白千层叶的化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱色谱技术对白千层叶的化学成分进行分离纯化,根据理化性质和波谱数据确定化合物结构.分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为染木素(1)、白桦脂酸(2)、木犀草素(3)、芦丁(4)、柠檬酸(5)、反式肉桂醛(6)、反式肉桂酸(7)、香草醛(8)、香草酸(9)、水杨酸(10)、苯甲酸(11)、熊果酸(12).化合物1、3～11均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

互叶白千层扦插苗质量评价及分级标准

对四川犍为地区引种栽培的互叶白千层扦插苗进行抽样调查,采用相关性分析、"x±s"法和主成分分析法对其苗木质量进行评价和苗木分级研究。结果表明:评定互叶白千层苗木质量可以苗高(H)、地径(D)和全株生物量作为表型指标,结合主根数量,并辅以根系长度作为辅助参考综合评价指标。提出了以苗高和地径作为该树种苗木分级的质量指标,并得出互叶白千层扦插苗的3级分级标准,Ⅰ级苗木:苗高> 17.66 cm,地径>1.98 mm;Ⅱ级苗木:苗高为11.48～17.66 cm,地径为1.36～1.98 mm;Ⅲ级苗木:苗高<11.48 cm,地径<1.36 mm。可为互叶白千层苗木分级和筛选提供一定的理论依据。     

Compositions and antifungal activities of essential oils of some Algerian aromatic plants

Essential oils extracted from ten Algerian plants were analyzed for their potential activity against Candida albicans. The highest efficiency was obtained with the essential oil from Thymus numidicus which showed antifungal effect 1357 fold stronger than that measured with amphotericin B.     

Chemical composition of Eucalyptus erythrocorys essential oils and evaluation of their herbicidal and antifungal activities

The chemical composition of essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the leaves of Tunisian Eucalyptus erythrocorys Linn. was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Fifteen compounds were identified, representing 97 % of total oil, which was found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (66.7 %), particularly in 1,8-cineole (54.8 %). The yield and the physico-chemical properties of oil were determined. The study of antifungal activity revealed that E. erythrocorys essential oil significantly inhibited the growth of five plant pathogenic fungi especially Bipolaris sorikiniana and Botritys cinerea. Moreover, herbicidal properties of the oil, tested on Sinapis arvensis L. and Phalaris canariensis L. indicated that the E. erythrocorys oil completely inhibited the seed germination at high concentration (1.5 μl/ml), while at low doses (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 μl/ml) the oil acted by decreasing and delaying the germination and inhibiting the seedling growth of all tested weeds.     

Productivity of kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron LINN) tree plantation managed in non-timber forest production systems in Java,Indonesia

Kayu putih oil, extracted from the kayu putih tree (Melaleuca leucadendron), is an important non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Indonesia. We compared productivity of kayu putih tree plantations among three different sites in East, Central, and West Java, Indonesia. Leaf-twig, and branch production per tree differed significantly among the three sites. Tree biomass production was highest at the site in West Java practicing tumpangsari (a form of shifting cultivation) of kayu putih with rice (Oryza sativa) on alluvial soils. Tree biomass production was lowest at the site in East Java, practicing tumpangsari of kayu putih with maize (Zea mays) and cassava (Mani- hot esculenta). At this site, tree biomass production increased with increasing stand age and low production was compensated by greater biomass yield of companion crops. Intermediate tree biomass production was observed at the site in Central Java where intercropping is only practiced for the first two years after plantation establishment. Production of tree biomass and kayu putih oil did not increase with increasing stand density, indicating that at a given site, high tree stocking did not lead to high production. Stand-level productivity of the plantations increased with increasing stand age and maximum productivity was attained at 15 to 35 years, after which productivity declined. This suggested unsustainable stand productivity as plantations increase in age.     

