盐胁迫对油葵种子活力和幼苗生理生化特性的影响

研究不同浓度盐胁迫下油葵种子和幼苗的生理生化反应,结果表明:(1)低浓度的NaCl(≤70mmol/L)能促进种子萌发,而高浓度的NaCl(≥140mmol/L)则抑制种子萌发,种子萌发耐盐极限为280mmol/L;(2)无论盐浓度高低都对油葵幼苗产生抑制作用,当NaCl浓度≥240mmol/L时,幼苗的根、茎、叶、根冠比和总干重均显著低于对照;POD和CAT活性及脯氨酸含量呈抛物线变化,在NaCl浓度≥240mmol/L时明显下降,幼苗的应激反应将失去对细胞的保护作用.     

6-BA对盐胁迫下大豆幼苗生理指标的影响

研究了外源6-BA对盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的两个大豆品种（黑农38和齐黄27）幼苗生理指标的影响。结果表明：外源6-BA处理降低脯氨酸含量，增强保护酶系统（POD、CAT）活性，降低了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量，增强了幼苗对盐渍环境的抵抗能力，缓解了盐害，尤其是对敏感品种的效果更明显。     

盐胁迫对甘草幼苗生长及其生理指标的影响

研究了不同盐浓度(0,50,100,200 mmol/L)条件下甘草幼苗生长和生理生化各项指标,结果表明,随着盐浓度的升高,甘草幼苗根长变化最小,株高、鲜重和干重呈下降趋势,但低盐浓度(50,100 mmol/L)之间差异不明显;叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm在低盐浓度下显著上升,在高盐浓度(200 mmol/L)下显著下降;电导率和MDA、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量以及POD和CAT都随盐浓度升高而上升,而SOD和ASP在低盐浓度下上升,在高盐浓度下下降。甘草幼苗的耐盐上限为100~200 mmol/L。     

盐胁迫下AM真菌对玉米生长及耐盐生理指标的影响

在自然盐渍土壤上和人工模拟盐胁迫条件下, 采用盆栽方法研究了长期(86天)和短期(1周)盐胁迫条件下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米植株生长和耐盐生理指标的影响。 结果表明： 在自然盐渍土壤和人工模拟长期盐胁迫条件下, 菌根真菌显著提高了玉米的相对产量; 在短期盐胁迫条件下, 接种菌根真菌处理的玉米叶片细胞质膜透性低于不接种     

干旱胁迫对芝麻幼苗生理生化指标的影响

为探明干旱胁迫对不同芝麻生理特性的影响,以干旱敏感材料g76和高抗旱材料柳林芝麻3号作为试验材料,对苗期芝麻进行干旱胁迫。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,2个芝麻材料幼苗的游离脯氨酸（Pro）含量均呈现上升趋势,其中g76在干旱处理后Pro含量增加较为平缓,而柳林芝麻3号在干旱处理3d时Pro含量迅速增加,随后平稳增加。2个芝麻材料幼苗的丙二醛（MDA）含量随着干旱时间的延长均呈现逐步上升的趋势,其中柳林芝麻3号MDA含量增加较为平缓,而g76在干旱处理3d时MDA含量迅速增加,随后平稳增加。2个芝麻材料幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性在干旱处理期间均持续上升,柳林芝麻3号在干旱处理3d时SOD活性增加较为迅速,随后平稳增加,而g76在干旱处理6d时SOD活性增加较为迅速,随后平稳增加。2个芝麻材料幼苗的过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在干旱处理期间呈现先上升后下降的趋势,其中g76在干旱处理6d时达到最大值,而柳林芝麻3号在干旱处理9d时CAT活性达到最大值。     

高温胁迫对小麦幼苗几个生理生化指标的影响

采用人工气候室控温,在大气相对湿度40%的条件下,以22℃为对照,在32,36,40℃的高温胁迫条件下,对烟农19二叶期小麦叶片内叶绿素含量、超氧化物岐化酶总活力、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明：随着胁迫处理时间的延长,叶片内叶绿素含量迅速降低,且随胁迫温度的升高,叶绿素降解率增大;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及膜脂过氧化产物（MDA）含量呈现先上升后下降趋势;可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,且随胁迫温度的升高,可溶性糖含量升高幅度呈上升趋势。这些变化可能是由于高温胁迫造成细胞内膜系统损害所致。     

