A double-layer model for improving the estimation of wheat canopy nitrogen content from unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral imagery

The accurate and rapid estimation of canopy nitrogen content (CNC) in crops is the key to optimizing in-season nitrogen fertilizer application in precision agriculture. However, the determination of CNC from field sampling data for leaf area index (LAI), canopy photosynthetic pigments (CPP; including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and leaf nitrogen concentration (LNC) can be time-consuming and costly. Here we evaluated the use of high-precision unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery for estimating the LAI, CPP and CNC of winter wheat over the whole growth period. A total of 23 spectral features (SFs; five original spectrum bands, 17 vegetation indices and the gray scale of the RGB image) and eight texture features (TFs; contrast, entropy, variance, mean, homogeneity, dissimilarity, second moment, and correlation) were selected as inputs for the models. Six machine learning methods, i.e., multiple stepwise regression (MSR), support vector regression (SVR), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), Gaussian process regression (GPR), back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), were compared for the retrieval of winter wheat LAI, CPP and CNC values, and a double-layer model was proposed for estimating CNC based on LAI and CPP. The results showed that the inversion of winter wheat LAI, CPP and CNC by the combination of SFs+TFs greatly improved the estimation accuracy compared with that by using only the SFs. The RBFNN and BPNN models outperformed the other machine learning models in estimating winter wheat LAI, CPP and CNC. The proposed double-layer models (R²=0.67–0.89, RMSE=13.63–23.71 mg g^–1, MAE=10.75–17.59 mg g^–1) performed better than the direct inversion models (R²=0.61–0.80, RMSE=18.01–25.12 mg g^–1, MAE=12.96–18.88 mg g^–1) in estimating winter wheat CNC. The best winter wheat CNC accuracy was obtained by the double-layer RBFNN model with SFs+TFs as inputs (R²=0.89, RMSE=13.63 mg g^–1, MAE=10.75 mg g^–1). The results of this study can provide guidance for the accurate and rapid determination of winter wheat canopy nitrogen content in the field.     

Increasing photosynthetic performance and post-silking N uptake by moderate decreasing leaf source of maize under high planting density

To date,little attention has been paid to the effects of leaf source reduction on photosynthetic matter production,root function and post-silking N uptake characteristics at different planting densities.In a 2-year field experiment,Xianyu 335,a widely released hybrid in China,was planted at 60 000 plants ha~(–1 )(conventional planting density,CD) and 90 000 plants ha~(–1) (high planting density,HD),respectively.Until all the filaments protruded from the ear,at which point the plants were subjected to the removal of 1/2 (T1),1/3 (T2) and 1/4 (T3) each leaf length per plant,no leaf removal served as the control(CK).We evaluated the leaf source reduction on canopy photosynthetic matter production and N accumulation of different planting densities.Under CD,decreasing leaf source markedly decreased photosynthetic rate (P_n),effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and the maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (F_v/F_m) at grain filling stage,reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation,harvest index (HI),and the yield.Compared with the CK,the 2-year average yields of T1,T2 and T3 treatments decreased by 35.4,23.8 and 8.3%,respectively.Meanwhile,decreasing leaf source reduced the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap,post-silking N uptake,and N accumulation in grain.The grain N accumulation in T1,T2 and T3 decreased by 26.7,16.5 and 12.8% compared with CK,respectively.Under HD,compared to other treatments,excising T3 markedly improved the leaf P_n,ΦPSII and F_v/F_m at late-grain filling stage,increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation,HI and the grain yield.The yield of T3 was 9.2,35.7 and 20.1% higher than that of CK,T1 and T2 on average,respectively.The T3 treatment also increased the root bleeding sap intensity,the content of soluble sugar in the bleeding sap and post-silking N uptake and N accumulation in grain.Compared with CK,T1 and T2 treatments,the grain N accumulation in T3 increased by 13.1,40.9 and 25.2% on average,respectively.In addition,under the same source reduction treatment,the maize yield of HD was significantly higher than that of CD.Therefore,planting density should be increased in maize production for higher grain yield.Under HD,moderate decreasing leaf source improved photosynthetic performance and increased the post-silking dry matter accumulation and HI,and thus the grain yield.In addition,the improvement of photosynthetic performance improved the root function and promoted postsilking N uptake,which led to the increase of N accumulation in grain.     

