短柄草磷转运蛋白家族基因的克隆及表达分析

植物高亲和力磷转运蛋白Pht1家族是一类H2PO4-/H+共转运子,主要在根系中负责磷的吸收和转运,其表达受低磷调控,对该家族成员的研究有助于揭示磷的吸收和转运机制。根据水稻、拟南芥、大麦中磷转运蛋白基因的序列,预测出短柄草Pht1家族共有12个成员,分别命名为BRAdi;Pht1;1~BRAdi;Pht1;12,设计基因特异引物,对基因组和cDNA全长基因进行克隆、测序,通过对基因编码的氨基酸序列同源比对分析,构建了系统发生树,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对各基因成员的表达模式进行了分析。结果表明,预测到的成员具有Pht1家族的典型结构,成员间的同源性高,进化树分析将这12个同源基因分为不同的亚组,这些同源基因与大麦的同源性较高,其次是水稻,而与拟南芥的同源性最低。这些基因在不同的组织中表达量不同,在种子中的表达量最高,有5个基因在苗期根中的表达显著高于叶片。     

农作物钾离子通道蛋白及其进化关系分析

利用比较基因组学研究手段,在GenBank、EMBL、DDBJ、PDB数据库中,检索到了水稻、小麦、大麦、玉米、烟草等作物中具有cds全长的34个钾离子(K⁺)通道基因。其中,水稻7个,玉米6个,烟草4个,马铃薯、胡萝卜及大麦各3个,葡萄及番茄各2个,蚕豆、小麦、油菜及甜瓜等各1个,共有25个基因经过功能验证。对这34个K⁺通道基因所进行的同源性分析结果表明,它们与AtAKT1的同源性较高,序列相似性最低为33%,最高为71%。     

水稻磷酸盐转运蛋白Pht1家族研究进展

磷是高等植物生长发育所必需的大量元素之一,现有的研究表明植物磷酸盐转运蛋白介导了植物体内磷的吸收及转运。在低磷胁迫下,植物主要利用高亲和力磷吸收系统通过表皮细胞质膜从根围吸收磷元素。目前绝大部分克隆出来的磷酸盐转运蛋白基因都属于高亲和力的Pht1家族。概述了近年来水稻磷酸盐转运蛋白Pht1家族基因的表达调控机理和生物学特征,并对进一步研究做了展望。     

野生豆Pht1基因家族的全基因组鉴定和表达分析

植物体内磷的吸收、转运和再利用过程主要是由位于质膜上的磷酸盐转运蛋白基因(phosphate transporter 1, Pht1)家族调控。目前野生豆Pht1家族基因的鉴定和系统分析尚未见报道,为了研究野生豆Pht1家族基因的进化和功能,本研究通过同源序列比对的方法鉴定并获得了野生豆Pht1家族的15个基因,分布在8条染色体上。多序列比对和系统发育分析显示这些基因分为四组,分别包含10,2,2,1个基因。基因共线性分析显示Gs Pht1家族存在6对复制基因,分别是GsPht1;1/1;5,GsPht1;2/1;7,GsPht1;3/1;14,GsPht1;6/1;10,GsPht1;8/1;9和GsPht1;12/1;13。Ka/Ks分析显示野生豆Pht1家族基因的进化经受纯化选择,Tajima相对速率测验表明基因复制事件后复制基因增加了进化速率。Gs Pht1家族基因在不同组织的表达模式显示复制基因对具有组织表达特异性,低磷胁迫条件下该家族大部分基因在不同组织中被诱导表达。本研究结果为野生豆耐低磷分子机制的研究提供了依据。     

