复杂边界田块旋翼无人机自主作业路径规划

针对农用无人机复杂边界田块下的作业问题,提出一种对田块边界形状具有普适性意义的旋翼无人机作业路径规划算法,以快速获得凸多边形、凹多边形、带孔洞多边形甚至多个多边形形式的复杂边界田块情形下的飞行作业轨迹。首先,基于田块边界多边形顶点数据的存储规则,采用多边形分组法,区分所属不同田块的多边形,建立按区域即田块为单元进行航线计算的基础;针对单田块的内、外边界多边形,采用活性边表法实现单个多边形扫描线填充的快速求交解算,得到初始扫描线,再对处于同一航向位置上的内、外多边形两类扫描线组采用线段布尔运算"减法"操作处理,获得预设航向条件下的作业航线;以最小航线间转移路径总长度为优化目标,引入贪婪算法、凸多边形最小跨度法和步进旋转法,综合进行航线排序优化和航向优化,获得不考虑障碍物条件下的完整作业路径。为进一步扩大算法的应用范围,假设田块边界上存在障碍物,且高度大于作业高度,继续增加转移过程的安全性判断及处理算法。针对假想田块和实际田块边界的多组算法仿真试验结果表明,所设计的算法可处理各种复杂边界类型的田块;在不考虑障碍物影响时算法耗时15 ms～19. 2 s;相比于只进行航线排序优化的情况,同时进行航向和航线排序优化后,航线间转移路径总长度下降了23. 04%～45. 98%;而考虑障碍物影响时处理耗时也在离线应用的可接受范围内。该算法的通用性、可靠性、效率和优化效果均可满足各种复杂边界二维田块无障碍物和有障碍物条件下的农用无人机作业的相关要求。     

基于能量优化的无人机喷施规划组合算法研究

针对目前无人机喷施规划并未达到能量利用率最大化的问题,以总航程最短、有效载荷和安全作业为作业目标,研究了一种基于能量优化的无人机喷施规划组合算法。利用栅格法对工作区域进行划分,得到全覆盖航线后,通过设置补给点,合理地分配各架次的返航点和有效载荷,从航线和载荷上降低无人机的能量消耗率,提高了作业效率。所设计的配套地面站软件对算法进行仿真,结果表明,在同等作业条件下,采用本组合算法进行无人机喷施规划,相比于传统以药液或能量耗尽为返航依据、偶有迫降或坠机危险的喷施规划,航程规划得到的能量节省率达16. 25%,载荷规划得到的能量节省率为18. 92%。田间对比试验表明,经过算法规划的作业比未经算法规划的作业节省了272. 5 m的返航航程,航程节省率为23. 7%;节省载荷1 L,载荷节省率为16. 7%。本组合算法能保证无人机在能量满足安全条件的情况下进行作业,证实了算法的节能性和安全性。     

植保无人机飞控系统与航线规划研究进展分析

应用无人机开展植保作业是有效防治病虫害的重要途径。本文对植保无人机行业发展和相关应用研究进行了综述,分别从植保无人机飞控系统、单机作业航线规划、多机作业调度场景及优化方法 3个角度进行了阐述,以增强植保无人机作业效果与提高作业效率为目标,分析了植保无人机飞行控制系统及航线规划与调度的研究现状。针对植保无人机因作业精度要求高而导致其飞控系统制造成本高的问题,提出应研发低成本、高精度、可适应植保无人机作业需求的测姿器件,开发相应的姿态估计算法;针对植保无人机航线规划、优化调度模型与实际作业需求不匹配的情况,总结了单机作业航线规划与多机调度优化场景、约束条件与优化方法。最后,提出应研发植保无人机自动补给平台,构建基于多机协同的作业管理与调度优化模型,以增强植保无人机在复杂作业环境中的作业效果,提高作业效率。     

凸多边形田块下油菜联合直播机组作业路径规划

针对无人农场场景下油菜联合直播机组自动导航自主作业需求,提出一套对凸多边形边界田块具有普适性的油菜联合直播作业路径规划算法。在拟定油菜直播作业对路径规划算法基本要求的基础上,将作业区域分成内部方向平行作业区与外围轮廓平行作业区,对应方向平行作业路径和轮廓平行作业路径;进一步将作业路径分为工作路径和非工作路径,对后者包括的行间转移衔接路径、区域衔接路径、拐角衔接路径、进入路径和退出路径等的生成原理进行详细阐述,通过"最小跨度法"得到方向平行路径最优作业方向,通过贪婪算法与Google OR-Tools对方向平行路径行调度次序进行排序优化。综合考虑作业路径总长度、算法耗时和重漏面积等指标,针对油菜联合直播机组免少耕和旋耕播种作业,以东方红-LX804型拖拉机+2BFQ-6型免耕直播机等机组为对象,对比测试了4个实际典型田块下不同作业参数、地头转弯策略和调度策略下的算法性能。测试结果表明,规划所得路径对应的油菜播种作业面积覆盖率大于等于95.14%,重播率小于等于2.63%,有效工作路径占比大于等于57.39%,算法耗时小于等于8 003 ms,算法稳定高效,满足油菜联合直播作业对路径规划的...     

