芒果细菌性黑斑病菌在不同场所的存活期

选择芒果细菌性黑斑病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.mangiferaeindicae,Xcm)抗利福平菌株RifXcm,通过人工模拟接种试验,采用半选择性平板分离、菌落PCR和常规PCR方法,研究该病原细菌在芒果叶片、土壤和水中的存活期,并对其能否作为侵染源进行了评价。结果表明,芒果细菌性黑斑病菌在芒果叶片病斑内可存活5~6个月,是此病发生最主要的侵染源。病原菌在土壤和自然水中的存活期有限,其中以含芒果残体土壤中的病原菌存活期最长(49~63d),但也没有超过3个月,因此年前存在于这些场所的病原菌均不可能成为第2年的初侵染源。     

芦笋茎枯病菌的腐生性研究

芦笋茎枯病(Phoma asparagi Sacc)在自然情况下只侵染芦笋,寄主很专一。冬春彻底清除病残体,虽有明显防治效果,但仍有相当高的发病率。据报道该菌在玉米、紫花苜蓿等6种植物残体上均能腐生并产生分生孢子器,成为病菌越冬后侵染源之一。作者等     

50％多·锰锌可湿性粉剂防治苹果主要病害的应用技术研究

50%多·锰锌可湿性粉剂500、600、700倍液室内对苹果轮纹病、炭疽病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果均为100% ,对斑点落叶病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制效果在70.21%以上优于单剂代森锰锌、多菌灵的效果 ;其对上述3种病菌的抑制中量 (EC50)小于单剂 ,共毒系数均>200,增效显著。田间对斑点落叶病和褐斑病的防效在81.12%以上 ,显著优于单剂 ,对轮纹病、炭疽病生长期及贮藏期的防治效果分别为97%～99.2%、70.9%～87.6%和87.1%～95.5%、50.5%～86.2% ,优于单剂代森锰锌的效果 ,优于或相当于多菌灵的效果。     

应用多抗霉素防治苹果斑点落叶病

苹果斑点落叶病是由Alternaria mali Roberts病菌引起的一大病害。可引起早期落叶,使树势衰弱。该病菌侵染果面,造成斑点,影响果品质量。苹果斑点落叶病为气流传播,具有多次再侵染特性,生长期需多次喷药防治。鉴于波尔多波、多菌灵等对此病基本无效,我     

苹果斑点落叶病菌对戊唑醇敏感基线建立及抗性突变体适合度

本研究测定了苹果斑点落叶病菌对戊唑醇的敏感性,并建立了敏感基线;在此基础上,室内筛选获得了9株抗戊唑醇突变体,对其适合度进行了测定,为指导戊唑醇防治苹果斑点落叶病提供理论依据。在山西省5个地市未使用过戊唑醇及同类药剂的果园中采集分离得到64株苹果斑点落叶病菌,敏感性测定结果表明,其EC50值在0.768 7~2.673 8μg·mL~(-1)之间,平均值为1.622 4±0.558 2μg·mL~(-1),呈连续性单峰曲线,可作为苹果斑点落叶病菌对戊唑醇的相对敏感基线。通过紫外线(UV)诱导获得低抗突变体6株,药剂驯化获得中抗突变体3株。2株中抗突变体抗药性可稳定遗传;低抗突变体在无药剂胁迫时,药剂敏感性上升。抗性突变体适合度测定结果显示,突变体菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率及分生孢子竞争力均低于敏感菌株。突变体在无药情况下致病力比敏感菌株弱。     

9种杀菌剂对苹果斑点落叶病菌和轮纹病菌的毒力比较

在室内比较测定了己唑醇等9种杀菌剂对苹果斑点落叶病菌和苹果轮纹病菌的抑菌毒力。结果表明:苹果斑点落叶病菌对三唑类杀菌剂己唑醇、戊唑醇、腈菌唑、氟硅唑和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性依次下降,EC50值均在1μg/mL以下,EC90值均低于10μg/mL;上述药剂与异菌脲的毒力相当,高于多氧霉素。苹果轮纹病菌对供试5种三唑类杀菌剂的敏感性略低于斑点落叶病菌,其中仍以己唑醇毒力最高,其次是戊唑醇、氟硅唑、腈菌唑、苯醚甲环唑,异菌脲与苯醚甲环唑的毒力水平相当,表明上述药剂对轮纹病有兼治作用,而多氧霉素对该病菌的毒力相对较低。2种病菌对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类的醚菌酯敏感性均较低,而硫酸铜的抑菌毒力最低。     