复合盐碱胁迫对鲜食葡萄生理生化指标的影响

为筛选出较耐盐碱的新引鲜食葡萄品种,以10个葡萄品种为材料,研究不同浓度复合盐碱（盆土干重的0.29%、0.58%、0.87%）胁迫30天后葡萄生理生化指标的变化特征,对所有指标进行相关性分析,并采用主成分分析法综合评价其耐盐碱能力。结果表明,随着盐碱浓度的增加,根系活力和叶片相对含水量呈逐渐下降趋势,相对电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量呈逐渐上升趋势,超氧化物歧化酶活性呈先上升后下降或持续上升2种趋势。相关性分析发现,叶片丙二醛含量、根系丙二醛含量、叶片脯氨酸含量三者之间两两极显著正相关,根系超氧化物歧化酶活性与叶片丙二醛含量、叶片超氧化物歧化酶活性显著负相关。主成分分析法提取出特征值大于1的3个主成分,累计贡献率77.99%,最终得出10个葡萄品种耐盐碱性顺序由强到弱依次为‘紫甜无核’‘、黑脆无核’‘、户太8号’‘、早夏无核’‘、丝路红玫瑰’‘、阳光玫瑰’‘、深红玫瑰’‘、夏黑’‘、甜蜜蓝宝石’‘、浪漫红颜’。     

山乌桕对盐胁迫的生理指标响应与景观应用

针对山乌桕幼苗进行盐胁迫研究,讨论其在城市盐碱地、滨海滩涂应用情况,通过设置ck、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%的NaCl处理对山乌桕幼苗进行耐盐性试验。结果显示:盐浓度与山乌桕生长量呈极显著负相关,叶片中叶绿素含量显著减少;盐浓度达到0.4%时,可溶性糖、蛋白质和脯氨酸含量显著上升,丙二醛(MDA)和POD活性含量也显著提高;SOD活性在不同处理中的差异显著。分析表明,NaCl浓度达到0.4%时,山乌桕的耐盐性达到最高,属于中度耐盐树种。因此,山乌桕可作为华南地区滨海滩涂生态修复及城市盐碱地的绿化选择树种,同时因其秋色叶植物特性,可作为华南地区城市稀缺的彩叶树种。     

高温胁迫对小麦幼苗几个生理生化指标的影响

采用人工气候室控温,在大气相对湿度40%的条件下,以22℃为对照,在32,36,40℃的高温胁迫条件下,对烟农19二叶期小麦叶片内叶绿素含量、超氧化物岐化酶总活力、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:随着胁迫处理时间的延长,叶片内叶绿素含量迅速降低,且随胁迫温度的升高,叶绿素降解率增大;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)含量呈现先上升后下降趋势;可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,且随胁迫温度的升高,可溶性糖含量升高幅度呈上升趋势.这些变化可能是由于高温胁迫造成细胞内膜系统损害所致.     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对内蒙古河套灌区盐地碱蓬种子萌芽生理指标的影响

采用NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫不同时间,研究盐地碱蓬种子在萌发过程中对NaCl和Na2CO3的耐受能力,对比不同胁迫对盐地碱蓬正在萌芽种子的SOD、POD、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸等胁迫相关生理指标的影响.结果显示,盐碱胁迫下可溶性蛋白变化较为平缓,SOD活性呈现“先降后升再降”的变化趋势,POD、MDA、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量呈现上升趋势.研究发现,盐地碱蓬萌发种子萌发对NaCl的耐受能力强于Na2CO3.     

油葵HaDGAT2基因的功能及表达特性分析

二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)在植物油脂合成中起关键作用,其活性高低与植物含油量显著相关。为探明油葵二酰甘油酰基转移酶2基因(HaDGAT2)的功能,本研究以‘新葵杂5号’为试验材料,从油葵中扩增HaDGAT2基因序列并构建酵母穿梭表达载体pYES2-Ha DGAT2,将重组载体转入酿酒酵母INVSc1后提取酵母总脂肪酸,甲酯化后GC-MS分析。结果显示,在酿酒酵母中可成功诱导HaDGAT2基因,且转HaDGAT2基因酵母中棕榈油酸(16:1)和油酸(18:1)含量与对照相比得到提高。结果表明,HaDGAT2基因在调控油脂合成的过程中具有重要作用。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明HaDGAT2基因在油葵根、茎、叶、花、子叶和不同发育时期的种子中都有表达,且在开花后31天的种子中表达量高,说明该基因表达无组织特异性,在油葵种子油脂积累后期起关键调控作用。本研究为深入了解油葵油脂和调控机制提供了基础,为今后利用分子育种手段提高并改良葵花籽油的品质提供了理论基础。     