多作业区域植保无人机航线规划算法

针对植保施药多个作业区域的情况,研究了一种植保无人机全局航线规划算法,将整个算法分为单个区域航线规划、区域间作业顺序和区域间调度航线规划3部分。从作业路程、多余覆盖和遗漏覆盖的角度,分析了多种覆盖作业方式的优劣,确定了无人机在单区域内的覆盖方式。基于遗传算法与TSP问题得到区域间的优化作业顺序,并基于改进的二进制编码遗传算法进行区域间调度航线的规划,最终实现无人机多作业区域航线的全局规划。仿真结果表明,规划算法可以有效地实现全局航线的规划,缩短了无人机的作业距离与区域间调度飞行的距离,达到了能耗与工作时间的优化,节省了航线规划所需的人力成本,使作业管理更加便利。     

植保无人机精准覆盖航迹规划算法设计与验证

植保无人机作业航线规划中,应尽量降低无人机能耗、减少药液的浪费.为此,提出了一种航线规划算法,在保证无漏喷的前提下,基于贯穿线理论分析可知,以待作业区域边界为起始边进行作业航线规划时可获得较少转弯次数和冗余覆盖率;利用转弯区域的平行四边形理论,求解可完全覆盖作业区域的最小平行四边形,获得最小的冗余覆盖率;构建作业航线覆...     

基于Grid-GSA算法的植保无人机路径规划方法

为了提高植保无人机的作业效率,研究了一种路径规划方法。运用栅格法构建环境模型,根据实际的作业区域规模、形状等环境信息和无人机航向,为相应栅格赋予概率,无人机优先选择概率高的栅格行进。基于上述机制实现了在形状不规则的作业区域内进行往复回转式全覆盖路径规划;以每次植保作业距离为变量,根据仿真算法得出返航点数量与位置来确定寻优模型中的变量维数范围,以往返飞行、电池更换与药剂装填等非植保作业耗费时间最短为目标函数,通过采用引力搜索算法,实现对返航点数量与位置的寻优;为无人机设置必要的路径纠偏与光顺机制,使无人机能够按既定路线与速度飞行。对提出的路径规划方法进行了实例检验,结果显示,相比于简单规划与未规划的情况,运用Grid-GSA规划方法得出的结果中往返飞行距离总和分别减少了14%与68%,非植保作业时间分别减少了21%与36%,其它各项指标也均有不同程度的提高。在验证测试试验中,实际的往返距离总和减少了322m,实际路径与规划路径存在较小偏差。验证了路径规划方法具有合理性、可行性以及一定的实用性。     

多架次作业植保无人机最小能耗航迹规划算法研究

利用栅格法对工作区域进行划分,快速得到往复遍历式植保无人机的作业路径,在以作业架次数最少为约束条件的情况下,研究了一种多架次返航路线规划算法,合理地分配了各架次的喷药量和返航点,使无人机的工作总能耗最小,降低了无人机在非作业情况下无效消耗能量,提高了作业效率。仿真结果表明,在同等作业条件下,在一块210 m×200 m的矩形作业区域,采用本算法进行航迹规划,相比于仅以药液耗尽为返航依据的航迹规划,能耗节省率达到了12.89%,而且作业面积越大,能量节省效果越明显,通过田间对比试验,进一步证明了算法的可行性。     

基于遗传算法的农用无人机定位系统优化

随着精细农业的发展,无人机在农业生产中的应用越来越广泛,无人机定位系统是无人机航线路径规划的关键环节。由于缺乏智能算法的应用,传统的无人机航线路径规划始终无法保证处于最优路径,经常发生误撞现象,严重影响无人机在农业生产中的持续作业,降低无人机作业效率。为此,深入研究了遗传算法工作原理、进化周期模型以及算法运算流程等理论,将遗传算法应用在无人机定位系统中,用于无人机航线路径的规划。通过确定无人机定位约束条件,按照遗传算法运算流程,定位无人机下一时刻最优运动节点,从而计算分析无人机最优航行轨迹,使无人机定位系统具有较强的定位功能,保证无人机航线路径处于最优路线,避免无人机碰撞到其他物体,使其能够在任何复杂的环境下完成飞行任务。     

基于目视遥控的无人机直线飞行与航线作业试验

为了得到在无导航目视遥控模式下农用无人机的直线飞行特性、检验农田作业航线的人为即时规划情况和评价实际作业质量及效果,设计了基于GPS的坐标采集无线传输系统,以水稻田边界直线为参照,通过目视和经验遥控无人机分别进行循直线飞行试验和基于作业幅宽的航线规划飞行试验。结果表明目视遥控模式下难以控制无人机沿直线飞行;人为即时规划的航线与理论航线偏离严重;在理想喷雾条件下估算出的作业遗漏率为17.1%,重复作业占8.2%,区域外浪费占0.7%;同时,目视遥控模式下无人机的高度及速度表现出无规律随机性。因此在无导航情况下,仅凭目视和经验遥控无人机难以做到精准作业。以GPS导航为主、能根据田块实际大小智能优化并生成作业航线的自主飞行作业模式是未来农用无人机进行精准作业的发展方向。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。