柑橘溃疡病菌在湖北省越冬期适存性的研究

采用栽种易感病的脐橙苗实测法和以供检材料的浸提液或高速离心浓缩浸提液针刺接种脐橙叶片的致病性检测方法,对柑橘溃疡病菌在湖北省越冬期的适存性进行了研究。结果表明:柑橘溃疡病菌在湖北省主要在病株的病斑内越冬,也有少量能以潜伏侵染的方式在病株的未显症叶片内越冬,成为翌年的初次侵染来源;病原菌不能在田间的病落叶、土壤和杂草上越冬。     

两种抗生细菌防治林木病害研究初报

假单胞菌(代号P751)和蜡状芽孢杆菌(代号BC752)是从马尾松叶上分离的两株杆状细菌,对松赤落叶病、泡桐炭疽病、镰刀菌等5种林木病菌孢子有溶解作用,溶菌率达85.67～99.27％;对松赤枯病等3种病菌孢子萌发有抑制作用;对多种化学农药具有抗性。田间试验,防治泡桐炭疽病、松赤落叶病、杜仲环剥烂皮等5种林木病害具有不同程度的效果。经用两菌液拌种飞机播种造林试验,使马尾松叶枯病降低27.55～72.25％,出苗率有所提高。这两株杆菌对人畜基本安全。     

杭州市水稻细菌性条斑病综防技术的应用

1 认真处理病草病谷,做好病田清洁和消毒工作病草病谷带有大量的“细条病菌”,是传播蔓延的主要侵染源。抓好病草病谷处理,严防外流,是综防的重要步骤。据统计,全市五个综防片共割青烧毁病稻127.987亩,水稻成熟后就地烧毁病稻草     

新疆枣果黑斑病发生规律及温湿度对其的影响

为明确新疆枣果黑斑病的发生规律,于2012—2014年在新疆和田、阿克苏地区的枣园定点观察,采用常规组织分离法分离培养采集自枣树不同组织中的病菌,依据枣树不同部位病菌的分离率分析枣果黑斑病菌的主要越冬场所及方式、发病时间和致病关键因子等。结果表明:枣果黑斑病菌主要以分生孢子的形式在树皮和落叶上越冬;病菌整年存在于主干树皮上,分离率达80%~100%;病菌于5月中旬开始侵染枣花,分离率最高达83%~86%;一年生枝条和叶片均在6月初被侵染,分离率分别为71%~84%和85%~95%;6月下旬病菌开始侵染枣果,分离率为50%~58%;枣果上病菌的分离率与空气中的温湿度呈正相关,在枣果膨大期和白熟期,当温度达到25~28℃、相对湿度高于70%并持续2周时,枣果中病菌的分离率急剧增加。     

甘蓝枯萎病菌寄主范围研究

<正>甘蓝枯萎病于2001年最先在北京延庆发现~([1]),目前已扩散到山西、河北、甘肃及陕西等北方甘蓝生产基地,重病区发病率高达80%以上,对甘蓝生产造成了严重的威胁。国内外对甘蓝枯萎病寄主范围的研究仅限于十字花科作物~([2-4]),对该病原菌是否侵入其他类蔬菜及1、2号生理小种侵染十字花科寄主的差异尚未见报道。本文采用人工接种的方法,综合分析甘蓝枯萎病菌对主要大田蔬菜作物的侵染寄生能力,为制定合理的轮作防病     

水稻穗褐变病主要病原菌侵染时期及致病力研究

为了解黑龙江省水稻穗褐变病主要病原菌侵染时期及致病性情况,分别于水稻破口期、扬花期、乳熟初期采用禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum、链格孢Alternaria alternata、稻黑孢Nigrospora oryzae、黑附球霉Epicoccum nigrum对水稻穗进行注射和喷雾接种。结果表明,4种病原菌在水稻破口后即可侵染稻穗使谷粒颖壳变褐。注射接种稻穗谷粒褐变重于喷雾接种。4种病原菌的致病力存在明显差异,禾谷镰孢致病力最强,链格孢的致病力弱于禾谷镰孢。     