不同种植密度对施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特性的影响

明确不同种植密度对施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特征的影响，对通过种植密度调控玉米个体光合作用与群体产量关系，实现玉米稳产丰产具有理论和实践指导意义。在甘肃河西走廊，通过3 a田间试验，以施氮360 kg/hm²(N360)和不施氮(N0)为主区，玉米种植密度75 000株/hm²(D1)、87 000株/hm²(D2)和99 000株/hm²(D3)为副区，研究施氮条件下玉米灌浆期叶片光合特征对不同种植密度的响应。结果表明，试区玉米灌浆期光合有效辐射和大气温度最大值出现在14:00，最小值出现在6:00，而空气相对湿度最大值出现在6:00，最小值出现在14:00。施氮能够显著增加玉米灌浆期叶片净光合速率(P_{n)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)，N360较N0在8:00-18:00的Pn平均增加19.5%~41.7%、Tr平均增加27.4%~44.1%、Gs平均增加27.4%~44.1%，但叶片胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著降低；随着种植密度的增大，玉米灌浆期8:00―18:00的Pn、Tr、Gs呈降低趋势；N360D2与N360D1玉米灌浆期Pn差异不显著，显著大于其他处理。施氮水平和种植密度对玉米灌浆期8:00―16:00的叶片水分利用效率均无显著影响。N360较N0同时增加玉米籽粒产量和生物产量，但使玉米收获指数降低3.5%~5.3%；在N0中D2玉米籽粒产量大于D1和D3，而在N360中D2玉米籽粒产量与D3无显著差异，均显著大于D1；N360D2与N360D1的玉米籽粒产量无显著差异，均大于其他处理。总之，在施氮360 kg/hm²条件下，种植密度从75 000株/hm²增加到87 000株/hm²，能够使玉米灌浆期叶片光合速率保持在较高水平，提高收获指数，促进生物产量向籽粒产量的转化效率，获得最大籽粒产量。}     

Leaf nitrogen estimation in potato based on spectral data and on simulated bands of the VENμS satellite

Relationships between leaf spectral reflectance at 400–900 nm and nitrogen levels in potato petioles and leaves were studied. Five nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments were applied to build up levels of nitrogen variation in potato fields in Israel in spring 2006 and 2007. Reflectance of leaves was measured in the field over a spectral range of 400–900 nm. The leaves were sampled and analyzed for petiole NO₃–N and leaf percentage N (leaf-%N). Prediction models of leaf nitrogen content were developed based on an optical index named transformed chlorophyll absorption reflectance index (TCARI) and on partial least squares regression (PLSR). Prediction models were also developed based on simulated bands of the future VENμS satellite (Vegetation and Environment monitoring on a New Micro-Satellite). Leaf spectral reflectance correlated better with leaf-%N than with petiole NO₃–N. The TCARI provided strong correlations with leaf-%N, but only at the tuber-bulking stage. The PLSR analysis resulted in a stronger correlation than TCARI with leaf-%N. An R ² of 0.95 (p < 0.01) and overall accuracy of 80.5% (Kappa = 74%) were determined for both vegetative and tuber-bulking periods. The simulated VENμS bands gave a similar correlation with leaf-%N to that of the spectrometer spectra. The satellite has significant potential for spatial analysis of nitrogen levels with inexpensive images that cover large areas every 2 days.     

不同基因型燕麦内源激素与灌浆期生理特性之间的关系

为探究内源激素含量对燕麦灌浆过程的影响,分别于2020和2021年,以9个不同基因型的燕麦品种为试验材料,设置大田试验,测定灌浆粒重、灌浆期光合特性、旗叶碳代谢酶(蔗糖磷酸合成酶SPS、蔗糖合酶SS)活性、生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA₃)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、脱落酸(ABA)含量及成熟期粒重,通过方差分析和聚类分析,探究不同基因型燕麦灌浆期生理特性、内源激素差异。结果表明：不同品种间,内源激素含量及其他生理特性差异均达显著水平(P<0.05),按照灌浆粒重,将供试的9个品种分为灌浆较强和较弱两类,其中灌浆较强品种到达灌浆盛期的时间较早,灌浆启动时间也早于其他品种;灌浆粒重拟合程度较好,灌浆过程中的净光合速率、碳代谢酶活性较高,粒重优于其他品种;灌浆较强品种单穗粒重较灌浆较弱品种高11.8%～176.5%;灌浆较强品种旗叶IAA、GA₃、ZR含量较灌浆较弱品种高12.6%～118.2%、7.2%～98.0%、21.4%～72.2%,(GA₃+ZR+IAA)/ABA较灌浆较弱品种高39.3%～311.9%。在各内源激...     

