Mineral and protein content,test weight,and yield variations of hard red spring wheat grain as influenced by fertilization and cultivar

Among the complex factors affecting grain nutritional quality, protein and mineral content are highly important. A two-year study was conducted in eastern North Dakota to determine the influence of fertility on the protein and mineral content, test weight, and yield of two hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Zero, medium (56, 12, and 47 kg/ha), and high (280, 122, and 465 kg/ha) rates of N, P, and K, respectively, were applied in a complete factorial arrangement to ‘Era’ (a semi-dwarf) and ‘Waldron’ wheat (a tall type) in 1977. Seven of these treatments were repeated in 1978. Micronutrients and S were also applied to most treatments in 1977, and micronutrients but no S to all treatments in 1978. In 1977 on a site with high residual NO₃-N, additions of N reduced yields and test weight but increased protein, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, and Fe content. At this site application of P increased grain yield, P, K, and Mg contents but reduced protein and Zn; fertilizer K increased Mn and Fe content and reduced yield, P, K, and Mg. In 1978, N additions increased grain yield, protein, Ca, and Fe but reduced Zn. The application of P and K had little influence on the composition of the grain in 1978. The two cultivars acted the same both years, with Waldron exceeding Era grain in protein (15%), P (12%), Mg (12%), Mg (12%), Zn (17%), Mn (30%), and Fe (12%). Era surpassed Waldron in test weight (2%), K (2%), and Ca (27%). Era proved to be more responsive to fertilizer additions for most grain parameters. Drier weather conditions and lower soil N status for the 1978 experiment produced grain higher in test weight and P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe content but lower in yield, protein, and Zn. Many highly significant fertilizer-grain and grain-grain interactions were observed. Since wheat grain composition may often be altered by fertilizers and cultivars, the range of these changes should become known through investigations by soil scientists, agronomists, and nutritionists; additional research should be conducted to determine if their changes are of nutritional significance.     

Mineral bioaccessibility in French breads fortified with different forms iron and its effects on rheological and technological parameters

The present study investigated the effect of different forms of Fe used in the fortification of wheat flour on the rheological characteristics of flour and technological quality of French breads and the bioaccessibility of added Fe, Zn and Ca naturally occurring by in vitro assay. The results demonstrated that the wheat flour was suitable for use in bakery products; however, the farinograph and extensograph parameters were affected by different forms of Fe, which also changed the technological quality of breads, with no negative impacts on bread making. The NaFeEDTA and SF microencapsulated proved to be the most effective’s forms of iron, due to its higher dialyzed Fe content. Zinc bioaccessibility is not high, thus the NaFeEDTA contributed positively for the absorption of this mineral. In contrast, a high bioaccessibility of calcium was observed, which was not affected by the majority forms of iron. Additionally, Fe, Ca and Zn naturally occurring also presented high bioacessibility. Thus, French bread made with flour fortified with iron can contribute to demand and supply of minerals, and the form of Fe used can affect not only Fe bioaccessibility, but also Zn, leading to changes in the rheological properties of wheat flour and technological quality.     

Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Unripe Banana Flour (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa acuminata</Emphasis>, var. Nanicão)

Banana flour obtained from unripe banana (Musa acuminata, var. Nanicão) under specific drying conditions was evaluated regarding its chemical composition and nutritional value. Results are expressed in dry weight (dw). The unripe banana flour (UBF) presented a high amount of total dietary fiber (DF) (56.24 g/100 g), which consisted of resistant starch (RS) (48.99 g/100 g), fructans (0.05 g/100 g) and DF without RS or fructans (7.2 g/100 g). The contents of available starch (AS) (27.78 g/100 g) and soluble sugars (1.81 g/100 g) were low. The main phytosterols found were campesterol (4.1 mg/100 g), stigmasterol (2.5 mg/100 g) and β-sitosterol (6.2 mg/100 g). The total polyphenol content was 50.65 mg GAE/100 g. Antioxidant activity, by the FRAP and ORAC methods, was moderated, being 358.67 and 261.00 μmol of Trolox equivalent/100 g, respectively. The content of Zn, Ca and Fe and mineral dialyzability were low. The procedure used to obtain UBF resulted in the recovery of undamaged starch granules and in a low-energy product (597 kJ/100 g).     

