCl胁迫下,施入5～10.mmol/L.K+可提高小麦幼苗茎叶及根的生长及含水量;耐盐品种DK961可溶性糖含量随外界K+浓度的提高出现先升高后降低的趋势,而盐敏感品种JN17则随溶液K+浓度的提高一直降低;两品种电解质外渗量及MDA含量都比对照增加,但随外界K+浓度的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,以10.mmol/L.K+时最接近对照;两品种超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随外界K+浓度升高都是先升高后降低,以Na+/K+比值为10∶1最好,并且对POD活性的影响更显著。表明根据NaCl胁迫程度不同,按Na+/K+比值为10∶1的比例施用钾肥可最大限度地降低NaCl胁迫对小麦幼苗造成的伤害,促进小麦生长。     

盐旱交叉胁迫对各施氮水平下小麦苗期的影响

为探究不同浓度盐胁迫和水分胁迫及两者互作对小麦幼苗生理特性的影响,于2017年3月至5月布置盆栽试验,分别设置两个NaCl胁迫(S1,NaCl 1.9 g/kg;S2,NaCl 2.9 g/kg)和两个水分处理水平(W1,78%田间持水量;W2,47%田间持水量),测定了冬小麦幼苗地上部和地下部干物质量、全氮、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量。结果表明:①在本试验盐胁迫范围内,单一盐胁迫下盐分含量的上升会显著抑制小麦的生长,冬小麦各部分干重、全氮、叶绿素含量明显下降,渗透物质可溶性糖含量会上升;②低盐干旱胁迫互作改善冬小麦幼苗生长状况,叶绿素含量、各部分干物质累积、氮积累量以及可溶性糖含量最大,呈现出对盐旱复合胁迫的适应性;③高盐干旱胁迫互作会加剧对小麦幼苗的生长限制。因此,低盐胁迫下对冬小麦进行适度的干旱刺激可以促进小麦幼苗适应复合胁迫,有利于小麦幼苗生长。     

新型复合保水剂对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

研究新型复合保水剂对于干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗的影响，为新型复合保水剂的施用提供一定的理论依据。在3种水分条件下施用不同剂量新型复合保水剂后，测定小麦幼苗的根茎长、叶片相对含水量、光合特性、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质含量。试验结果表明，在轻度干旱胁迫下(土壤相对含水量55%)，施用新型复合保水剂后，小麦幼苗根长50.63 cm、叶片相对含水量92.54%，与正常水分条件下(土壤相对含水量75%)无显著性差异。小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量达到最高(2.583 mg/g FW)，与其他处理存在显著性差异，显著提高了小麦幼苗的光合作用。在轻度干旱胁迫下，施用新型复合保水剂后，小麦幼苗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别为215.8、4235、1246 U/(g·min)FW，与其他处理存在显著性差异，显著减缓了小麦的衰老。在轻度干旱胁迫条件下，施用新型复合保水剂能够降低丙二醛含量，提高叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性多糖及可溶性蛋白含量，减少干旱胁迫对细胞膜的破坏，提高小麦的抗氧化能力，有效减缓小麦的衰老。在重度水分胁迫下(土壤相对含水量35%)，小麦幼苗的生长则受到了抑制。     

小麦幼苗对氧乐果胁迫的生理学响应

通过溶液培养研究了不同浓度(0、0.1、1.0、5.0和10.0 g/L)氧乐果处理后小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖含量及保护酶活性的动态变化。结果表明:在氧乐果胁迫下,高浓度的氧乐果(5.0和10.0 g/L)处理显著降低了小麦幼苗的叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量,且随着处理时间的延长其差异尤为显著;小麦叶片中可溶性糖含量随着氧乐果浓度和处理天数的增加而显著增加。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性均先上升后下降;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性在0.1 g/L氧乐果处理的第1d时略有上升,然后下降。小麦响应氧乐果胁迫并上调SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶的活性和可溶性糖的含量,降低叶片光合作用,籍此维持小麦免受低浓度氧乐果的胁迫以维持小麦的正常生长;但高浓度氧乐果处理对小麦根系产生了明显的毒害作用,致使5.0 g/L氧乐果胁迫的小麦根系SOD、POD、CAT活性显著下降。APX和GR可能在低浓度氧乐果处理初期起主要保护作用,而在高浓度氧乐果胁迫下则受到明显抑制作用。     