肥密处理对春小麦不同基因型产量及叶绿素荧光的影响

多穗型品种在不同肥密处理下,较中间型和大穗型品种有高的经济产量、较高的灌浆期旗叶叶绿素含量及光能转换效率.灌浆中期(21/6)不同基因型与肥密处理组合中Fv/Fm的最高值比较,依次为AM1F1>BM2F2>CM1F2,同一天不同时段处理间的Fv/Fm值无显著性差异;灌浆后期(3/7)不同处理间的Fv/Fm值差异达0.01显著水平.说明不同基因型与肥料、密度的不同组合处理下,对光系统的影响和作用是不同的.     

灌浆期高温前喷施叶面喷剂对小麦产量及籽粒品质的影响

为探明不同叶面喷剂对小麦灌浆期高温危害的缓解作用,于安徽农业大学农萃园2019-2020年小麦生长季内选用0.3％ KH2PO4 (PDP)和0.01％芸苔素内酯溶液(BR)开展了大田试验研究.试验设置小麦灌浆期内自然高温来临前连续喷两次PDP、BR及二者的混合溶液(PB),以喷施等量清水为对照(CK),考察喷施后不同处理对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、干物质积累、产量及产量构成因素和籽粒品质的影响.结果 表明:灌浆期高温前喷施PDP、BR均可提升高温后旗叶叶绿素含量,PDP与BR无显著差异,PB处理叶绿素含量最高;不同叶面喷剂显著增加小麦干物质积累,PB总干物质积累量显著高于BR和PDP,后两者间无显著差异:PB干物质量最高是由于其对茎叶及籽粒干物质的提升最多;和CK相比,PDP、BR和PB产量均显著提高,增产幅度为5.43％～-9.41％,PB处理产量最高.灌浆期高温前喷施PDP、BR和PB显著改善籽粒品质,主要不同程度地提高了籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量,延长面团稳定时间、形成时间及提高面粉沉淀值.综上,小麦灌浆期高温前通过叶面喷施PDP、BR和PB均能显著延缓灌浆期叶片衰老,促进干物质积累,协同提升产量与籽粒品质.以0.3％磷酸二氢钾和0.01％芸苔素内酯溶液混合喷施效果最佳.     

