4种常见根结线虫基因组DNA的RAPD分析

 用120个随机引物对4种常见根结线虫10个小种和类型进行了全基因组随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)分析,筛选出的11个适宜引物共扩增出91条RAPD谱带,86条是多态性谱带,占总谱带的94.5%;OPL12、OPK01对4种根结线虫种及其小种扩增的谱型有明显的特异性。聚类分析显示在种间水平上4种根结线虫中花生根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫亲缘关系最近,遗传距离为0.532,北方根结线虫与另外3种根结线虫的亲缘关系最远,平均遗传距离为0.786;种下水平上同种根结线虫的不同小种和类型间存在不同程度的遗传差异,南方根结线虫4个生理小种间,花生根结线虫2个生理小种间亲缘关系较近,爪哇根结线虫2个酯酶谱带类型间,北方根结线虫2个细胞生物学小种间遗传差异较大。在RAPD技术的基础上探索根结线虫分类鉴定的分子方法有着良好的前景。     

南方、爪哇和花生根结线虫的快速灵敏的PCR鉴定方法

 为了研制南方、爪哇和花生根结线虫快速灵敏的检测和鉴定方法,分别分离了4个南方根结线虫和3个爪哇根结线虫特异性的随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)片段。在这些RAPD标记DNA序列的基础上,设计了多对SCAR PCR引物,并用源于国内外的南方、爪哇、花生、北方和象耳豆根结线虫群体验证其扩增特异性和灵敏度。最终确定了3对高效扩增的SCAR引物,它们组合使用可以可靠灵敏地鉴定南方、爪哇和花生根结线虫。3对引物的扩增灵敏度达1/3条的二龄幼虫、雄虫或雌虫,这表明本研究研制的PCR鉴定法可用于生产实践中土样和根样中3种根结线虫快速灵敏的鉴定。     

根结线虫种群的线粒体DNA分析

 在同工酶和形态学鉴定的基础上,利用引物#C2F3和#1108对42个根结线虫种群线粒体DNA (mtDNA)中的COⅡ和LrRNA间区域进行特异性PCR扩增,35个种群的扩增产物约为1.7kb,其中29个是南方根结线虫,6个是爪哇根结线虫;3个花生根结线虫种群的扩增产物约为1.1kb;1个种群的扩增产物约为0.7kb,为根结线虫属在中国的新记录种;3个北方根结线虫种群的扩增产物约为0.5kb。用单条2龄幼虫提取物作模板得到的结果与大量提取DNA作模板的结果相同。为了区分产生相同大小片段的南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫,用限制性内切酶HinfⅠ对扩增产物进行酶切,结果表明:所有供试的南方根结线虫都可以被HinfⅠ酶切,且产生约1.3和0.4kb的2个限制性片段;但供试的爪哇根结线虫种群不能被酶切。由此表明,利用mtDNA PCR及酶切实验可以作为快速而准确地鉴定常见根结线虫的方法。     

南方、花生和爪哇根结线虫PCR检测方法

为快速、准确、稳定的鉴定南方、花生和爪哇根结线虫,利用已报道的南方和爪哇根结线虫的两对特异性引物,结合本研究设计的花生根结线虫特异性引物,通过优化PCR反应体系,建立了3种根结线虫的PCR检测方法。结果表明,该方法能够特异性扩增以上3种根结线虫,特征片段长度分别为399、335和670 bp,灵敏度达到单条2龄幼虫的水平。研究结果将为以上3种根结线虫的快速鉴定提供技术支持。     

正交设计优化南方根结线虫RAPD-PCR体系

以南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)DNA为模板,对影响南方根结线虫RAPD-PCR扩增的重要参数进行了优化试验,以期建立南方根结线虫RAPD-PCR反应最佳体系。应用L16(45)正交设计研究了Taq酶、10×PCR buffer、dNTP、primer、模板DNA对扩增反应的影响。结果表明,南方根结线虫RAPD-PCR优化体系为20μL体系中含模板3μL、10μmol/L引物1.5μL、10×反应缓冲液2.5μL、2.5 mmol dNTP mixture 2.4μL、Taq DNA聚合酶0.4μL。在此基础上筛选出扩增稳定、多态性丰富的RAPD引物,并通过梯度PCR试验,确定了引物最佳退火温度。该优化RAPD-PCR反应体系具有良好的稳定性和重现性,可应用于南方根结线虫不同居群间亲缘关系和遗传多样性的分析。     