Production and chemical composition of potatoes related to placement and rate of nitrogen

Experiments with 11 N rates were conducted 3 years with Kennebec potatoes on Bodenburg silt loam in the Matanuska Valley of Alaska. Fertilizer placed in the row was compared with that mixed with the soil in the row for 2 years. Foliage and tuber samples were analyzed for chemical content. Stand reduction and decreased vigor occurred when row placed N exceeded 120–160 1b per acre. Foliage dry matter decreased 2 years as rate of N increased. Tuber dry matter was decreased one year by N rates exceed ing 100 1b per acre. U. S. No. 1 yield and dry matter with row placement of fertilizers at 40–80 1b N were highest in 2 years. When fertilizer was mixed with soil, both US No. 1 and dry matter yields increased each year with each N increment through 160 1b per acre. Increasing amounts of N tended to increase the N in foliage and tubers, the Mn in foliage but to decrease the Ca, Mg, Al, Ba, and Sr in foliage. Mixing the fertilizer with the soil as compared to placement in the row increased the Ca, Mg, Al, Ba, Fe, and Sr in foliage, and the tuber uptake of N, K, Mg, and Sr and decreased foliage N. Alaskan potato growers have doubled or tripled their rate of application of fertilizer over the past 15 years. At digging time potato plants are usually green and some growers have felt these higher fertilizer rates were supplying an excess of N which was delaying tuber maturity and decreasing tuber quality.     

Protein in potato flakes: Evaluation by the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)

Th protein content of six potato cultivars, Russet Burbank and the numerically designated 58, 709, 711–3, 321–65 and 322–6, ranged from 5.5 to 8.7 g per 100 g. Similar results were obtained by both Kjeldahl and Biuret procedures. Amino acid analyses with a Beckman model 120C showed methionine to be the low level amino acid. Glutamic and aspartic acids were in higher amounts than the essential amino acids. The Chemical Score was similar to data of bio-assays by the meadow vole,Microtus pennsylvanicus. Cultivar 58 produced the greatest weight gain, but was only significantly higher than cultivars 709 and 711–3. Both weight gains and digestibility were increased by the inclusion of methionine in the diet.     

Effects of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels and Native Soil Properties on Rice Grain Fe, Zn and Protein Contents

Deposition of protein and metal ions (Fe, Zn) in rice grains is a complex polygenic trait showing considerable environmental effect. To analyze the effect of nitrogen application levels and native soil properties on rice grain protein, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) contents, 32 rice genotypes were grown at three different locations each under 80 and 120 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer applications. In treatments with nitrogen fertilizer application, the brown rice grain protein content (GPC) increased significantly (1.1% to 7.0%) under higher nitrogen fertilizer application (120 kg/hm2) whereas grain Fe/Zn contents showed non-significant effect of nitrogen application level, thus suggesting that the rate of uptake and translocation of macro-elements does not influence the uptake and translocation of micro-elements. The pH, organic matter content and inherent Fe/Zn levels of native soil showed significant effects on grain Fe and Zn contents of all the rice genotypes. Grain Zn content of almost all the tested rice genotypes was found to increase at Location III having loamy soil texture, neutral pH value (pH 6.83) and higher organic matter content than the other two locations (Locations I and II), indicating significant influence of native soil properties on brown rice grain Zn content while grain Fe content showed significant genotype × environment interaction effect. Genotypic difference was found to be the most significant factor to affect grain Fe/Zn contents in all the tested rice genotypes, indicating that although native soil properties influence phyto-availability of micronutrients and consequently influencing absorption, translocation and grain deposition of Fe/Zn ions, yet genetic makeup of a plant determines its response to varied soil conditions and other external factors. Two indica rice genotypes R-RF-31 (27.62 μg/g grain Zn content and 7.80% GPC) and R1033-968-2-1 (30.05 μg/g grain Zn content and 8.47% GPC) were identified as high grain Zn and moderate GPC rice genotypes. These results indicate that soil property and organic matter content increase the availability of Fe and Zn in rhizosphere, which in turn enhances the uptake, translocation and redistribution of Fe/Zn into rice grains.     