施肥水平对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特征及产量的影响

【目的】研究不同施肥水平下不同氮效率杂交水稻产量差异与氮素吸收和利用的关系,以期为水稻品种改良和高产高效栽培技术提供依据。【方法】以氮高效品种(德香4103)和氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过设置低肥(75 kg N·hm~(-2),37.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),75 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_1P_1K_1)、中肥(150 kg N·hm~(-2),75 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),150 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_2P_2K_2)、高肥(225 kg N·hm~(-2),112.5 kg P_2O_5·hm~(-2),225 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),记为N_3P_3K_3)3种施肥水平,并在各施肥水平下均增设一不施氮处理,研究其对不同氮效率水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响及其结实期氮素吸收、转运和分配特性。【结果】品种与施肥水平对杂交稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积、转运、分配,以及氮素利用特征和产量均存在显著影响;品种对氮肥回收利用率、千粒重,以及总颖花数的影响均不同程度的高于施肥水平的调控效应;施肥水平对主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,结实期叶片和茎鞘氮的运转,以及产量调控作用显著。N_2P_2K_2相对于N_1P_1K_1处理能促进不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期及各生育阶段氮素的累积,提高氮收获指数,促进结实期叶片和茎鞘中氮素的运转,进而显著提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用效率,且N_2P_2K_2均显著高于同品种下其他的肥料施用处理,为本试验最佳的氮磷钾肥施用模式;N_3P_3K_3处理易造成结实期叶片及茎鞘中氮滞留量增加,氮转运贡献率显著降低,导致产量及氮肥利用效率显著降低。氮高效品种具有总颖花数、结实率高的特征,其主要生育时期氮素累积量,氮素干物质生产效率,氮素稻谷生产效率及氮素收获指数等均显著高于氮低效品种,但千粒重并不是氮高效品种所独有的特征;此外,氮高效品种结实期更有利于叶片与茎鞘氮素的运转及穗部氮素的累积,尤其氮高效品种具有较高的茎鞘氮素转运率,其与氮肥生理利用率、回收利用率及农艺利用率均存在显著正相关性(r=0.699*—0.743*),是导致不同氮效率品种氮肥利用效率、产量差异的重要因子,可作为氮效率及品种鉴选的评价指标,也可以以进一步提高抽穗至成熟期氮高效水稻品种茎鞘氮素运转率,作为实现水稻高产与氮高效利用协调统一的另一重要途径。【结论】本试验条件下,氮高效品种具备的结实期茎鞘高氮素转运、高总颖花数及结实率是优于氮低效品种而形成产量差异的主要因素,N_2P_2K2_为氮高效品种配套的最优氮磷钾肥施用模式。提高抽穗期至成熟期氮累积量,促进叶片与茎鞘氮运转量,尤其应提高茎鞘氮素运转率,可实现高产与氮高效利用的同步提高。     

旱地不同基因型冬小麦光合特性与产量的研究

以晋麦47为对照,选用HM 385、西农6082、旱丰115、普冰476和西农418等不同基因型旱地冬小麦为材料,通过测定小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2体积分数(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和SPAD值等植物生理指标,比较不同基因型小麦光合生理指标和产量及产量构成因素的差异,分析旱地条件下Pn与产量及产量构成因素的相关性。结果表明,HM 385在3个生育时期的旗叶平均Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、SPAD值均最高,分别较对照高8.7%、21.8%、6.6%、6.7%和15.2%,其次是西农418,而西农6082、旱丰115和普冰476表现一般;各基因型小麦产量表现为:HM 385对照西农418西农6082普冰476旱丰115,5个基因型小麦产量均与对照有显著差异(P0.05);旱地冬小麦开花期Pn与小麦产量相关性(r=0.709)达极显著水平。可见,HM 385具有较高的光能利用率,可以作为旱地条件下优良品种的种质资源;在旱地冬小麦高产品种的选用中,小麦开花期旗叶的Pn可作为重要参考指标。     

Spectral signatures of sugar beet leaves for the detection and differentiation of diseases

This study examines the potential of hyperspectral sensor systems for the non-destructive detection and differentiation of plant diseases. In particular, a comparison of three fungal leaf diseases of sugar beet was conducted in order to facilitate a simplified and reproducible data analysis method for hyperspectral vegetation data. Reflectance spectra (400–1050 nm) of leaves infected with the fungal pathogens Cercospora beticola, Erysiphe betae, and Uromyces betae causing Cercospora leaf spot, powdery mildew and rust, respectively, were recorded repeatedly during pathogenesis with a spectro-radiometer and analyzed for disease-specific spectral signatures. Calculating the spectral difference and reflectance sensitivity for each wavelength emphasized regions of high interest in the visible and near infrared region of the spectral signatures. The best correlating spectral bands differed depending on the diseases. Spectral vegetation indices related to physiological parameters were calculated and correlated to the severity of diseases. The spectral vegetation indices Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) and modified Chlorophyll Absorption Integral (mCAI) differed in their ability to assess the different diseases at an early stage of disease development, or even before first symptoms became visible. Results suggested that a distinctive differentiation of the three sugar beet diseases using spectral vegetation indices is possible using two or more indices in combination.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and chemical regulation on spring maize lodging characteristics,grain filling and yield formation under high planting density in Heilongjiang Province,China