盐分胁迫下棉花幼苗对外源甜菜碱的生理响应

通过研究盐分胁迫下棉花幼苗对外源甜菜碱的生理响应,为盐分胁迫下施用甜菜碱提高棉花幼苗抗逆提供参考。以新疆广泛种植的新陆早18号为试验材料,200 mmol/L氯化钠胁迫,用5、10 mmol/L甜菜碱喷施处理,7 d后测定棉花幼苗体内主要生理指标含量的变化。结果表明非盐胁迫下,甜菜碱处理显著提高脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,而丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性不受甜菜碱影响;盐胁迫下棉花幼苗体内丙二醛含量显著高于对照,并且脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量增加,抗氧化酶活性提高,盐分胁迫下棉花幼苗经过甜菜碱处理后,有效抑制丙二醛的产生,同时脯氨酸、可溶性糖和抗氧化酶含量进一步提高。甜菜碱处理有效缓解盐胁迫对棉花幼苗的伤害,以施用5 mmol/L甜菜碱(glycine betaine/GB)效果较好。     

硅作用下铜对小麦幼苗生理特性影响研究

通过水培试验,研究了在不同加硅量(0,30,60,90,120,150 mg/L,以SiO2计)作用下,铜(10 mg/L,以Cu计)对小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶系统活性(SOD、POD、CAT)、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及MDA含量的影响,结果表明:在加硅量(30,60,90 mg/L,以SiO2计)作用下,小麦幼苗叶绿素a含量、抗氧化酶系统(SOD、POD)活性、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量的升高以及MDA含量的降低,减轻了铜对小麦幼苗的毒害作用;在加硅量150 mg/L作用下,小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量的降低,MDA含量的升高,加重了铜对小麦幼苗的毒害作用。研究结果表明,加硅处理能够在一定浓度范围内缓解铜对小麦幼苗的毒害作用,从而为铜毒害的小麦区域增施硅肥提供理论依据。     

钙对铅胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,研究不同浓度Ca~(2+)(0~25mmol/L)对一定浓度铅(100mg/L)胁迫下玉米幼苗光合及生理特性的影响。结果表明,重金属铅明显抑制玉米幼苗的生长,与对照相比,玉米幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性分别降低57.58%,54.33%和55.21%,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别降低61.15%,92.45%和74.49%;而幼苗叶片的MDA含量和细胞膜通透性明显高于对照,较对照分别增加20.89%和32.36%。一定浓度的Ca~(2+)(10mmol/L)能显著促进玉米幼苗生物量(叶干鲜重、根干鲜重)增加,与单独铅胁迫处理相比,保护酶SOD,POD和CAT活性分别增加55.43%,36.01%和87.72%,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别增加55.28%,91.68%和67.16%,MDA含量下降62.03%;外源钙还有效改善铅胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合作用,其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)均较单独铅胁迫处理条件下明显增加。外源钙对玉米幼苗铅胁迫的缓解具有剂量效应,以10mmol/L Ca~(2+)的效果最好,增强了玉米幼苗对重金属铅的抗性。     

甜菜碱不同预处理时间下小麦幼苗对PEG-6000模拟干旱的响应

以小麦长武134为实验材料,于小麦长至两叶一心期时根施2.0 g/L甜菜碱,研究外源甜菜碱预处理不同时间(48 h,72 h,96 h)后对PEG-6000(-1.0 MPa)胁迫下小麦幼苗水分状况、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜伤害程度的影响。结果表明外施甜菜碱可增强干旱条件下细胞的渗透调节能力,提高抗氧化酶的活性,减缓干旱胁迫诱导的细胞伤害,其中用2.0 g/L的甜菜碱预处理72 h效果相对较好。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