植物对磷饥饿的反应研究进展

磷是构成生命的重要元素之一,也是土壤中有效性最低的一种营养元素。我国是世界上最大的小麦生产国。但是我国耕地中有59%的土壤缺磷。农作物的产量常受到缺磷的影响而受损。土壤缺磷并不是土壤中总磷量低,而是土壤中可供植物直接吸收利用的有效态磷含量低。植物在磷饥饿时会发生各种各样的变化,以尽最大可能满足自身对磷的需求。植物对缺磷的反应是一个复杂的网络过程。大约有100多个基因参与了植物对缺磷的反应。其中主要的有磷转运蛋白基因、核糖核酸酶基因、磷酸酶基因等。植物在吸收外界的磷的过程中磷转运蛋白发挥了重要作用。植物磷转运蛋白基因按照序列相似性可以划分为H+/Pi共转运家族(Pht1家族)和Na+/Pi共转运家族(Pht2家族)。按照吸收动力学的标准可以分为高亲和力磷转运蛋白和低亲和力磷转运蛋白两种。磷饥饿时植物对磷吸收能力的增强的原因之一是增加了磷转运蛋白分子的合成数目。目前尽管人们对植物吸收磷的理解已经有了长足的进步,但是在植物对磷的具体调控机制、磷的跨液泡膜运输等重要方面仍然没有明确的结果。     

陆地棉Pht1家族成员的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

【目的】磷是植物三大必需矿质元素之一,对植物的生长发育至关重要。Pht1家族的磷酸盐转运蛋白在植物磷吸收和转运方面具有重要作用,然而关于该基因的系统研究工作尚很少开展。本研究旨在进行Pht1家族成员全基因组鉴定和表达模式分析。【方法】通过生物信息学的方法对陆地棉Pht1家族成员的基因结构、编码蛋白质的结构、染色体定位、基因复制和表达情况等进行全面分析。【结果】(1)在陆地棉的基因组中共鉴定到17个磷酸盐转运蛋白基因(GhPT),其中A亚组包含8个GhPT,D亚组包含9个GhPT;(2)棉花GhPT蛋白之间序列相似性很高,并均具有12个疏水的跨膜区域;(3)进化分析表明这些GhPT蛋白主要聚为2大组(GroupⅠ和GroupⅡ),位于同一组的GhPT的编码基因大部分具有相似的内含子/外显子分布模式;(4)17个GhPT基因不均匀分布在A亚组和D亚组中的5条染色体上,串联复制和片段复制可能导致GhPT基因在陆地棉中的扩增;(5)表达模式分析表明,GhPT6和GhPT14在根中表达量最高,且同时响应低磷和低钾胁迫诱导并上调表达。【结论】这些结果将有助于深入了解Pht1家族基因的功能及离子信号途径相互作用的分子机制。     

水稻磷信号途径研究进展

磷素是植物生长和发育所必需的大量元素之一。现在研究表明OsPHR2,OsSPX1,OsmiR399,OsPHO,OsIPS1,OsIPS2,OsSIZ1,pht1家族等基因与水稻磷吸收信号调控和磷转运有关。目前研究表明OsPHR2,OsSPX1与其在拟南芥中的同源基因功能相似,水稻超表达OsPHR2和干涉OsSPX1都有富集磷的表型。Pht1家族的大部分基因都属于高磷亲和力转运蛋白。此文概述了近年来水稻磷信号途径研究进展,并对进一步研究做了展望。     

植物Pht1家族磷转运子的分子生物学研究进展

植物磷转运子是植物磷营养中的重要蛋白之一。对植物磷转运子蛋白的拓扑结构、功能及其基因的调控和表达位点的研究,揭示了植物磷转运子各家族中各成员在磷代谢中的角色。植物磷转运子中Pht1家族是一类H2PO4-/H 共转运子,该家族主要成员在植物根系中负责磷的吸收、转运,其表达受磷调控,因此是研究得最为深入的植物磷转运子家族。本文总结了植物Pht1家族磷转运子的最新研究进展,讨论了植物磷转运、分配的分子机理,并指出今后研究的主要方向,为开拓改良植物磷效率的新思路提供依据。     