Now,lodging is a major constraint factor contributing to yield loss of maize (Zea mays L.) under high planting density.Chemical regulation and nitrogen fertilizer could effectively coordinate the relationship between stem lodging and maize yield,which significantly reduce lodging and improve the grain yield.The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of chemical regulation and different nitrogen application rates on lodging characteristics,grain filling and yield of maize under high density.For this,we established a field study during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons,with three nitrogen levels of N100 (100 kg ha~(–1)),N200 (200 kg ha~(–1)) and N300 (300 kg ha~(–1)) at high planting density (90 000 plants ha~(–1)),and applied plant growth regulator (Yuhuangjin,the mixture of 3% DTA-6 and 27% ethephon) at the 7th leaf.The results showed that chemical control increased the activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL),tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL),4-coumarate:Co A ligase (4CL),and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD),and increased the lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose contents at the bottom of the 3rd internode,which significantly reduced the lodging percentage.The lignin-related enzyme activities,lignin,cellulose and hemicellulose contents decreased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer,which significantly increased the lodging percentage.The 200 kg ha~(–1) nitrogen application and chemical control increased the number,diameter,angle,volume,and dry weight of brace roots.The 200 kg ha~(–1) nitrogen application and chemical control significantly increased the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase),soluble starch synthase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme(SBE),which promoted the starch accumulation in grains.Additional,improved the maximum grain filling rate (V_(max)) and mean grain filling rate (V_m),which promoted the grain filling process,significantly increased grain weight and grain number per ear,thus increased the final yield.     

Effects of nitrogen application rates and irrigation regimes on grain yield and water use efficiency of maize under alternate partial root-zone irrigation

Faced with the scarcity of water resources and irrational fertilizer use, it is critical to supply plants with water and fertilizer in a coordinated pattern to improve yield with high water use efficiency (WUE). One such method, alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI), has been practiced worldwide, but there is limited information on the performance of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen (N) rates under APRI. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of varying irrigation regimes and N rates on shoot growth, grain yield and WUE of maize (Zea mays L.) grown under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China in 2014 and 2015. The three N rates were 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha⁻¹, designated N₁, N₂ and N₃, respectively. The three irrigation regimes of 45–50%, 60–65% and 75–80% field capacity (FC) throughout the maize growing season, designated W₁, W₂ and W₃, respectively, were applied in combination with each N rate. The results showed that W₂ and W₃ significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, crop growth rate, chlorophyll SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), biomass, grain yield, ears per ha, kernels per cob, 1 000-kernel weight, harvest index, evapotranspiration and leaf area index (LAI) compared to W₁ at each N rate. The N₂ and N₃ treatments increased those parameters compared to N₁ in each irrigation treatment. Increasing the N rate from the N₂ to N₃ resulted in increased biomass and grain yield under W₃ while it had no impact on those under the W₁ and W₂ treatments. The W₃N₃ and W₂N₂ and W₂N₃ treatments achieved the greatest and the second-greatest biomass and grain yield, respectively. Increasing the N rate significantly enhanced the maximum LAI (LAI at the silking stage) and P_n under W₃, suggesting that the interaction of irrigation and fertilizer N management can effectively improve leaf growth and development, and consequently provide high biomass and grain yield of maize. The W₂N₂, W₂N₃ and W₃N₃ treatments attained the greatest WUE among all the treatments. Thus, either 60–65% FC coupled with 200–300 kg N ha⁻¹ or 75–80% FC coupled with 300 kg N ha⁻¹ is proposed as a better pattern of irrigation and nitrogen application with positive regulative effects on grain yield and WUE of maize under APRI in the Hexi Corridor area of Northwest China and other regions with similar environments. These results can provide a basis for in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of grain yield and WUE to supply levels of water and nitrogen.     