Protein,starch, and non-protein nitrogen accumulation in high protein hybrids and low protein cultivars

Tuber protein, starch, non-protein nitrogen and percent dry matter content were measured during tuber development of four Phureja-Tuberosum-Andigena hybrids and two Tuberosum cultivars. Percentages of starch and protein in the tuber dry matter were curvilinearly related to tuber size in all six clones. The amounts of starch and protein in a tuber were linear functions of tuber size. Rates of protein accumulation in some of the hybrids were higher than those of either cultivar. Starch accumulation rates were similar among all six clones. The high protein character of at least one of the hybrids was associated with starch containing storage tissue. Differences between high and low protein clones were mainly related to quantitative differences in the subunit composition of the protein. The ratio of non-protein nitrogen to protein N was similar among the six clones. Relationships between percent dry matter and starch content were not consistent among the six clones.     

Nutrients,Antioxidant Capacity and Safety of Hot Water Extract from Sugar Maple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer saccharum</Emphasis> M.) and Red Maple (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer rubrum</Emphasis> L.) Bark

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum M.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) barks were treated with hot water to extract nutrients in order to explore, for the first time, its potential as safe dietary antioxidants. The organic and inorganic nutrients of these extracts, as well as their safety on human PLB-985 cells differentiated into neutrophils-like cells, were determined. Proximate analysis showed that both bark extracts were low in moisture and fat. Sugar maple bark extract (SM-BX) showed crude protein and ash content higher than those found in red maple bark extract (RM-BX). In addition, SM-BX had total sugars higher than those evaluated in RM-BX, while complex sugars (oligo- and/or poly-saccharides) were similarly abundant in both bark extracts. Furthermore, SM-BX demonstrated a wide array of vital minerals (K, Ca, Mg, P, Na, Fe and Cu) in quantity larger than that evaluated in RM-BX, whereas RM-BX have Zn and Mn levels higher than those found in SM-BX. Phytochemical analyses showed that RM-BX exhibited total phenolic and flavonoid contents higher than those measured in SM-BX. Consequently, RM-BX presented an antioxidant activity higher than that of SM-BX: 2.85-fold ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity and 1.9-fold oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Finally, RM-BX and SM-BX were greatly safe since, at concentration up to 100 μg/ml, they did not modify the viability of neutrophils as determined by flow-cytometry assay using Annexin V-FITC/Propidum Iodide as markers. In conclusion, our in vitro studies indicate that both red and sugar maple bark extracts have a real potential as food additives.     

Allergenicity Assessment of Genetically-modified Tobacco Expressing Salt Tolerance cbl Gene

It is mandatory to assess the allergenic potential of genetically modified (GM) crops before their commercialization. Recently, a transgene [Calcineurin B-like (CBL) protein] has been introduced into tobacco plant to make the crop salt resistance. Therefore, it was felt necessary to assess the allergenic potential of the cbl gene product, which was introduced and expressed in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) plant and compared the allergenic effects with the wild-type (WT) counterpart. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that there was no significant sequence homology with known allergens. Also, no difference between the protein digestibility profiles of GM and WT tobacco was found. Rapid digestion of CBL protein (Mol Wt 35 kDa) by simulated gastric fluid (SGF) indicated reduced chances of this protein to induce allergenicity. In addition, BALB/c mice sensitized by intraperitoneal administration of WT and GM tobacco protein showed comparable levels of clinical score, specific IgE, IgG1, histamine level, similar effect on different organs as well as IgE binding proteins. These findings indicate that insertion of cbl gene in tobacco did not cause any additional allergic risk to consumer and the GM and native tobacco proteins behave similarly in both in vitro and in vivo situations even after genetic modification.     

