5种药剂拌种在不同土壤温湿度下对花生安全性评价

为评价60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂、70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂、20%噻虫胺悬浮剂、30%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂、30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂5种药剂对花生拌种受土壤温湿度影响的安全性,本文采用小杯法测定了5种药剂拌种在不同土壤温湿度条件下对花生出苗及幼苗生长的影响差异。结果表明,在25℃、30℃下,吡虫啉、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪、毒死蜱使用田间推荐剂量拌种在60%和80%土壤相对湿度下对花生安全性均较高,出苗率均在85%以上,并且新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪对花生地下根茎生长有明显的促进作用,而辛硫磷田间推荐剂量拌种对花生出苗有轻微抑制作用。当5种药剂使用加倍推荐剂量拌种时,在25℃和30℃条件下,除吡虫啉和噻虫胺外,其余3种药剂在60%土壤相对湿度下均不同程度抑制花生出苗和生长,其中噻虫嗪的抑制作用最明显;在80%土壤相对湿度下,5种药剂均显著抑制了花生出苗及幼苗生长。因此在生产中不能随意增加拌种剂的用量,并注意土壤温湿度的影响。     

不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究四川省丘陵区8个玉米品种在7个不同播种深度处理下的出苗率、出苗时间、幼苗形态特征以及干物质积累量的变化,探讨不同播种深度对玉米出苗的影响。结果表明,随播种深度增加玉米出苗率逐渐下降,出苗时间逐渐延后,其中,播种深度为3、6、9 cm处理平均出苗率分别为91.3%、89.4%和62.1%,在此范围内苗长和中胚轴长逐渐增加,主根长和幼苗整齐度逐渐减小,苗干重和中胚轴干重逐渐增加,根冠比逐渐减小,根干重差异不显著,与玉米出苗率关联度最大的是中胚轴长和中胚轴干重。不同玉米品种对播深的忍耐能力存在一定差异,中单808、成单30和川单418的耐深播能力较强。     

夏玉米幼苗的生长发育对播种深度的适应性

在土质为中壤土的地块上观察了玉米单交种种子的发芽及幼苗生长发育对播种深度的适应性。结果表明,从出苗率、出苗期、幼苗高度及幼苗干重等指标综合考虑,认为播种深度6～12cm均可。播种深度浅于6cm,种子出苗率和幼苗的生长发育易受上层土壤的水分蒸发影响,深于12cm种子出苗率明显降低,因此认为在较为干旱又无灌溉的条件下,夏直播或套种玉米的播种深度可较常规深度增加,直至12cm。     

玉米种子大小和播深对出苗和幼苗活力的影响

林波波河省小农户主要以玉米为主粮来生产,播种时常因翻耕翻埋种子而造成植株个体生长差。本研究目的就是要确定种子大小和播种深度对玉米出苗和生长的影响。实验处理包括两种不同大小的种子（大粒种子和小粒种子）和4个播种深度（5cm、10cm、15cm、20cm）。种子大小对出苗率无显著影响,但不同播深对出苗率有显著影响。种子大小和播种深度均对幼苗高度有显著影响。种子大小对幼苗干重和叶片数没有影响。随播种深度增加,幼苗干重减少。结果显示,播深在5cm和10cm时,种子大小对出苗和幼苗活力没有影响,但播种深度在15cm和20cm时,对出苗和种子活力有不良影响。     

不同药剂及基质对辣木种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

针对河口地区在生产上辣木育苗过程中出苗率过低的问题,采取不同种子处理措施及基质处理方法进行播种育苗试验,结果表明：100 mg/L的高锰酸钾溶液和1%多菌灵溶液的出苗率低于直接用冷水浸泡种子,不同药剂对幼苗的生长状况影响差异不显著;纯河沙处理的出苗率最高,幼苗在沙床上的长势最好,株高与茎围均优于其它基质。研究结果对辣木的播种育苗具有一定的指导意义。     

不同覆盖方式对盐碱地花生生长发育和土壤水盐变化的影响

利用前茬小麦秸秆设置半覆盖(播种行覆盖,T1)、全覆盖(T2)及无覆盖(对照,T0)平播花生3个处理,研究不同覆盖方式对盐碱地花生生长发育及土壤水盐变化的影响。结果表明,T1和T2花生出苗率较T0分别提高22.8%和29.3%;播种54 d后,T1和T2使盐碱地花生叶面积指数较T0显著增加20.9%～43.1%;T1和T2土壤温度随花生生育期呈先升后降趋势,土壤相对含水量和电导率则呈"W"型下降趋势,且花生生育后期T2土壤返盐程度较T0和T1分别降低33.8%和63.7%。可见,盐碱地花生播种后覆盖前茬小麦秸秆有利于提高花生出苗率,提高叶面积指数,达到控碱抑盐、保苗增效的目的,且全覆盖优于播种行覆盖。     

低温对花生种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响

在室内培养条件下,以青花7号花生品种为试验材料,系统研究了收获后低温对种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,随着处理温度的降低,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数降低,幼苗主根长度、侧根长度和侧根数量减少,根系活力降低,出苗率降低。处理温度达到-1℃即对种子发芽和幼苗生长造成明显不良影响,可作为花生种子收获后受低温危害的阈值。     

温度对花生出苗、幼苗生长及开花的影响

大田错期播种试验结果表明,温度升高,花生出苗期和幼苗期缩短,干物质积累加快。温度与花生出苗速度的关系可用指数方程y=aebx描述,在14～23℃范围内,日均气温每升高1℃,花生出苗期约缩短1.5 d。温度与花生幼苗期长短的关系可用直线方程y=a+bx来描述,在19～23℃范围内,日均气温每升高1℃,花生幼苗期缩短2.0～2.5 d。花生开花适宜的温度为24～25℃。当日均气温>25℃或<24℃时,开花量明显下降。温度高,花生开花相对集中,开花后很快达到高峰,高峰期花量多,花期短;温度低,花生开花进程放慢,花量相对分散,花期拉长。在日均气温22～27℃范围内,温度每升高1℃,花期缩短3～4 d。     

花生种质资源出苗期耐低温性鉴定方法及应用

本研究以低温和正常温度分期播种方式,调查157份花生种质资源在田间播后12d、17d和22d的出苗情况,初步建立花生种质资源的苗期耐低温性鉴定方法。研究结果表明,花生种质资源在低温和正常温度下的出苗情况存在显著差异,低温较正常温度下出苗时间推迟5d以上,播种后17d为花生出苗调查的最佳时间;相对出苗率80%可作为花生种质资源耐低温性鉴定标准,并根据相对出苗率将花生种质资源划分为不耐、低耐、中耐、高耐4个等级。筛选获得12份高耐低温花生种质资源,为花生育种和生产奠定物质材料基础。     

播后镇压覆盖对土壤保水保温和玉米幼苗生长的影响

2011年6～8月进行2期池栽试验,研究土壤水分及农艺措施对夏玉米出苗及幼苗生长效应。结果表明,播种后镇压覆盖能够提高土壤含水量,平衡土壤温度,从而提高夏玉米出苗率,增强幼苗素质,提高苗期田间株高整齐度,有利于培育齐苗壮苗,在土壤水分不太充足时效果更为明显。为保证黄淮海夏玉米区的出苗质量,播种时的土壤最低持水量应保持土壤最大持水量的60%。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。