Biomass Cycling and Soil Properties in an Agroforestry-based Plantation System of kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron LINN) in East Java, Indonesia

We investigated age-related changes in biomass cycling and soil properties in a kayu putih (Melaleuca leucadendron LINN, Myrtaceae) with improved shifting cultivation system in East Java, Indonesia, to design better management plans for sustainable kayu putih oil production and crop yield. Harvested biomass of kayu putih increased markedly from 7- to 15-year-old stands, but did not increase further in older stands averaging 2.41 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Kayu putih contributed 1.9–31.0% of total biomass production. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) tuber was the largest component of biomass cycling. Harvested biomass of cassava decreased with increasing stand age and there was a trade-off between above- and below-ground biomass productions. Harvested biomass of maize (Zea mays L.) grain was constant throughout stand growth, whereas returned biomass fluctuated. With increasing stand age, soil organic matter (SOM) accumulated in soil indicating that returned biomass was decomposing slowly. Content of primary nutrients did not change with stand age. The contribution of cassava to harvested biomass was considerably larger than that of kayu putih. For this reason, selection of cassava as a single companion crop may not be suitable for sustaining kayu putih oil production. Maize may be a good companion crop for kayu putih because it produces a constant grain yield throughout stand growth and its contribution to harvested biomass is comparable to that of kayu putih. In addition, maize is shallow-rooted and causes less below-ground competition with deep-rooted kayu putih trees.     

Antibacterial,antifungal activities of Barringtonia asiatica

The crude methanolic extract of Barringtonia asiatica (leaves, fruits, seeds, stem and root barks) and the fractions (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol) exhibited a very good level of broad spectrum antibacterial activity. A number of fractions demonstrated antifungal activity against a number of fungi.     

Toxicity and antitermite activity of the essential oils from Cinnamomum camphora, Cymbopogon nardus, Melaleuca cajuputi and Dipterocarpus sp. against Coptotermes curvignathus

Efficacy of four different essential oils against the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, was assessed in various bioassays. Laboratory results indicate that the highest termite mortality was found in Dipterocarpus sp. essential oil after 24 h (LC₅₀ = 1.62 %) and the lowest in Melaleuca cajuputi (LC₅₀ = 4.60 %). The wood consumption in the filter paper treated with Dipterocarpus sp. oil is also smaller than for the other three essential oils tested. However, the other three essential oils also inhibited termite susceptibility of the specimens. Dipterocarpus sp. (keruing oil) was the most effective insect antifeedant and repellent against C. curvignathus. The results suggest that essential oils might have some beneficial activity of economic value and are considered good candidates for the development of new chemicals (repellents or antifeedants) for termite control.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Breynia cernua

The Breynia cernua leaves, stem and root barks and heart-woods extracted with petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol gave fractions with varied level of antimicrobial activity. The best activity was exhibited by the methanol extract of the root bark followed by its butanol fraction. These were the only fractions exhibiting a good level of antifungal activity as compared to the standard. The dichloromethane fraction of the stem bark also demonstrated good activity.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Euroschinus papuanus

The crude methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem bark, stem heart wood, root bark and root heart wood of Euroschinus papuanus and the fractions obtained on partitioning with petrol, dichloromethane (D), ethyl acetate (E) and butanol (B), exhibited a broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Fractionation drastically enhanced the activity. Excellent activity was demonstrated by the E fractions of stem heart wood, D of root bark, and E of root heart wood. Antifungal activity was exhibited by the B fractions of leaves, stem heartwood and root bark.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Angiopteris evecta

The leaves, stem bark, stem heart wood, root and tubers of Angiopteris evecta were successively extracted with petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol and methanol. All the fractions exhibited a wider spectrum of antibacterial activity. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and stem bark were particularly good and were the only fractions exhibiting antifungal activity. All fractions of the tuber with the exception of petrol, exhibited very good antibacterial activity.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Dracontomelon dao

The crude methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and root barks of Drancantomelon dao and their subsequent partitioning (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol) gave fractions which demonstrated a very good level of broad spectrum antibacterial activity. The dichloromethane and butanol fractions of the leaf were the most active. Only the leaf fractions had antifungal activity, particularly the dichloromethane and butanol.     

Physicochemical properties and chemical compositions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Melaleuca leucadendron</Emphasis> leaf oils taken from the plantations in Java,Indonesia