小麦铝胁迫相关基因的研究进展

铝胁迫是世界范围内酸性土壤中抑制作物生长的主要因素。铝胁迫能够抑制细胞伸长和细胞分裂,导致根部发育迟缓并伴随着水分和营养吸收的降低。目前,铝胁迫对谷物尤其是小麦、黑麦等的影响进行了一系列遗传分析研究。在铝胁迫处理的Warigal小麦（Al敏感品种）中发现了7个wali基因,分别为wali1,wali2,wali3,wali4,wali5,wali6和wali7。wali1编码植物类金属硫蛋白,与拟南芥、大豆、豌豆、野生猴面花、玉米和大麦等植物金属硫蛋白同源;wali2编码的蛋白与数据库中的其他序列没有明显的同源性;wali3,wali5和wali6编码的蛋白是丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂Bowman-Birk家族的成员,具有该家族的保守结构域;wali4编码的蛋白与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）同源;wali7与玉米、水稻的茎部特异性基因具有较高同源性,编码的蛋白是Gn_AT_II家族的一个成员。随后,在Victory小麦（Al敏感品种）分离出β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和fimbrin-like细胞骨架蛋白基因;在Atlas 66小麦（Al敏感品种）筛选出4个铝调控基因war4.2、war5.2、war7.2和war13.2,序列比对显示四个基因分别与过氧化物酶、半胱氨酸酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和草酸氧化酶同源。铝胁迫影响了植物生命活动的方方面面,植物也进化出了许多措施来对抗铝胁迫。此文主要就小麦铝胁迫相关蛋白的基本结构特征、生物学功能、表达调控以及最新研究进展进行综述。     

小麦和水稻auxin基因家族的生物信息学比较分析

根据测序获得的1条260 bp cDNA片段,通过预测发现其包含小麦植物生长素(AUXIN)基因的部分编码序列,通过电子延伸、设计引物,从小麦Mardler/7*百农3217的cDNA中扩增获得一条608 bp的cDNA片段,该基因序列数据库(GenBank)登录号为AY902381(基因)和(蛋白).编码202个氨基酸,预计蛋白的分子量为23.0 kDa,等电点为9.93.利用已经分离的小麦生长素(AUXIN)基因的保守序列为检索序列,对小麦和水稻中的AUXIN基因家族成员进行分析,利用这些基因编码蛋白序列构建系统发生树,查找在GenBank的EST数据库中查找这些基因的ESTs表达序列,分析了这些基因在细胞中的定位情况和蛋白结构的相似性,根据已知相似基因的功能,分析该基因有进一步深入研究的必要.     

Ertragsbildung von getreidereichen Fruchtfolgen und Getreide-monokulturen in einem extensiven und intensiven Anbausystem

Yield formation in cereal-rich crop rotations and monocultures in an extensive and intensive crop-management system
In a long duration trial, conducted from 1979/80 to 1992 at TU-Munich's research station in Roggenstein, the performance of monocultures of winter wheat, winter barley and winter rye, as well as numerous cereal-crop rotations were compared in an extensive and intensive crop-management system. The results obtained can be summarized as follows.
Over the course of 13 years, the influence of the immediately preceding crop on the yield of the main crops was of much greater significance than the rotation as a whole. With winter wheat, no yield differences could be observed between monoculture and cereal crop rotation (if the rotation did not include oats). Oats, rape, field bean, pea, potato and maize as preceding crops, however, in crop management systems, led to, on average, an increase in yield of 13 dt/ha from the following wheat. Winter barley yields were not significantly different in monoculture, cereal crop rotations and crop rotations containing 66% cereals. Furthermore, winter rye yields were the same in monocultures and cereal crop rotations. With all cereals, intensification of fertilizing and chemical plant protection led to a considerable increase in yield, but did not diminish the effects of the preceding crop. Hence, even with the use of modern agronomical techniques it is impossible to compensate for yield losses due to crop rotation.     