The Influence of Plant Water Stress on Net Photosynthesis and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of plant water stress on net photosynthesis, leaf growth, yield and yield-related components were investigated in a single experiment in order to determine in which way water deficits affect sunflower yields.
Sunflower plants, grown under controlled temperature regimes, were stressed during budding, anthesis and seed filling by withholding water until the leaf water potential reached -1600 and -2000 kPa. Leaf area of unstressed plants significantly exceeded that of plants under severe stress during all growth stages investigated. The CO₂ uptake rate per unit leaf area as well as the total uptake rate per plant, significantly diminished with stress, while this effect drastically increased during the reproductive phase of the plant. Although this resulted in significantly smaller heads and kernels, it did not affect the number of seeds borne in the inflorescence. Severe stress during anthesis and seed filling resulted in more empty kernels. Moderate and severe stress during budding significantly lowered both grain and oil yields while plants that experienced moderate stress during anthesis and seed filling significantly outyielded those under severe stress.     

基于DUS测试性状的向日葵品种遗传多样性分析

利用NY/T 2433-2013中的43个基本测试性状对巴彦淖尔分中心的63个向日葵参试品种进行遗传多样性分析,并与32个近似品种作比较,结果表明：参试品种表型性状中共检测到124个等位变异,平均每个性状检测到3.0244个,变幅为1~8个。Shannon’s多样性指数（H＇）平均值为0.5582,变幅为0~1.8101,41个有效测试性状中有17.07%的性状存在5个及以上等位变异,有51.22%的性状存在3个及以上等位变异,参试品种的等位变异数、每个性状的等位变异数及其变异幅度、多样性指数平均值等均大于近似品种。在外观形态上,参试品种的遗传多样性比近似品种更丰富。UPGMA聚类分析发现,在相似系数为0.860时,可将95个向日葵品种分为2个类群。主坐标分析结果与UPGMA聚类分析结果基本一致,但是可以通过向日葵品种在主坐标中的位置更加直观地判断95个向日葵品种间的遗传相似性。总体看来,参试品种与近似品种形态差异较小,建议育种家拓宽向日葵亲本选育材料,从而促进向日葵材料创新及新品种选育。     

Genetic analysis of yield and related traits in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in dryland and irrigated environments

The definition of a suitable breeding strategy in drought-prone environments is an important task for sunflower breeders. To achieve this task, reliable information on heritability and gene effects on yield and related traits under these conditions is necessary. Thirty six sunflower hybrids were produced by factorial cross of six male-sterile and six restorer lines. Parents and their hybrids were evaluated in eight environments. Six environments consisted of two adjacent trials in the experimental area, the first under irrigation and the second under dryland conditions, during 1987, 1988 and 1992. The other environments were: one early planting trial in dryland conditions, conducted during 1987, and a winter trial planted in January during 1988. Estimates of female variance (σ_f) were significant for seeds per head, seed weight, head sterile center, days to blooming and oil content. Female × male interactions (σ² _fm) were significant for all characters except harvest index and index of susceptibility to drought. Estimates of narrow sense heritabilities, calculated with information from analyses combined across environments, were 0.65 for yield, 0.80 for seeds per head, 0.84 for seed weight, 0.81 for head diameter, 0.60 for sterile head center, 0.72 for oil content, 0.61 for harvest index, 0.72 for biomass, 0.94 for days to bloom, and 0.42 for drought susceptibility index. Heritability estimates for individual environments showed more variation for yield than for other traits. Estimates for heritability of canopy temperature were high (0.68–0.79). Rainfed yield was positively correlated with yield components and negatively correlated with canopy temperature and susceptibility index. It is concluded that an efficient breeding strategy for sunflower under moderate drought-stressed conditions is the simultaneous selection for seed yield in both rainfed and irrigated environments together with selection for canopy temperature and stem diameter. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of 'Hullability' in Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)