干旱胁迫下硅对番茄叶片光合荧光特性的影响

【目的】研究干旱胁迫下不同硅水平对水培番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,为番茄生产合理增施硅肥提供理论依据。【方法】以“金棚1号”番茄为试验材料,采用Hoagland营养液进行了水培试验。聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱条件进行预处理,筛选出适于本研究的PEG-6000干旱胁迫水平为1%; 之后以Na2SiO3·9H2O为硅源,以不添加PEG-6000和Na2SiO3·9H2O的Hoagland营养液为CK0,研究了1% PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,Hoagland营养液中分别添加Na2SiO3·9H2O 0(CK)、 0.6(T1)、 1.2(T2)、 1.8(T3)mmol/L,对番茄幼苗叶片色素含量、 水分状况、 气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】随干旱胁迫时间延长,不同硅水平处理的番茄叶片相对含水量(RWC)、 光合色素含量、 净光合速率(Pn)、 气孔导度(Gs)、 最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、 实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、 光化学淬灭系数(qP)等均持续下降,非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)逐渐上升,气孔限制值(Ls)先升高后降低,细胞间隙二氧化碳浓度(Ci)先降低后升高,但不同硅水平处理番茄叶片相关参数降低或升高的幅度存在显著差异。在处理第12 d时,0.6、 1.2 mmol/L硅水平处理的番茄叶片RWC较不施硅对照(CK)分别提高18.03%、 30.25%,叶绿素含量分别增加64.56%、 88.24%,Pn分别增加48.78%、 131.71%,ΦPSⅡ分别增加31.68%、 62.70%,qP分别增加18.92%、 40.54%,NPQ则分别降低9.54%、 13.35%。但1.8 mmol/L的硅水平处理12 d时相关参数除NPQ外,均较对照(CK)显著降低,如叶片RWC、 叶绿素含量、 Pn、 ΦPSⅡ和qP分别降低了17.53%、 21.79%、 21.95%、 10.16% 和5.41%。【结论】 1% PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下,Hoagland营养液添加1.2 mmol/L Na2SiO3·9H2O显著改善了番茄叶片的水分状况,降低了光合色素的降解,提高了叶片色素光化学效率,减轻了光抑制程度,有利于维持较高的光合速率。     

硅对短期低温胁迫小麦叶片光合作用及其主要相关酶的影响

采用溶液培养试验,以抗寒性不同的两个小麦品种:临麦2号（高抗）和扬麦158号（低抗）为材料,研究短期低温胁迫下,加硅处理（Si 1.0 mmol/L）对小麦叶片光合作用生理参数（净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、细胞间隙CO2浓度和水分利用效率）及其主要酶 RuBPCase和PEPCase的影响。结果表明,在短期低温胁迫下,加硅处理显著提高了小麦叶片的净光合速率,气孔导度和水分利用效率。短期低温胁迫下,两小麦品种叶片RuBPCase活性显著降低,低抗品种降低幅度更大;但加硅处理后,低抗品种RuBPCase活性显著比不加硅处理高,且与无低温处理的对照没有显著差异。硅对低抗品种扬麦158缓解低温胁迫的效果要明显高于高抗品种临麦2号。硅能显著提高低温胁迫下小麦净光合速率与硅提高小麦叶片RuBPCase活性密切相关。短期低温胁迫使小麦PEPCase活力升高,加硅处理可以抑制低抗品种中PEP羧化酶的升高;但PEPCase活力在低温胁迫条件下上升的机理有待于进一步研究。     

外源钙对干旱胁迫下岩溶山区白刺花幼苗生长、生理特性的影响

为揭示岩溶山区白刺花耐旱性与外源钙的关系及抗旱机理,以贵州野生白刺花为试验材料,利用聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱,以未加PEG的1/2浓度Hoagland营养液为对照,研究了外源钙对PEG诱导的干旱胁迫下白刺花幼苗生长和生理的影响,并利用隶属函数综合评价出最佳的外源钙施用量。结果表明,未施入外源钙时,随着PEG诱导的干旱胁迫强度的增加,白刺花幼苗根干重、根冠比、丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均逐渐增加,当胁迫浓度为10%时,以上指标均显著高于对照;可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)呈先升高后降低趋势,均(除POD外)在胁迫浓度为10%时达到最大值,与对照相比差异显著;白刺花幼苗地上部生物量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈降低趋势,其中地上部生物量、Pn在胁迫浓度为10%时显著降低,Gs和Tr在胁迫浓度为15%时显著降低。在PEG诱导的干旱胁迫下,白刺花幼苗通过提高渗透调节物质含量、增强保护酶活性、增加根冠比等来适应干旱环境。施入适宜浓度的外源钙,显著抑制了PEG诱导的干旱胁迫下白刺花幼苗地上部生物量、Pn、Gs和Tr降低的幅度以及MDA含量增加的幅度;显著促进了根干重、可溶性蛋白含量及SOD、POD和CAT活性的增加,即PEG诱导的干旱胁迫下外源钙可以进一步提高白刺花幼苗根干重和幼苗中渗透调节物质含量,增强保护酶活性,降低Tr,维持生长、生理和光合功能,增强白刺花的抗旱能力。隶属函数综合评价指出,本试验条件下施入50 mmol·L~(-1)的外源钙对提高白刺花幼苗抗旱性的效果最佳。本研究结果为更加充分、合理地利用白刺花灌丛资源提供了理论依据。     