麦田灰飞虱种群空间分布型及抽样技术探讨

灰飞虱不仅直接为害水稻、大小麦,还是水稻条纹叶枯病、黑条矮缩病的主要媒介。了解灰飞虱在越冬作物大小麦田的分布特证和合适的抽样技术,可以为春季防治灰飞虱从而控制水稻病毒病的发生流行发挥重要作用。为此笔者进行了麦田灰飞虱种群分布调查,并采用扩散型指标法和Iwao回归法测定了浙江北部大小麦田灰飞虱的空间分布型。结果表明：麦田灰飞虱成虫、若虫和成若虫田间分布趋于聚集分布,其聚集原因主要是由灰飞虱生物学特性和环境因素引起的。根据空间分布型的参数,建立了理论抽样数模型为n1=1172.84/ —X +37.46,n2=293.21/ —X +9.36,n3=130.3/ —X +4.16,适用于不同虫口密度下的田间抽样。在每样方虫口密度5、10和15头以上时,分别取样70、40和20个样方。研究结果为准确抽样调查和防治提供了科学依据     

Comparative genetics and disease resistance in wheat

The hexaploid wheat genome is too complex for direct map-basedcloning and model genomes have to be used to isolate genes from wheat.Comparative genomic analysis at the genetic map level has shown extensiveconservation of the gene order between the different grass genomes inmany chromosomal regions. However, little is known about the geneorganization in grass genomes at the microlevel. We have investigated themicrocollinearity at Lrk gene loci in the genomes of four grass species:wheat, barley, maize and rice. The Lrk genes, which encodereceptor-like kinases, were found to be consistently associated with anothertype of receptor-like kinase (Tak) on chromosome groups 1 and 3 inTriticeae and on chromosomes homoeologous to Triticeae group 3 in theother grass genomes. On Triticeae chromosome group 1, Tak and Lrk together with genes putatively encoding NBS/LRR proteins form acluster of genes. Comparison of the gene composition at orthologous Lrk loci in wheat, barley and rice revealed a maximal gene density of onegene per 5 kb. We conclude that small and large grass genomes containregions which are highly enriched in genes. Microrearrangements betweendifferent grass genomes have been found and therefore, the choice of agood model genome is critical. We have recently started to work on theT. monococcum model genome and confirmed its usefulness foranalysis of the Lr10 leaf rust disease resistance locus in wheat.     

Analysis of adaptation of barley,triticale, durum and bread wheat under Mediterranean conditions

Summary Yield data obtained from a comparative small grain cereals trial, grown for five consecutive growing seasons at a total of 23 environments in Cyprus, were subjected to regression analysis. Within each environment, yield trials consisted of a standard set of three cultivars or elite lines of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat. The regression coefficient (b) of crop mean on the environmental index (I) and the mean square deviation from regression (sd²) were calculated for each crop. Each crop tended to have its own characteristic value of sd² and its magnitude was an excellent indicator of specific crop-environment interaction. The causes of large sd², for two of the four crops, were the susceptibilith of barley to lodging, when favourable conditions were encountered at high yielding environments, and triticale dependence on late season precipitation. Durum wheat and triticale had an average response to different yielding environments (b>1.19) and both were significantly different from those of bread wheat (1.08) and barley (0.54). Hence, barley, bread and durum wheat are specifically adapted to low, average and high yielding Mediterranean environments, respectively. The cultivation of triticale at the expence of durum wheat is not feasible. Furthermore, interactions between crops and environments demonstrated by the regression parameters, should constitute the basis for decision making, regarding crop adaptation in a region. The average yield in all environments should not be considered as a proper criterion for adaptation. In this study, triticale had a similar mean grain yield (3,842 kg/ha) to that of bread wheat, but was significantly higher yielding than barley or durum wheat (5 and 7%, respectively).     