糜子叶片氮含量和籽粒蛋白质含量高光谱监测研究

【目的】本研究以叶片氮含量为切入点,探求糜子籽粒蛋白质含量的最佳光谱预测模型,为糜子优质生产的管理调控提供理论依据。【方法】结合2017年和2018年2年的氮肥运筹试验数据和光谱数据,通过“光谱特征信息—叶片氮含量—籽粒蛋白质含量”这一研究思路,以叶片氮含量为中间链接点将光谱模型和籽粒蛋白质含量链接,建立基于高光谱糜子籽粒蛋白质含量监测模型。【结果】利用支持向量机（SVM）构建的糜子全生育期叶片氮含量监测模型要优于逐步多元线性回归（SMLR）和偏最小二乘法（PLS）,并且原始光谱反射率（R）的SVM模型效果优于一阶导数（1ST）模型,建模集和验证集的R ²分别为0.928、0.924;RMSE相对较小,分别为0.19、0.12;RPD都大于2,分别为3.71、6.07。开花期、灌浆期和成熟期的叶片氮含量和籽粒蛋白质含量均达到极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.48、0.66和0.73。灌浆期R-SVM模型能准确的监测糜子籽粒蛋白质含量,决定系数R ²为0.798,均方根误差RMSE为0.14,预测残差RPD为1.65。 【结论】建立基于灌浆期糜子籽粒蛋白质含量的高光谱R-SVM监测模型,有助于指导糜子优化田间管理、种植业结构调整和籽粒品质分级,为高光谱技术在糜子优质高产栽培和精准农业发展提供技术基础。     

配施钾肥、有机肥对旱地春玉米光合生理特性和产量的影响

以长期定位施肥试验为平台,研究在施用氮磷肥条件下,配施钾肥、有机肥对黄土塬区春玉米光合生理特性和产量的影响.结果表明:配施钾肥在灌浆前期降低了LAI、WUE、叶片水势、干物质积累量、叶片光合和蒸腾速率,但在灌浆后期提高了LAI、WUE、干物质积累量和叶片光合速率,且与对照间达显著差异,这说明配施钾肥对春玉米生长的影响主要表现在生育后期;配施钾肥可显著提高整个生育期的SPAD(叶绿素相对含量)、株高;可促进同化向籽粒的转移,使籽粒产量增加;但收获指数下降了3.2%.而配施有机肥可显著提高春玉米整个生育期的LAI、株高、SPAD、光合速率和蒸腾速率等生理指标(WUE和水势除外)和产量,使籽粒产量和生物产量增加,与对照、钾肥间差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05).在富含钾素的黄土塬区,配施有机肥对春玉米光合生理特性和产量的作用优于配施钾肥.     

去苞叶对夏玉米籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响

【目的】在大田试验条件下,设置不同去苞叶处理,研究去苞叶后夏玉米产量、籽粒体积、干重、脱水速率、籽粒灌浆速率以及籽粒黑层出现和乳线消失所需时间的变化,以期明确去苞叶对夏玉米籽粒产量和籽粒灌浆特性的作用。【方法】以先玉335（XY335）、郑单958（ZD958）和登海661（DH661）为试验材料,设置不同去苞叶处理：去苞叶1/4（S1）、去苞叶1/2（S2）和苞叶全去（S3）以及对照（CK）,研究去苞叶对夏玉米产量、籽粒灌浆特性以及籽粒黑层出现和乳线消失所需时间的影响等。【结果】去苞叶后夏玉米产量显著下降,XY335的S1、S2和S3处理的产量较CK分别下降9.45%、13.78%和27.89%,ZD958分别下降10.72%、15.07%和24.75%,DH661分别下降9.31%、16.01%和22.35%,去苞叶数越多,产量下降幅度越大。去苞叶后夏玉米的千粒重和穗粒数等产量构成因素显著下降,S3处理影响最显著,XY335的S3处理千粒重和穗粒数分别下降15.30%和14.87%,ZD958分别下降11.22%和15.24%,DH661分别下降15.10% 和8.55%。此外,去苞叶显著影响夏玉米的籽粒灌浆特性,影响随去苞叶数的增多而显著加剧。去苞叶后籽粒到达最大灌浆速率时的天数（D_max）显著减少,S3处理影响最显著,XY335、ZD958和DH661的S3处理的D_max较CK分别缩短3 d、4 d和3.5 d。去苞叶后灌浆速率最大时的生长量（W_max）和籽粒灌浆活跃期（P）等也均显著降低,且去苞叶数目越多,W_max和P的下降幅度越大,XY335﹑DH661和ZD958的S3处理的Wmax较CK分别下降12.75%、17.78% 和17.12%。XY335﹑DH661和ZD958的S1﹑S2、S3的P较CK分别下降6.22%、9.82%和11.78%,5.39%、8.39%和13.09%,0.17%、2.39%和5.97%。去苞叶后籽粒鲜重和籽粒体积显著下降,籽粒脱水速率显著提高,灌浆时间减少,籽粒乳线消失时间和籽粒黑层出现时间较正常发育的籽粒缩短,S3处理影响最显著,XY335﹑ZD958和 DH661的S3处理的籽粒乳线消失所需时间较CK分别缩短10 d、6 d和4 d,籽粒黑层出现所需时间较CK分别缩短10 d、5 d 和4 d。【结论】去苞叶后灌浆速率最大时的生长量、达最大灌浆速率时的天数和籽粒灌浆活跃期均显著降低,籽粒脱水速率显著提高,导致籽粒灌浆时间缩短,籽粒干物质积累量显著下降,籽粒乳线消失和黑层出现的时间较正常发育籽粒缩短,进而严重影响夏玉米籽粒的正常灌浆,最终导致夏玉米产量显著下降,且其影响程度随去苞叶数目的增加而加剧。     