Effects of silicon application on drought resistance of cucumber plants

A study on the effects of silicon supply on the resistance to drought in cucumber plants was conducted in pot experiments. The results suggested that in the absence of stress, silicon slightly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, but significantly decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in cucumber plants. Silicon enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of cucumber plants under drought stress. Since silicon decreased the stomatal conductance, enhanced the capacity of holding water, and kept the transpiration rate at a relatively steady rate during drought stress, the photosynthesis of the cucumber plants was sustained. And under drought stress, silicon increased the biomass and water content of leaves in cucumber plants. Silicon decreased the decomposition of chlorophyll in cucumber plants under drought stress, limited the increase of the plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves, alleviated the physiological response of peroxidase (POD) to drought stress, maintained the superoxide dismutase (SOD) normal adaptation, and increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Under severe stress, these physiological biochemical reactions showed positive correlations with the amount of silicon supply. These findings demonstrated that silicon enhanced the resistance of the cucumber plants to drought. Statistical analysis indicated that under drought stress the cumulative value of biomass showed a highly significant correlation with the cumulative value of diurnal photosynthesis (r = 0.9812, p < 0.01), and was significantly correlated with the water content of leaves (r = 0.8650, p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that under drought stress the first factor responsible for the effects of silicon application on the cumulative value of biomass was the increase of photosynthesis, and the second factor was the enhancement of the water holding capacity. Based on these facts, it was concluded that silicon enhanced the resistance to drought mainly by taking part in the metabolism of plants.     

Silicon Decreases Transpiration Rate and Conductance from Stomata of Maize Plants

ABSTRACT

To characterize the effect of silicon (Si) on decreasing transpiration rate in maize (Zea mays L.) plants, the transpiration rate and conductance from both leaves and cuticula of maize plants were measured directly. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions with and without Si under both normal water conditions and drought stress [20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration in nutrient solution] treatments. Silicon application of 2 mmol L^?1 significantly decreased transpiration rate and conductance for both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, but had no effect on transpiration rate and conductance from the cuticle. These results indicate that the role of Si in decreasing transpiration rate must be largely attributed to the reduction in transpiration rate from stomata rather than cuticula. Stomatal structure, element deposition, and stomatal density on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a light microscope. Results showed that changes in neither stomatal morphology nor stomatal density could explain the role of Si in decreasing stomatal transpiration of maize plants. Silicon application with H₄SiO₄ significantly increased Si concentration in shoots and roots of maize plants. Silicon concentration in shoots of maize plants was higher than in roots, whether or not Si was applied. Silicon deposits in cell walls of the leaf epidermis were mostly in the form of polymerized SiO₂.     

Silicon application positively alters pollen grain area,osmoregulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat plants under water deficit conditions

Role of exogenously-applied silicon (Si) on antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated in wheat under drought stress using a completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Drought stress significantly enhanced activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and elevated accumulation of osmotically active molecules, soluble sugars and proline. Si application further enhanced activities of enzymes involved in oxidative defense system and accumulation of osmotically active molecules in drought-stressed plants. Under drought stress conditions, water shortage decreased protein content in all cultivars; however, application of Si increased it. Pollen area ratio was lower than 1 for cvs. Shiraz and Marvdasht under drought, but greater than 1 for cvs. Chamran and Sirvan. Water-limited regimes resulted in decreased leaf Ψ_w in all cultivars, but Si supply was effective in improving Ψ_w under water-limited regimes. Water shortage increased leaf K, Mg, and Ca concentrations. Under drought stress, Si-treated plants had higher K concentration than the none-treated plants.     