人工接种对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响

研究了人工接种不同接种时期和方法对新月弯孢菌侵染玉米籽粒的影响,结果表明:玉米弯孢叶斑病菌可以侵染玉米果穗籽粒,使玉米籽粒产生褐色病斑。伤口接种法能使玉米果穗100%发病;花丝通道接种也可导致果穗发病,但其发病频率很低;而花丝喷雾接种和苞叶喷雾接种病菌不能成功侵染玉米果穗籽粒;吐丝后10 d和乳熟期接种只能引起接种点籽粒发病,病菌扩展不好;但籽粒形成期接种的玉米果穗籽粒不仅接种点发病,而且其周围的籽粒也感染了病菌,病菌扩展情况较好。试验明确,玉米籽粒形成期采用伤口接种是使玉米籽粒发生弯孢叶斑病的一种较为理想的人工接种方法。     

浙东大棚草莓白粉病菌越夏和初侵染菌源的研究

离体和盆栽试验表明,草莓白粉病菌经38℃高温处理8 h,分生孢子不能萌发;或每天38℃处理8 h,适温下16 h连续培养4 d后病斑不再产生分生孢子。据田间试验和调查,在浙江宁波夏季自然条件下繁育草莓苗,草莓白粉病菌不能存活到秋季,但当草莓生长良好或在有明显遮阳条件下繁育苗,少数病菌可以在草莓上越夏,越夏部位多在病株9月间仍保持绿色或部分绿色的原发病部位的匍匐茎段上。     

罗汉果青枯病菌生物学特性初步研究

对罗汉果青枯病菌的生长温度、pH、碳氮营养等生物学特性进行了测定。试验结果表明,罗汉果青枯病菌Lu L3菌株能在pH5.0～8.5和12～40 ℃的范围内生长,最适生长的pH范围为6.0～7.5,最适生长的温度范围为28～35 ℃。测试的6株病原菌株,其生长均能利用蔗糖、葡萄糖、乳糖、山梨醇、麦芽糖、甜醇和甘露醇作为碳源,利用蛋白胨、牛肉浸膏、酵母浸膏、硝酸铵、硝酸钾和脲作为氮源。气温、土壤种类和罗汉果的生育期对病原菌入侵寄主有影响。在20～35 ℃范围内,气温升高利于病原菌的入侵,病害发生严重;病原菌在黏土中入侵寄主容易,在壤土中入侵寄主困难;罗汉果植株越小越利于病原菌的入侵,花蕾期后,未观察到植株被病原菌侵染。接种病原菌Lu L3菌株后,12 h时植株的根表分离到接种的病原菌株;24 h时根内分离到接种的病原菌株;36 h时茎内分离到接种的病原菌株。     

Melampsora larici-populina, the main rust pathogen, causes loss in biomass production of black cottonwood plantations in the south of China

Epidemic outbreaks of rust disease have been observed in most of the black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) plantations in the south of China in recent years. However, the exact pathogens that cause rust disease in this area remain largely unknown. In this study we collected rust fungi from black cottonwood plantations at four different places in the south of China. Examination of these fungi by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) revealed that the morphological characteristics of urediniospores for all the collected fungi were very close to that of Melampsora larici-populina. Using species-specific primers, these pathogens were confirmed to be M. larici-populina. In a survey on the resistance to rust disease for 88 genotypes of black cottonwood, nine potential candidate genotypes were detected that may be free from infection of rust pathogen. The results of this study provide essential information for breeding new rust-resistant black cottonwood cultivars.     

Genetics of Melon Yellows Virus Resistance Derived from Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis

The Melon yellows virus (MYV), a whitefly-transmitted closterovirus, is one of the major pathogens causing crop losses in protected melons in southeastern Spain. An accession of the wild Asiatic Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis (Cma) shows resistance to MYV infection. Results indicate the participation of two resistance mechanisms in this source: firstly, an antixenotic reaction against Trialeurodes vaporariorum, the disease vector, and secondly, resistance to the virus. The combined effect of these two mechanisms confers Cma a higher level of resistance, expressed as a delayed and milder infection.The genetics of resistance to the Melon yellows closterovirus have been studied in two families derived from Cma. As under natural infection conditions, the effect of antixenosis and virus resistance cannot be distinguished, a biometrical model that permits separation of the two resistance mechanisms operating in the same resistant source, has been proposed to determine genetic control of MYV resistance.The genetic analysis has been conducted by fitting the disease progress curves of each generation to the biometrical model instead of fitting the final disease ratios. The scoring of disease incidence over time allows for the comparison of data from assays conducted in different conditions (2 years/4 transplanting dates), thus reinforcing the analysis.The results agree with a simple control of the resistance to MYV derived from Cma, with incomplete penetrance of the gene and partial dominance of resistance. The effect of antixenosis on the spread of this plant virus is highly significant in Cma, but not in segregant generations.Since there do not exist crossability barriers between this accession and the cultivated melon, Cma could be readily used in breeding programmes to obtain melon varieties resistant to MYV.     