Irrigation mitigates the heat impacts on photosynthesis during grain filling in maize

Elevating soil water content (SWC) through irrigation was one of the simple mitigation measures to improve crop resilience to heat stress. The response of leaf function, such as photosynthetic capacity based on chlorophyll fluorescence during the mitigation, has received limited attention, especially in field conditions. A two-year field experiment with three treatments (control treatment (CK), high-temperature treatment (H), and high-temperature together with elevating SWC treatment (HW)) was carried out during grain filling with two maize hybrids at a typical station in North China Plain. Averagely, the net photosynthetic rate (P_n) was improved by 20%, and the canopy temperature decreased by 1–3°C in HW compared with in H in both years. Furthermore, the higher SWC in HW significantly improved the actual photosynthetic rate (Phi2), linear electron flow (LEF), variable fluorescence (F_v), and the maximal potential quantum efficiency (F_v/F_m) for both hybrids. Meanwhile, different responses in chlorophyll fluorescence between hybrids were also observed. The higher SWC in HW significantly improved thylakoid proton conductivity (gH⁺) and the maximal fluorescence (F_m) for the hybrid ZD958. For the hybrid XY335, the proton conductivity of chloroplast ATP synthase (vH⁺) and the minimal fluorescence (F_o) was increased by the SWC. The structural equation model (SEM) further showed that SWC had significantly positive relationships with P_n, LEF, and F_v/F_m. The elevating SWC alleviated heat stress with the delayed leaf senescence to prolong the effective period of photosynthesis and enhanced leaf photosynthetic capacity by improving Phi2, LEF, F_v, and F_v/F_m. This research demonstrates that elevating SWC through enhancing leaf photosynthesis during grain filling would be an important mitigation strategy for adapting to the warming climate in maize production.     

Weakened carbon and nitrogen metabolisms under post-silking heat stress reduce the yield and dry matter accumulation in waxy maize

Post-silking high temperature is one of the abiotic factors that affects waxy maize(Zea mays L. sinensis Kulesh) growth in southern China. We conducted a pot trial in 2016–2017 to study the effects of post-silking daytime heat stress(35°C) on the activities of enzymes involved in leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms and leaf reactive oxygen species(ROS) and water contents. This study could improve our understanding on dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield production. Results indicated that decreased grain number and weight under heat stress led to yield loss, which decreased by 20.8 and 20.0% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. High temperature reduced post-silking dry matter accumulation(16.1 and 29.5% in 2016 and 2017, respectively) and promoted translocation of pre-silking photoassimilates stored in vegetative organs, especially in leaf. The lower leaf water content and chlorophyll SPAD value, and higher ROS(H_2O_2 and O_2~-·) content under heat stress conditions indicated accelerated senescent rate. The weak activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPCase), Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase(Ru BPCase), nitrate reductase(NR), and glutamine synthase(GS) indicated that leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolisms were suppressed when the plants suffered from a high temperature during grain filling. Correlation analysis results indicated that the reduced grain yield was mainly caused by the decreased leaf water content, weakened NR activity, and increased H_2O_2 content. The increased accumulation of grain weight and post-silking dry matter and the reduced translocation amount in leaf was mainly due to the increased chlorophyll SPAD value and NR activity. Reduced PEPCase and Ru BPCase activities did not affect dry matter accumulation and translocation and grain yield. In conclusion, post-silking heat stress down-regulated the leaf NR and GS activities, increased the leafwater loss rate, increased ROS generation, and induced pre-silking carbohydrate translocation. However, it reduced the post-silking direct photoassimilate deposition, ultimately, leading to grain yield loss.     

