花生果播增产效应分析

为探索花生果播的真实增产潜力和增产因素进行本试验。结果表明:花生果播确实能使花生增产,单果播平均亩增产荚果13.4％,整果播平均增产9.2％、花生果播对花生株高、单株总果数、单株生产力、单株总开花、有效开花量、植株总干物重、荚果干物重等主要经济性状有一定作用。果播对出苗率影响不大。播期处理结果表明,4月20日至4月30日是我区花生果播的最佳播期。     

印度尼西亚东爪哇省适宜花生品种筛选

大田条件下,以印度尼西亚东爪哇省当地花生品种“Tala1”为对照,通过比较我国22个花生品种成熟期的植株、荚果产量和产量性状,筛选适宜当地气候环境的花生品种。结果表明:从植株性状看,“四粒红”主茎节数、主茎高和侧枝长显著高于对照;白沙1016、湘花2008、花育23和对照差异不显著,其他品种均显著低于对照品种。不同花生品种的荚果产量差异显著,通过对荚果产量聚类分析,筛选出6个高产花生品种、8个中产品种和9个低产品种。从产量性状看,不同产量水平花生的饱果率、双仁果率差异不显著,但中高产花生品种单株结果数和公顷果数显著高于低产品种。产量与其他植株性状的相关性分析结果表明,荚果产量与实收株数、单株果数和公顷果数呈极显著正相关。综上所述,本文通过对花生荚果产量聚类分析,筛选出6个适于印度尼西亚东爪哇省气候环境的花生品种;通过栽培措施提高单株和公顷结果数是提高花生荚果产量的重要途径。     

施磷对花生根系生长发育和产量的影响

采用盆栽方式,研究了施磷对花生根系生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明,花生出苗45d后根系干物重、根系活力、根瘤数和根瘤鲜重逐渐增大,在出苗后85d（饱果初期）达到最大值,以后逐渐降低。增施磷肥有利于提高花生根系干物重、根系活力、根瘤数和根瘤鲜重,最终提高了荚果产量、生物产量和经济系数。     

土壤紧实度对花生荚果生长发育的影响

为明确花生荚果生长发育的适宜土壤紧实度,采用土柱栽培法,设置不同土壤容重处理,研究了不同土壤紧实度对花生荚果生长发育的影响。结果表明,土壤容重过高不利于花生整个生育期果针形成和入土、荚果膨大和干物质积累;容重过低虽相对有利于前期果针形成和入土、荚果膨大和干物质积累,但不利于中后期果针形成和入土,不利于小果的生长;土壤容重过高或过低均造成后期中大荚果数少、体积小和干物质积累少,且小果数量多。适宜的土壤容重(1.2~1.3g/cm~3)在花生整个生育期均有利于果针形成和入土、荚果膨大和干物质积累,后期中大荚果数多、体积大和干物质积累多,且小果数量少。     

不同果型花生品种的生理生态基础研究

研究不同果型花生品种及其种植方式对花生生长发育、产量形成和生理特征的影响,结果表明，小果型品种出苗整齐，出叶速度较快，荚果发育较早；大果型品种的苗壮，分枝数、果针数、荚果数和干物质积累多，产量较高，小果型品种产量较低。覆膜栽培比露地栽培的植株发育快，长势旺。覆膜花生的株高、分枝数、果针数、结荚数、荚果重、植株重、根瘤数以及叶面积等均明显高于露地花生，且覆膜栽培的花生产量也显著高于露地栽培，其中大果型品种增产幅度较大，达44．0％，小果型品种增产幅度较小。     

不同果型花生品种的生理生态差异研究

比较了不同果型花生品种和不同种植方式对花生的生长发育、产量形成和生理特征的影响,结果表明,小果型品种出苗整齐,出叶速度较快,荚果发育较早;大果型品种的苗壮,分枝数、果针数、荚果数和干物质积累多,产量较高,小果型品种产量较低.覆膜栽培比露地栽培的植株发育快,长势旺,覆膜的株高、分枝数、果针数、结荚数、荚果重、植株重、根瘤数以及叶面积等均明显高于露地花生,且覆膜栽培的花生产量也显著高于露地栽培,其中大果型品种增产幅度最大,达44.0%,小果型品种增产幅度最小.     

花生产量性状相关分析与简化考种

花生考种项目与其产量的相关性分析结果表明：单株果数、百果重、百仁重、出仁率与荚果产量呈显著相关，通径系数分别为０．８０６９、０．４２４２、－０．１６６３、０．０６４６；单株果数与单株果重相关性最强为０．８３１３，达极显著水平。     

分层减量施肥对花生植株干物质积累及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花7号花生品种为材料,系统研究了分层减量施肥对花生植株干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:分层施肥和分层减量施肥均可提高花生LAI和叶片叶绿素含量,增加营养器官、果针(子房柄)和荚果干物质积累,花生单株结果数、果质量和荚果产量显著提高。三层施肥效果优于二层施肥,施肥层次相同,随施肥量的减少花生叶绿素含量、干物质积累量及产量呈降低趋势。在机械化施肥条件下,分层减量施肥可作为实现花生减肥增效的一项技术措施。     

多效唑和海藻肥对不同品质类型花生产量和品质的影响

为改进花生高产优质生产技术,选用花生高蛋白品系KB008、高脂肪品种花17(简称H17)和高油酸/亚油酸品种农大818(简称818),在大田栽培条件下研究了叶面喷施多效唑(PBZ)和海藻肥(SM6)以及两者配施对不同品质类型花生产量、品质的影响。结果表明:单独喷施多效唑能显著增加3个品种荚果产量,原因是显著增加了单株结果数和单株果重,但降低了3个品种的出仁率和蛋白质含量,降低了H17和818的O/L值。单独喷施SM6对H17和818的荚果产量影响较小,但能显著增加KB008的单株结果数和荚果产量。SM6能显著提高不同品种花生的出仁率、蛋白质和脂肪含量以及O/L值。PBZ与SM6适当配施能显著提高不同品质类型花生的荚果产量、公顷蛋白产量和脂肪产量,增产的同时改善品质。     

河南省夏播花生主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省夏播花生的8个主要数量性状与单株生产力进行相关分析,结果表明：饱果数、生育期与花生单株生产力达极显著正相关;结果枝数、侧枝长与花生单株生产力达显著正相关;主茎高、饱果率与花生单株生产力相关性不显著。而百果重与花生单株生产力为负相关,其中百果重与单株生产力达显著水平。通径分析结果表明：8个主要数量性状与单株荚果生产力的直接通径系数顺序依次为：侧枝长〉结果枝数〉饱果数〉生育期〉饱果率〉百果重〉总分枝数〉主茎高。在夏播花生育种工作中,要注重花生饱果数多、生育期长、结果枝数多、饱果率高的花生材料的选育,这样才能选育出产量高的花生新品种。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。