绿僵菌菌株遗传多态性与地理来源及寄主种群分化的关联性

采用RAPD-PCR分子标记技术分析了51株不同地理来源、寄主来源的绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae菌株的遗传多态性。从94条RAPD引物中筛选出18条引物,对所有试验菌株进行RAPD-PCR扩增,共获得96条扩增片段,其中81条片段表现多态性,占84.1%。聚类分析表明,供试的51株菌株间的相似性系数范围为0.52~0.98,表明菌株间存在丰富的遗传多态性。供试菌株在相似性系数0.7的水平可分为4个组群。按菌株DNA多态性与地理及寄主来源的聚类分析表明,大多数菌株的DNA多态性与地理或寄主有一定的相关性,即长期的地理环境和寄主适应性可能形成了种群的分化。     

甘肃省白银市保护地蔬菜根结线虫病病原鉴定

2012年5月-7月在甘肃省白银市采集了番茄、黄瓜、豇豆等几种保护地蔬菜的25个根结线虫群体.直接解剖获得雌虫,通过雌虫会阴花纹观察,结合酯酶和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH-EST)测定,鉴定出所收集的25个群体中有16个为南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid&White)],9个为爪哇根结线虫[M.javanica (Treub)].南方根结线虫为优势种群,本次试验也是首次在甘肃省发现爪哇根结线虫.     

西南部分地区荞麦根结线虫种类与地理分布

近年来,随着我国荞麦面积的迅速增加,根结线虫病呈逐年加重趋势,严重影响了荞麦的产量与品质。本研究于2014年对西南10个地区17个乡镇秋播苦荞麦根结线虫的分布、发生种类以及危害程度进行了调查。结果表明,西南地区危害荞麦的根结线虫种类有南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)、爪哇根结线虫(M.javanica)和花生根结线虫(M.arenaria)3种,其中南方根结线虫为优势种群。田间根结线虫种群大多数为单一种群,23.5%的样品为南方根结线虫与爪哇根结线虫(或花生根结线虫)组成的混合种群。调查发现前作为烟草或马铃薯的地块,荞麦根结线虫发生危害严重,平均被害株率为6.0%~77.5%,病情指数为1.4~26.1,而前作为玉米的荞麦根结线虫则较轻,被害株率最高为16.0%,相应病情指数为2.3。     

海南岛葫芦科蔬菜根结线虫危害性调查与种类鉴定初报

对海南11个市县的葫芦科蔬菜进行根结线虫危害性调查,结果显示,大部分地区发病率在50%以上;其中琼中腰子、澄迈长安和琼中营根主产菜区的病情指数分别达到了47.12、47.14和40,已造成严重损失。采自海南11个县市5种葫芦科蔬菜24个根结线虫种群经单卵块纯化培养,运用形态学和同工酶的方法对其进行种类鉴定,结果表明,南方根结线虫占总数的79.17%,爪哇根结线虫占总数的12.5%,根结线虫疑似新种或新纪录种占总数的8.3%。南方根结线虫是危害海南葫芦科蔬菜的优势种。     

海南省蔬菜根结线虫发生种类与分布

2014年-2018年, 对海南省蔬菜根结线虫病害进行了田间随机采样调查和病原种类分子鉴定?结果显示, 蔬菜根结线虫病在海南18市县均有发生, 且大部分旱田连作地块病株率达到80%以上?进一步对采集的295份根结线虫样本种类进行了分子鉴定, 共鉴定出象耳豆根结线虫?南方根结线虫和爪哇根结线虫3种病原种?其中, 象耳豆根结线虫单一检出率达到62.37%, 南方根结线虫单一检出率为23.39%, 爪哇根结线虫的检出率仅为5.76%, 象耳豆根结线虫和南方根结线虫复合侵染检出率为8.47%?除五指山市样本以外, 海南其余17市县样本均检测到象耳豆根结线虫侵染为害?本研究显示象耳豆根结线虫为海南省蔬菜上的优势病原根结线虫种类, 该结果对指导品种布局?制定根结线虫病害的防治策略具有重要意义?     

A Molecular Marker Correlated with Selected Virulence Against the Tomato Resistance Gene Mi in Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria

ABSTRACT Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are economically important pathogens of a wide range of crops. The tomato resistance gene Mi typically confers resistance to the three major species, M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria. However, virulent populations completely overcoming the Mi resistance still occur. In an attempt to develop molecular markers for virulence against Mi and gain insights into the genetic relationships among virulent populations of different species and origins, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of laboratory-selected virulent, field virulent, and avirulent populations of M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria were carried out. A RAPD marker, specific for selected virulent populations, was identified, and subsequently, converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR). Sequence characterization of the SCAR locus showed that alleles from laboratory- and field-selected virulent populations were highly similar to each other and clearly different from alleles from natural virulent and avirulent populations. This result suggests that the genetic mechanism for virulence against Mi may be similar among selected virulent populations of the three Meloidogyne spp., but different between selected and natural virulent populations. Based on the nucleotide polymorphisms at the SCAR locus, codominant and dominant polymerase chain reaction-based markers were developed enabling rapid diagnosis of selected virulent genotypes in M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria.     