Melaleuca leucadendron Linn. leaf oils from Gunung Kidul, Gundih and Sukun, Java, Indonesia, at tree ages of 5, 10, and 15 years were analyzed to elucidate their qualities and chemical compositions. These oils gave yields from 0.61% to 1.59%. The samples from Gundih produced the highest yields (1.42–1.59%) compared to those from Gunung Kidul and Sukun. These oils were colorless with an odor typical of Melaleuca oils. The specific gravity of essential oils in this study ranged from 0.870 to 0.912. The samples from Gunung Kidul were the highest in specific gravity (0.905–0.912). The refractive index values of oil samples ranged from 1.468 to 1.470, optical rotation ranged from (−)2.47° to (−)0.98°, and ratio miscibility of oils in 70% ethanol ranged from 1:1 to 1:9.67. The organoleptic profiles and physicochemical properties of M. leucadendron Linn. leaf oils in this study were evaluated based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 06-3954-2006 for standard quality of Melaleuca essential oils; only a few specific gravity values were below the standard. GC-MS spectrometry analysis indicated the presence of 26 compounds. Among them, 1,8-cineole (44.76–60.19%), α-terpineol (5.93–12.45%), d(+)-limonene (4.45–8.85%), and β-caryophyllene (3.78–7.64%) were the major components. Samples from each site tended to decrease in 1,8-cineole content and increase in β-caryophyllene content as plant age increased. α-Terpineol was highest at plant age 10 years, and d(+)-limonene varied according to plant site and age.     

Antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils

The antimicrobial and antiplasmid activities of essential oils (orange oil, eucalyptus oil, fennel oil, geranium oil, juniper oil, peppermint oil, rosemary oil, purified turpentine oil, thyme oil, Australian tea tree oil) and of menthol, the main component of peppermint oil, were investigated. The antimicrobial activities were determined on the Gram (+) Staphylococcus epidermidis and the Gram (-) Escherichia coli F'lac K12 LE140, and on two yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0425 delta/1 and 0425 52C strains. The antiplasmid activities were investigated on E. coli F'lac bacterial strain. Each of the oils exhibited antimicrobial activity and three of them antiplasmid action. The interaction of peppermint oil and menthol with the antibiotics was studied on the same bacterial strain with the checkerboard method. Peppermint oil and menthol displayed additive synergy with oxytetracycline. A new mechanism of plasmid curing was established for one of the oil components.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Myracrodruon urundeuva heartwood

The aim of this work was to isolate a lectin from Myracrodruon urundeuva heartwood and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi that attack plants, including woods. The lectin was isolated from heartwood through affinity chromatography on a chitin column monitored by hemagglutination assay. The lectin inhibited Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and was more effective than antifungal Cercobin in growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi. The detected antimicrobial activity reveals the possible role of the lectin in the resistance of M. urundeuva heartwood against deteriorative biological agents. The M. urundeuva lectin is the first bioactive peptide found in heartwood, probably stored as a chemical protection against biodegradation.     

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Trewia polycarpa roots

The total alcoholic extract, its chloroform soluble and aqueous fractions of the roots of the plant Trewia polycarpa exhibited varying degrees of antibacterial and antifungal activities when tested with six bacterial and four fungal strains.     

Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained from the leaves of Pistacia vera, Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia lentiscus and the resin of Pistacia lentiscus were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. alpha-Pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol were found to be the major components. The antifungal activities of the above oils and P. lentiscus resin (total, acidic and neutral fractions) against the growth of three agricultural pathogens, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sambucinum were evaluated. Some doses of P. terebinthus, P. vera and P. lentiscus leaf oils and total and neutral fraction of P. lentiscus resin significantly inhibited the growth of R. solani. However, all samples did not show antifungal activity against P. ultimum and F. sambucinum, but increased the growth of F. sambucinum.     

Antioxidant and scavenger activities of Allium ursinum

The antioxidative properties of bulb, leaf and stalk of Allium ursinum were investigated. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase), quantities of malonyldialdehyde, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reduced glutathione and also the contents of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids were determined. The extracts from all plant organs exhibited antioxidant activity, the highest having been observed in the leaves. Furthermore, ESR signal of PBN-OH radical adducts in the presence of leaves phosphate buffer (pH 7) extract was reduced for 87.61%.     

Antileishmanial and antifungal activities of xanthanolides isolated from Xanthium macrocarpum

Seven xanthanolides, xanthinosin, xanthatin, 4-hydroxyxanthinosin, xanthinin, 4-epiisoxanthanol, 4-epixanthanol, 2-hydroxyxanthinosin and 4-oxobedfordia acid, were isolated from the fruits of Xanthium macrocarpum. A valuation of the antifungal activity of these xanthanolides against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Aspergillus fumigatus and of their antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum and Leishmania mexicana is presented.     

Antibacterial activity of Syzygium cumini and Syzygium travancoricum leaf essential oils

The leaf essential oils of Syzygium cumini and Syzygium travancoricum were tested for their antibacterial property. The activity of S. cumini essential oil was found to be good, while that of S. travancoricum was moderate.