海南省不同寄主植物炭疽病菌侵染油茶研究

为了明确海南省不同寄主植物炭疽病菌侵染油茶的潜力,本研究分离、鉴定海南省4个油茶林中不同寄主植物的炭疽病菌种类及其致病性。结果从油茶、葛根、山麻杆、飞机草、蒲葵、鲫鱼胆、桃花心木、黄兰、羊蹄甲、山矾、银柴、降香黄檀和檀香等13种植物上,共获得135株炭疽病菌,其中果生刺盘孢菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)85株、暹罗刺盘孢菌(C.siamense)45株,盘长孢状刺盘孢菌(C.gloeosporioides)3株,君子兰刺盘孢(C.cliviae)和山茶刺盘孢(C.camelliae)各1株;4个采样地的油茶树与葛根等当地其他12种植物具有相同的炭疽病菌C.fructicola和C.siamense,这两种菌占总分离炭疽菌的96%;通过致病性测定,不同寄主来源的这5种炭疽菌均能引起油茶炭疽病。海南省当地多种植物的炭疽病菌是油茶的潜在侵染源。     

中国七省(自治区)马铃薯黄萎病病情及优势病原菌致病力分析

 2013-2016年,对我国内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西、宁夏和云南7省(自治区)53县市245块马铃薯种植田黄萎病的发生、病样采集和病原分离开展了研究工作,通过分子生物学方法鉴定了病原菌分类地位,并通过温室试验研究了主要病原菌大丽轮枝菌的致病力分化情况。结果表明:(1)我国北方6省(自治区)内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西和宁夏属于马铃薯黄萎病病区,云南省属于无病区;(2)引起我国马铃薯黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝菌和黑白轮枝菌两种,占比分别为75.5%和24.5%,大丽轮枝菌为相对优势病原菌种类;(3)根据病原菌种类可将我国北方6省(自治区)病田划分为大丽轮枝菌病田、黑白轮枝菌病田及两菌混生病田。其中甘肃为大丽轮枝菌病田,宁夏为混生病田,山西为大丽轮枝菌病田和混生病田,内蒙古、河北和黑龙江3种病田均存在。两菌混生病田中各类病原菌属于单独侵染致病。(4)聚类分析表明来自甘肃、河北和内蒙古3省(自治区)马铃薯的82个大丽轮枝菌菌株在马铃薯上的致病力至少可以分为3个聚类组,相应菌株的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)均值聚类组间存在显著差异,相应可分为强、中、弱3个致病力类型,并确定了相应95%置信区间,其中强致病力菌株在3省(自治区)供试病原菌中所占比例分别为3.33%、21.74%和10.34%。     

Development and evaluation of a technique for screening watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum) for resistance to watercress yellow spot virus and crook-root fungus (Spongospora subterranea f. sp. nasturtii)

A technique was developed for screening large numbers of watercress plants for resistance to watercress yellow spot virus (WYSV) and the crook-root fungus. Plants were raised in modules containing sand in the glasshouse, transported and placed in experimental watercress beds, recovered after 5 or 6 weeks, examined visually for crook-root infection and tested by ELISA for infection by WYSV. High incidences of crook root (98.8%) and virus (88.9%) were obtained in a watercress line known to be susceptible to both pathogens. Evaluation of the technique using 10 different watercress lines showed that it was capable of revealing a range of responses from very susceptible to very resistant, with UK lines being most susceptible to both diseases. When grown on, the very resistant line was different morphologically from UK watercress and was identified as early winter-cress (Barbarea verna). Results showed an association between crook root scores and ELISA values, providing further circumstantial evidence for the close relationship between the two pathogens. The implications of the results for watercress resistance screening are discussed.