Effect of domestic processing on the cooking time,nutrients, antinutrients andin vitro Protein digestibility of the African yambean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa)

The effects of processing (soaking, dehulling, fermentation and heat treatment) on the cooking time, protien, mineral, tannin, phytate and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of the african yambean (AYB) were examined. The cooking time ranged from 90–155 minutes. Soaking reduced cooking time by about 50 percent. Soaking for 12 hours was the most appropriate to reduce cooking time, tannin and phytate levels. It improved in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD). Prolonged soaking (24 hours) decreased calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) values by 19 percent and 35 percent, respectively. Dehulling showed that Ca, Fe, magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) were concentrated in the seed coat of the AYB. The seeds soaked and dehulled retained Mg and Zn. Dehulling reduced tannin but had no significant effect on phytate and the IVPD of the AYB except for seeds soaked for 12 hours before dehulling. Soaking for 24 hours before dehulling significantly increased crude protein content by 16 percent (p<0.05). Blanching and roasting increased the IVPD by 8–11 percent. Fermentation had no effect on the crude protein, Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn but significantly reduced phytate content of the AYB. Fermentation had no advantage over heat treatment with respect to improving the in vitro protein digestibility of the AYB.     

Phosphorus and micronutrient sources for potato

Potatoes(Solarium tuberosum L.) were grown on two sites of St. Johns’ fine sandy soil (sandy, siliceous hyperthermic Typic Haplaquod) during 1980 and 1981, to evaluate the effects of four P sources and four micronutrient sources on crop production. Mehlich-I (0.05 M HC1 + 0.025 M H₂S0₄) extractable Cu (0.1 to 0.2 ppm), Mn (1.0 to 1.4 ppm), and P (8 to 15 ppm) were considered low. In both seasons, tuber yields were increased with an application of P. Yields were significantly lower with diammonium phosphate (DAP) than with liquid poly-P, liquid ortho-P or triple superphosphate (TSP) P sources. In both seasons, application of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Mo did not increase yield over treatment without micronutrients added. Plant-leaf and shoot-tissue P concentrations were increased by the application of P and were higher with DAP than with the other P sources. Micronutrient applications decreased leaf and shoot P concentrations and increased Zn concentrations in one of the two years. Applications of P increased the soil Mehlich-I extractable P and Zn and micronutrient applications increased Cu, Zn, and Mn. Increases in extractable P and Zn were greater with DAP and TSP than with liquid poly-P and ortho-P. Soil Cu increases were greater with frit and sulfate than with chelates and oxide micronutrient sources, Zn was lower with chelates than with the other three sources, and Mn concentrations were highest with sulfate, lowest with frit, and intermediate with chelate and sulfate micronutrient sources.     

Effect of Lime and Wood Ash on the Nixtamalization of Maize and Tortilla Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics

The objective of the study was to obtain information on the chemical composition, functional properties, sensory quality and protein value of tortillas made from the nixtamalization of maize using either lime or wood ashes. The Ca, K, Mg, Fe, and Zn content of lime and wood ashes showed lime to be high in Ca content while wood ash contained more K and about 71% of the Ca content of lime. Both contained relatively high levels of Mg, Fe and Zn, but more so in the wood ashes. The level of reagent for nixtamalization was set at 0.8% of the maize weight. All other processing conditions were kept constant. The pH of the cooking solution was 12.0 for lime and 10.9 for wood ash. The moisture content of maize at 60 min of cooking was 45.8% for both treatments, however after 12 h of soaking, moisture level was 51.0% for the lime treatment and only 46.8% for the ash treatment. Solids (2.4%) in the lime cooking liquor were higher than in the wood ash liquor (1.0%). Chemical composition changes were similar between treatments in masa and tortilla; however, both masa and tortillas absorbed relatively high levels of all minerals including Fe and Zn from the wood ash treatment. The different treatment influenced functional properties particularly hardness and color. Tortilla characteristics were also similar. Protein quality of both alkali cooked products was lower than that of raw corn, more so the product from the wood ash treatment. Although some differences were observed in the sensory studies, human subjects did not dislike the wood ash made tortillas.     