氮肥对糜子籽粒灌浆期农田小气候及产量的调控效应

为研究旱地条件下氮肥对糜子灌浆期农田小气候、植株光合特性及产量的影响,以榆糜2号为试验材料,在陕西榆林小杂粮示范基地设置4个氮肥处理,分析糜子灌浆期农田小气侯指标、光合生理指标及产量构成要素。试验结果表明,与不施肥对照相比,氮肥处理显著降低糜子株间光照度和株间气温,减少漏光损失的同时又增加株间相对湿度;整个籽粒灌浆期,随着氮肥水平的提高,糜子不同节位叶片的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)和净光合速率(Pn)均呈增加趋势。其中,以N4处理(纯氮195kg/hm2)对糜子籽粒灌浆期农田小气候特性及光合特性的影响最大。N3处理(纯氮150kg/hm2)的糜子产量可达到4 605.8kg/hm2,比对照增加了44.7%,是该地区糜子生产适宜的施氮量。     

施磷增氧条件对水稻光合特性及镉吸收分配的影响

为探明水稻镉吸收及叶片光合特性对增氧条件下施磷量的响应特征,明确施磷量和根际增氧的作用效果,以杂交水稻C两优608为材料,考虑施磷水平和灌溉方式两个主要因素,设置4个施磷（P₂O₅）水平,即P₁（不施磷）、P₂（0.18 g·kg^-1）、P₃（0.36 g·kg^-1）、P₄（0.54 g·kg^-1）,2种灌溉方式,即NI （不增氧灌溉）、OI （增氧灌溉）,采用盆栽试验研究施磷与增氧对水稻各生育期叶片光合特性及成熟期镉吸收及迁移转运的影响规律,确定了水稻叶片光合特性与水稻镉吸收的对应关系,揭示了施磷与增氧降低水稻成熟期籽粒镉含量的机理。结果表明：与不施磷相比,无论增氧与否,施磷均可促进水稻成熟期根部、秸秆部镉的吸收与转运;增氧处理下水稻镉由秸秆部向籽粒的转运系数、籽粒镉累积分配比例均低于不增氧处理,秸秆部镉累积分配比例均高于不增氧处理;不外施磷肥情况下,增氧处理水稻成熟期籽粒镉含量最低（0.13 mg·kg^-1）,水稻各部位镉多集中于根部（33.95%）和秸秆部（46.18%）,只有19.87%集中于籽粒。抽穗期、灌浆期是影响水稻成熟期镉吸收的关键时期,增氧在提高灌浆期净光合能力的同时,还促进了镉由水稻根部向秸秆部转移,降低了镉从秸秆部向籽粒的转移,使水稻镉进行重新分配。研究表明,增氧可通过调整水稻内在敏感性,降低水稻成熟期籽粒镉含量及镉从秸秆部向籽粒的转移能力。     

小麦籽粒灌浆参数的基因型差异及其稳定性分析

四川盆地小麦的粒重优势明显,但其稳定性受生育后期不利环境的影响较大,研究籽粒灌浆参数的稳定性对于提高粒重和产量的稳定性十分重要。以10个粒重、熟期和株叶型差异明显的小麦品种为材料,设置5个试验环境(年份×地点),研究小麦籽粒灌浆参数的基因型差异及其稳定性。结果表明,参试品种的千粒重差异很大,环境均值变动在42.9~53.0g之间。多数灌浆参数均存在显著的基因型差异和环境效应,且年份效应大于地点效应。相同年份,粒重(TKW)、最大灌浆速率(Rmax)、平均灌浆速率(Rmean)、渐增期(T1)、缓增期(T3)及快增期灌浆速率(R2)主要受基因型的影响。CM104、CM42、CY23和NM836等品种的所有灌浆参数的稳定性都较好。相关分析表明,TKW与灌浆速率之间存在显著的正相关,而TKW的稳定性则主要与籽粒生长起始势(C0)、渐增期灌浆速率(R1)的稳定性关系密切,C0和R1的稳定性是决定粒重稳定的主要因素。