硅对青蒜苗生长、光合特性及品质的影响

【目的】大蒜是一种兼具营养价值和药用价值的蔬菜,由于品种退化、 土传病害严重等问题,导致大蒜植株矮小、 产量降低、 品质下降。硅作为一种公认的有益元素,在提高作物产量、 改善产品品质方面有非常重要的作用。但是关于硅对大蒜生长发育以及产量和品质的影响至今还没有相关报道,因此本试验研究了硅在青蒜苗生长和品质方面的作用,以期能为大蒜无土栽培优质高产提供一些理论参考。【方法】利用深液流水培方式,以金乡白皮蒜为试材,设置了5个硅水平（0、 0.75、 1.5、 2.25、 3.0 mmol/L）探讨了不同水平硅对青蒜苗生长、 光合特性及品质的影响。【结果】在0~1.5 mmol/L范围内,青蒜苗植株鲜重、 株高、 假茎长、 假茎粗以及色素含量均随硅浓度的增加而升高,当硅浓度高于1.5 mmol/L时,相关指标随其升高而降低,在硅浓度1.5 mmol/L时达到最大值; 同时叶片净光合速率（Pn）及气孔导度（Gs）也随营养液中硅水平的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,硅浓度1.5 mmol/L时最高,比不施硅处理分别增加了32.41%和44.62%,而蒸腾速率（Tr）则恰好相反,随硅浓度增加先降低后升高,在Si1.5处理中最低,与对照相比降低了22.00%; 此外,叶片和假茎中可溶性糖、 游离氨基酸、 维生素C含量也随硅素水平的提高呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,硅浓度1.5 mmol/L时可溶性糖含量最高,与对照相比分别增加了25.37%~41.96%和21.28%~40.82%,维生素C和游离氨基酸含量则在Si2.25处理最高,但是Si2.25处理与Si1.5处理相比无显著差异; 硅浓度1.5 mmol/L时显著降低了叶片中可溶性蛋白含量,但能提高其在假茎中的含量,与不施硅处理相比叶片中可溶性蛋白含量降低了15.76%~21.62%,假茎中则增加了32.85%~53.73%。【结论】营养液中加硅后,青蒜苗植株鲜重、 株高、 假茎长和假茎粗均有明显增加,且其促进作用在其生育后期比生育前期更显著。加硅还可增加大蒜叶片内色素含量,增强光合速率,显著增加青蒜苗内可溶性糖、 可溶性蛋白、 维生素C和游离氨基酸的含量,提高其营养品质。因此,在大蒜施肥中,适当增加硅肥,有可能克服大蒜品种退化、土传病害对大蒜的不利影响。     

增加烟草一级和二级侧根是抵御干旱的生理机制

【目的】 挖掘植物自身的抗旱能力是提高农业水分利用效率的有效措施。本研究通过比较水分胁迫处理下 5 个烤烟品种苗期根系发生和伸长以及叶片光合特性的变化,探讨烤烟抗旱能力差异的生理机制,为烟草生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。 【方法】 采用水培试验,设置对照和水分胁迫处理 (添加 2.5% PEG 处理来模拟中度干旱),研究 5 个烤烟品种苗期的地上部和根系的生物量、一级和二级侧根的发生和伸长,利用 Li-Cor 6400 光合测定系统测定叶片的光合速率和气孔导度等参数,利用 FLIR 手持式红外热成像仪测定新展开叶的叶片温度,分析烟草抗旱能力差异明显的生理机制。 【结果】 水分胁迫条件下 5 个烤烟品种的生长差异明显。与对照处理相比,水分胁迫对大平板和农大 202 的生长影响不明显,但柳叶尖、金星 6007 和中烟 100 的地上部和根系生物量显著被抑制,降幅范围在 66%～83%,达到差异极显著水平。水分胁迫抑制 5 个烤烟品种一级和二级侧根的伸长,但大平板和农大 202 的一级侧根数目和二级侧根密度显著增加,最终导致根系生物量没有下降;另外 3 个烟草品种柳叶尖、金星 6007 和中烟 100 的侧根发生增加趋势不明显。水分胁迫处理下抗旱能力强的大平板和农大 202 地上部生物量和叶片温度变化不明显,而叶片的净光合速率显著下降,但其降幅显著低于 3 个抗旱能力弱的烤烟品种。与对照处理相比,抗旱能力弱的柳叶尖、金星 6007 和中烟 100 叶片的气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著下降,叶片温度上升 5～7℃。进一步的研究表明,PEG处理下耐旱能力强烤烟品种侧根数目的显著增加是地上部维持较强光合能力的主要原因。 【结论】 抗旱能力强的烟草品种苗期受到水分胁迫时其一级和二级侧根显著增加,进而能保持较高的光合特性。      

Improvement of drought tolerance in Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) plants by Silicon

Ameliorative effect of silicon (Si) (2 mM as sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃)) was studied in tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) plants grown under control at 100% field capacity (FC), mild drought (60% FC), and severe drought (30% FC) conditions. Si-treated plants had higher biomass of particularly above-ground parts both under drought and control conditions. Plants with Si supply had significantly higher net assimilation rates but lower transpiration rates. Silicon supply enhanced osmotic potentials only in the leaves, but not in the roots. A considerable rise in the concentrations of soluble sugars was observed particularly in the leaves under both drought and Si treatments. Soluble proteins, free α-amino acids, and proline concentrations increased in Si-treated plants under all watering treatments. Si enhanced the activity of antioxidative enzymes and decreased hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) concentrations. Results indicate that Si supplementation alleviates drought stress via improvement of water relation parameters, enhancement of photosynthesis, and elevation of antioxidant defenses.