粳稻“龙锦1号/香软米1578” F3家系群糙米矿质元素含量变异及相关性分析

 利用粳稻品种间杂交组合“龙锦1号/香软米1578”的196份F3家系,对糙米中Fe、Se、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na和P等10种矿质元素含量的变异及其相关性进行了分析。 10种矿质元素在F3家系间均有较大的变异,其中Na含量变异最大,Zn含量变异最小,变异系数分别为77.69％和12.04％。各矿质元素含量的变异系数大小顺序为Na>Se>Cu>Fe>Mg>Mn>Ca>P>K>Zn。不同矿质元素含量也有较大的差异,F3家系群各矿质元素含量平均值高低排序为P>K>Mg>Ca>Fe>Mn>Zn>Na>Cu>Se。糙米中10种矿质元素含量在F3家系群中均表现为正态分布,为由多基因控制的数量性状。Zn与Fe、Cu,Mn与Mg、Ca、K、P,Ca与Mg、K、Na、P,Mg与K、P,P与K、Na含量呈显著或极显著正相关,而Fe与Se、Mn与Na、Mg与Na含量呈显著或极显著负相关。Mn、Ca、Mg、K、P含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系较Fe、Se、Cu、Zn含量与其他矿质元素含量间的相关关系更为密切。     

Agronomic fortification of rice grains with secondary and micronutrients under differing crop management and soil moisture regimes in the north Indian Plains

Although the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been reported to produce higher paddy (Oryza sativa L.) yields with better-quality grains, little research has addressed the latter claim. This study investigated the interactive effects of rice cultivation methods with different irrigation schedules and plant density on the uptake and concentration of sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) in the grain and straw of two rice cultivars during two rainy seasons in the northern plains of India. As the two seasons differed in amounts of rainfall, there were impacts of soil moisture differences on nutrient uptake. Plots with SRI cultivation methods enhanced the grain uptake and concentrations of S, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by 36, 32, 28, 32 and 63%, respectively, compared to conventional transplanting (CT). Under SRI management, the highest concentrations of S, Zn and Cu in the grain and straw occurred with irrigation intervals scheduled at 3 days after disappearance of ponded water (DADPW; 3_D), whereas Fe and Mn concentrations in the grain and straw were higher with irrigation at 1 DADPW (1 _D ) compared with plots under 3 _D or 5 DADPW (5 _D ). The higher nutrient uptakes were also manifested in higher grain yield in 1 _D and 3 _D plots (by 9 and 6%, respectively) compared with 5 _D . Wider spacing (25 × 25 cm) compared with closer spacing (20 × 20 cm) significantly increased yield and the uptake and concentrations of all the said nutrients in the grains. When comparing the performance of two cultivars, the total uptakes of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu in both grain and straw were significantly more in Hybrid 6444 than the improved variety Pant Dhan 4. Overall, SRI crop management compared to CT practices led to more biological fortification of rice grains with respect to S and the four micronutrients studied, giving a concomitant yield advantage of about 17% on average in this region.     

Pea Protein Provides a Promising Matrix for Microencapsulating Iron

Worldwide, the most prevalent nutritional deficiency is iron. The strategies for iron supplementation often fail due to poor adherence to supplementation methods contributed to unpleasant sensory characteristics. An alternative is the use of microencapsulated nutrients for home fortification in order to mask undesirable tastes and to allow its release in strategic sites of the gastrointestinal tract. Toward this end, pea protein concentrate was tested as a natural, edible and alternative material and the spray-drying technique was utilized for the preparation of microparticles containing ferrous sulfate. Their physical and chemical characteristics were evaluated. The microparticles had a spherical shape and grooves with an average size ranging between 2 and 3 μm. Analysis by in vitro assays tested the release of iron in simulated salivary and gastric fluids and its intestinal absorption in Caco-2 cells. No dissolution of iron occurred in the salivary medium whereas the sensory analysis showed good acceptance of a product which incorporated 5.5 mg of iron per 100 g portion of food. Thus, the effectiveness of microencapsulation was demonstrated by utilizing a plant protein as an encapsulating matrix for the controlled release of iron and capable of preserving the bioaccessibility of ferrous sulfate.     