Comparative genetic mapping of loci affecting plant height and development in cereals

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) mapping data for genes determining dwarfness (GA insensitive and GA sensitive), vernalisation response and photoperiodic response in wheat, rye and barley were compared and their homoeologous relationships discussed. The GA insensitive Rht genes of wheat are not related to the GA insensitive dwarfing genes of rye or barley; however, homoeology is present for two members of the GA sensitive dwarfing genes of wheat (Rht12) and rye (Ddw1), located on the translocated segments of the long arms of chromosomes 5A and 5R, respectively. The comparative mapping of the Triticeae group 5 vernalisation response genes of wheat, rye and barley, and the group 2 photoperiodic response genes of wheat and barley, show that both gene families are located in homoeologous regions of the particular chromosomes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Herbicidal Potential and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Four Grass Crop Extracts

Unknown compounds in crop plants are inhibitory to seed germination and early seedling growth of weed plants. A Petri dish assay showed that barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) extracts significantly reduced root growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus‐galli, Beauv. var. oryzicola Ohwi.) and eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.). As the concentration of crop extracts increased, root growth of the test plants were significantly reduced. A high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis with nine standard phenolic compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depend on the extracted plant extracts. Caffeic acid, hydro‐cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, m‐coumaric acid, p‐coumaric acid and coumarin were present in all the crop plant species, and hydro‐cinnamic acid were detected as the highest amount. Coumarin at 10^?3 m significantly inhibited root growth of alfalfa and barnyard grass more than that of eclipta. The research suggests that extracts of barley, oats, rice and wheat have an allelopathic effect on alfalfa, barnyard grass and eclipta and that the findings of bioassay were considerably correlated with the type and amount of causative allelochemicals, indicating that the allelopathic effects on three test plants were ranked in order of wheat (highest), barley, rice and oats (lowest). The results may have value in enabling weed control based on natural plant extracts or crop residues in the fields.     

Isolation of a fertile wheat-barley addition line carrying the entire barley chromosome 1H

The isolation of six of the seven possible additions of barley chromosomes to the wheat genome reported 18 years ago has made an important contribution to gene mapping in barley, first with genes controlling isozymes and more recently DNA (molecular) markers. A fertile addition line involving barley chromosome 1H,which carries genes controlling several characters of economic importance, could not be isolated at that time because it caused extreme meiotic abnormalities leading to complete sterility when added to wheat. Later the short arm of barley chromosome 1H was added to wheat as a fertile ditelosomic addition, but the non-availability of the entire barley chromosome 1H addition line has hampered the location of barley genes to the long arm of this chromosome. This problem has now been overcome cytogenetically as described herein. The resultant self-fertile disomic-monotelodisomic addition line carrying a pair of barley chromosome 6H and a heteromorphic 1H/1HS pair is more stable, and makes the wheat-barley addition line series complete for gene mapping work and will provide a vehicle for the possible transfer of useful genes from this barley chromosome to wheat.     

红小豆根系水浸提液对4种受体作物的化感作用

为选择适合红小豆的接茬作物,采用室内培养皿生物测定方法,对不同浓度的红小豆根系水提液下红小豆、萝卜、白菜、小麦的化感效应进行了研究。结果表明：红小豆水提液对自身种子发芽率、发芽指数具有极强的化感抑制作用;随着红小豆根系水提液浓度的增大,3 种受体作物的种子发芽率和发芽指数均呈现降低趋势;从幼苗的根长、幼叶长、侧根数、株高及鲜质量等形态指标上来看,只有小麦随着红小豆根系水提液浓度的增大呈现出促进作用,其余2 种受体作物均呈现出抑制作用,但这种抑制作用在低浓度下差异不显著;萝卜、小麦的SOD、POD活性随着红小豆根系水提液浓度的增大而增强,但白菜的2 种酶活性呈现出下降趋势;小麦、萝卜幼苗的MDA含量表现出降低,白菜MDA含量却显著增加。说明受体作物小麦可作为红小豆的轮作作物、萝卜在与红小豆轮作方面也有着很大的应用潜力。     

作物产量性状QTL定位的研究现状及应用前景

作物的许多农艺性状和经济性状是数量性状。研究作物数量性状遗传对农作物育种具有十分重要的意义。本文综述了数量性状基因座QTL（quantitative trait locus）定位的原理和常用方法及分子标记在水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、大豆、番茄、大麦和油菜等重要作物产量性状基因定位中的研究现状,并对目前产量性状QTL定位存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