Improvement of the feed value of sunflower seedmeal by hulling achenes before crushing is of economic importance and varieties with good ‘hullability’ (ease of hulling) would be economically significant. Knowledge of the genetics of this characteristic is therefore necessary. Studies of heritability were made on a factorial cross of six female and six restorer lines. Hullability was measured as the ratio of hull removed by a laboratory huller against the total quantity of hull in the achene. The genotypes studied showed a wide range of hullabilities. There were considerable environmental effects but only small interactions; correlations between results in different locations were significant. Additive genetic effects predominated, although there were some interactions between parental lines. Narrow-sense heritabilities were 0.73–0.85 for genotype means, 0.52 when calculated from individual plants, and 0.36–0.76 from parent-progeny regressions. Early selection based on progeny means or a combination of individual and progeny values would appear to be the best method of breeding for improved hullability of sunflower achenes.     

Environmental Effects on Seed Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower hybrid PARC-92E seed lots produced at Gider, Panjpai, Chilas, Fateh Jang and Dera Ismail Khan were compared for seed quality. 100-seed weight ranged from 5.38 to 7.29 g, oil content from 33.76 to 42.53%, hull–kernel ratio from 0.380 to 0.587, seed–kernel ratio from 1.64 to 2.62, germination potential from 97.50 to 100 %, germination rate index from 11.18 to 20.58, germination index from 13.45 to 17.92, emergence rate index from 51.61 to 145.40, and emergence from 57.96 to 84.82. 100-seed weight had a positive relationship with all the other parameters except oil percentage (−0.087). Seed size was found to be more important than oil content for field emergence of sunflower.     

白刺对干旱胁迫的生理生化反应

研究白刺幼苗抗旱特性的生理学机制,期望为干旱农业生产提供理论依据。实验采用盆栽,用控制浇水的方法对不同强度的干旱胁迫梯度上对白刺幼苗叶片相对含水量、丙二醛、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量、超氧离子自由基产生速率和抗氧化酶活性的变化特点进行了研究。试验结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,白刺叶片相对含水量降低、脯氨酸含量呈增加趋势;可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量在轻度和中度干旱胁迫时上升,在重度干旱胁迫时显著下降;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,膜透性上升,丙二醛含量和超氧离子自由基产生速率增加。抗氧化系统酶活性测定结果表明,SOD、POD、CAT 3个酶能配合协同作用,降低膜脂过氧化程度,减少水分胁迫造成的伤害。     

盐胁迫对植物生长的影响及耐盐生理机制研究进展

盐胁迫是影响植物生长发育及产量的主要非生物胁迫,目前,中国盐渍土面积不断增大,培育耐盐作物、开发利用耐盐植物资源,是抵御盐胁迫的一种可行途径。盐胁迫对植物具有多方面的影响,盐胁迫下植物自身也会产生一系列生理生化的改变以调节离子及水分平衡,维持植物正常的光合作用。本综述从植物生长发育、光合作用、离子平衡等方面概括总结了盐胁迫对植物的影响,系统地介绍了植物自身通过离子区室化、清除活性氧、增强保护酶活性等来抵御盐害的生理机制。旨在培育耐盐作物、研究植物耐盐机理、开发利用耐盐植物资源、有效利用盐碱地等方面提供帮助,为农业发展、粮食安全以及生态环境安全提供参考依据。     

Evaluation of different microsatellite motifs for analysing genetic relationships in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

A total of 16 different simple sequence repeat motifs and an M13 repeat sequence were used as hybridization probes in order to examine the molecular relationships between two German inbred and eight North American sunflower lines of known pedigree, and to determine the suitability of the individual short tandem repeats for genetic analyses and their occurrence in the sunflower genome. Only the oligonucleotides (ACA)₆, (CAT)₆, (CATA)₅, (GACA)₄ and (GATA)₄ proved to be well suited for the generation of scorable fingerprinting patterns, while the other (microsatellite) sequences were either too abundant or too rare. Although different levels of polymorphism were present in hybridizations with the different simple sequence repeats (SSRs), a clear separation of the German material from the USDA Hnes was feasible not only by evaluating 20 probe-enzyme combinations, but also by combining every individual probe with four different restriction enzymes. In the American material, the expected relationships could be proved with the single exception of a line that did not group in accordance with its pedigree.