Barley Bulgur: Effect of Processing and Cooking on Chemical Composition

Three barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgareL.) were processed into bulgur by pressure cooking or cooking at atmospheric pressure. The effect of processing on levels of thiamine, riboflavin, minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ca, Mg) as well as the phytic acid and β-glucan was investigated. Significant decreases (p<0·05) were observed in ash, riboflavin and thiamine contents during bulgur processing. Neither the cooking methods nor the dehulling process had significant influence on the content of Fe, Cu, Zn or Mg. However, the Mn and Ca content of the bulgurs were significantly (p<0·05) lower compared with the corresponding raw barleys. For all cultivars total P and phytate P contents of the bulgurs were significantly (p<0·05) lower compared with the corresponding raw barleys. In contrast, levels of β-glucan were significantly higher in processed bulgur vs raw barley. Protein contents of the samples did not change significantly during bulgur processing. Bulgur processed from barley appeared to retain most of the nutritional value of raw barley, in particular it showed high levels of soluble dietary fibre.     

氮磷钾肥对稻米铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响

 采用田间试验，在四川省西昌市用两个水稻品种研究了氮、磷、钾肥施用量对稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量的影响。结果表明，稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量均随着施氮量增加先上升后下降，滇屯502的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙含量和产量都以施用90 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高；而合系39的铁、锌、铜、锰、镁、钙的含量以施用180 kg/hm2 N最高，稻谷产量以施用270 kg/hm2 N最高，说明供试籼型品种滇屯502对氮肥的敏感性较粳型品种合系39强；磷肥明显降低了稻米中铁、铜、锰、钙的含量和产量，适量增施磷肥有利于增加稻米中镁的含量和产量；适量施用钾肥有利于提高稻米中铁、锌、铜、锰含量和产量，两供试品种铁、锌、铜、锰含量均以90 kg/hm2 K2O时最高，而钾肥明显降低了稻米中镁、钙的含量和产量。     

Changes in endogenous abscisic acid,soluble sugars and proline levels during tuber dormancy inSolanum tuberosum L.

Abscisic acid (ABA), sucrose, reducing sugars and proline contents were monitored over an eleven-month period in tubers of three potato cultivars that varied in tuber dormancy. ABA and proline levels increased after top pulling the haulms and were not affected by harvest date. Proline did not change in either a storage temperature or cultivar-specific manner. The highest concentrations of ABA were found in tubers stored at 2°C while the lowest concentrations occurred in tubers stored at 20°C. At 10°C, the end of tuber dormancy in the cultivars Kennebec and Nooksack (but not Sebago) coincided with the decline in ABA content. There was no evidence of a threshold concentration of ABA below which sprouting would occur. Tuber samples of 10 different cultivars were removed from 10°C and placed in 20°C storage (in darkness). Initial ABA concentrations (i.e., at the time of removal from 10°C storage) were positively correlated with duration of dormancy and negatively correlated with subsequent rates of sprout elongation at 20°C. Sucrose content was negatively correlated with duration of dormancy. Reducing sugars responded primarily to storage temperature and did not appear to be related to dormancy or sprouting.     

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of five peanut cultivars grown in Pakistan

Four high yielding imported and one local peanut cultivar, grown under local soil and climatic conditions, were compared for their chemical composition and nutritional quality. The local cultivar Kurram contained the maximum protein (28.3%) and the imported cultivar No. 45 contained the maximum oil content (49.5%). K, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were present in nutritionally significant and comparable amounts in all the cultivars. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all the cultivars. The chemical scores and net protein utilization (operative) values were higher for the imported than local cultivar while net dietary protein calories percent (NDP Cal%) values showed only minor variations among the five cultivars. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for protein, oil, Na, K, Ca, P and Zn contents of all the cultivars. Roasting (150°C, 1/2 h) decreased the lysine, threonine, methionine, cystine, arginine, tryptophan and tyrosine contents but increased the protein, oil, ash, fiber, mineral elements (except Na and C1), aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid, proline and phenylalanine contents.