象耳豆根结线虫的PCR鉴定和检测方法

 象耳豆根结线虫是一种在中国具有潜在经济重要性的农作物病原物。为提供有助于控制象耳豆根结线虫传播扩散的方法,研制了该线虫的快速PCR鉴定和检测法。该方法PCR引物的扩增目标为rDNA-IGS2区域,其设计依据象耳豆根结线虫与南方、爪哇、花生和北方根结线虫在该区域核酸序列的差异。通过对6种近似根结线虫的不同地理群体及自然土壤线虫群体的测试,验证了设计的PCR引物针对象耳豆根结线虫的特异性和可靠性。本方法具有快速灵敏的特点,可用于象耳豆根结线虫单条线虫的直接鉴定以及混合土壤线虫群体中象耳豆根结线虫的检测。     

Meloidogyne virulence locus molecular marker for characterization of selected mi-virulent populations of Meloidogyne spp. is correlated with several genera of betaproteobacteria

Resistance to root-knot nematodes in tomato is conferred by the Mi resistance gene to the three most important species of Meloidogyne: M. arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica. Nevertheless, the Mi gene is unable to inhibit the reproduction of selected and naturally Mi-virulent populations of root-knot nematodes. As pathogenicity assays are time consuming, molecular markers were developed for the easy identification of Mi-virulent populations of Meloidogyne. The sequence characterized amplified region-Meloidogyne virulence locus (MVC) molecular marker is reported to differentiate Mi-avirulent and naturally Mi-virulent from selected Mi-virulent populations. This marker was used to compare acquired virulence in populations of M. javanica from Spain. The original populations used to develop the MVC marker were included as control for reference. Results showed that this marker did not amplify genomic DNA extracted from single juveniles or females of any of the populations tested either from Spain or Japan. In silico analyses performed with the recently published complete genome of M. incognita, indicated that the MVC marker is not correlated to a MVC or to any eukaryotic organism but to several betaproteobacteria genus from the family Comamonadaceae.     

Genetic diversity of the annual weed Monochoria vaginalis in southern China detected by random amplified polymorphic DNA and inter-simple sequence repeat analyses

Two molecular genetic screening techniques, RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNAs) and ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats), were applied to detect the level and pattern of genetic diversity of Monochoria vaginalis, a common weed of rice fields, in seven populations from southern China. Among these populations, 116 bands were amplified by 18 RAPD primers, of which 34 bands (29.31%) were polymorphic, and 14 ISSR primers produced 111 bands with 87 polymorphic bands (78.38%). Within each population, a relatively low level of genetic diversity was detected by both RAPD and ISSR analyses, with a mean genetic diversity (H) of 0.0348 and 0.0551 respectively. Analysis of molecular variance of the data from the RAPD and ISSR markers detected that the majority of total genetic variation existed among populations (73.50% and 76.70% respectively) and only minor genetic variation within populations (26.50% and 23.30% respectively). Cluster analysis divided the seven populations into two groups, indicating that the genetic relationships among populations have relatively low correlation with their geographical distribution (Mantel test; r = 0.45 and 0.48 respectively). Our results indicated that both RAPD and ISSR markers were effective and reliable for accurately assessing the degree of genetic variation of M. vaginalis. Comparing the two techniques, ISSR markers were more efficient than the RAPD assay. The Mantel test gave r = 0.16, suggesting no correlation between these two molecular markers.     

不同生境臭柏种群的遗传多样性分析及其与环境因子的相关性

毛乌素沙地臭柏群体是一个生态过渡带。为了进一步阐明分子变异和基因流与生境或生态过渡带的联系,应用RAPD标记开展了臭柏群体的分子生态学研究。采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对臭柏(Sabina vulgaris.)的3个种群进行了研究.用11个随机引物扩增出129条清晰谱带,其中117条为多态性谱带。利用POPGENE3.2软件对数据进行处理,结果如下:(1)臭柏有着较丰富的遗传多态性,多态位点百分率达90.70%,各种群多态位点百分比在69.77%~72.87%之间.(2)臭柏的种群间分化较小Gst=0.1872,81.38%的遗传变异存在于种群内,各种群的遗传一致度都在86.22%.(3)聚类分析显示,生境相近的种群被聚到了一起,反映了臭柏种群的遗传分化和生境有着一定的相关性.又利用Nei,s指数统计了RAPD数据,也证实了大部分的遗传变异存在于群体之内。臭柏群体内的遗传多样性与土壤总钾呈显著的负相关。