青稞Wx基因多态性与直链淀粉含量的关系

以150份青稞品种为材料, 采用碘–碘化钾染色法进行表型鉴定, 筛选出含糯性基因型的4份参试材料, 分别是品种IG107028、Puebla、互助双槽人和APM-HC1905。经双波长法测定, 150份参试材料的直链淀粉含量(AC)为12.4%~38.5%, 平均26.0%; 4份糯性参试材料的直链淀粉含量为12.4%~18.6%, 平均16.7%。以直链淀粉含量差别较大的51份材料为模板, 利用引物P4进行扩增, 结果P4引物在51份材料中均有扩增产物出现, 且随着参试材料直链淀粉含量的增大, 其扩增产物的分子量有逐渐增大的趋势, Wx基因位点表现出多态性, 二者呈正相关。根据带型将51份材料分成I型、II型、III型和IV型, 其扩增片段分子量分别为457、481、489和491 bp, 各类型品种的直链淀粉含量分别为12%~27%、29%~30%、31%~35%和36%~38%。P4可作为糯性青稞品种选育的辅助选择标记。     

西藏青稞LEA3蛋白新抗旱基因的克隆与序列分析

以强抗旱青稞冬青8号和弱抗旱青稞品比14为材料,将幼苗经干旱诱导处理12 h提取总RNA,RT-PCR同源克隆到2个有差异的LEA3蛋白抗旱基因的全编码框序列。冬青8号、品比14的LEA3蛋白基因序列全长分别为661 bp和694 bp,其中,来源于品比14的LEA3蛋白基因编码框全长639 bp,编码含213个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,该多肽含有9个重复的、由11个氨基酸残基组成的保守基元序列。而来源冬青8号的LEA3蛋白基因与之相比较除缺少33 bp核苷酸外,另有6个碱基的差异,所编码的蛋白质也相应地缺少第4个保守基元序列,由8个重复的保守基元序列组成。二者在DNA与氨基酸序列上的同源性分别为94.38%和92.02%。结果证实抗旱性不同的青稞品种之间LEA3抗旱蛋白保守基元拷贝数有差异,推测抗旱蛋白结构的差异可能对植物的抗旱性有影响。     

牦牛脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白基因(A-FABP)多态性分析

脂肪型脂肪酸结合蛋白(A-FABP)属脂肪酸结合蛋白家族(FABPs)成员,参与调节哺乳动物细胞内脂肪浓度,进而影响肌肉内脂肪含量(IMF),因此A-FABP可作为影响IMF的候选基因。本研究采用PCR-SSCP技术检测甘南牦牛、青海牦牛、天祝白牦牛(Bos grunniens)A-FABP基因部分第3内含子、第4外显子及部分3’-UTR区单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),分析检测区域分子遗传特征。结果表明,3类群牦牛引物扩增区域发现5种等位基因A-E;同普通牛A-FABP基因序列比对发现6处SNPs,其中第4外显子区存在c.4222A>G的同义突变;3’-UTR区c.*94T>A只存在于牦牛群体,是其区别于普通牛的遗传特征之一。各等位基因在群体间分布差异较大,其中天祝白牦牛只发现3种等位基因,而青海牦牛发现4种等位基因,这可能与牦牛类群的地域分布及选育程度有关。3类群牦牛A-FABP基因检测位点表现为中度多态(PIC为0.29～0.36),有效等位基因数较高,可作为潜在的牦牛肉质性状分子标记位点。     

不同品种牛IGF-I基因5′调控区序列的多态性分析

采用PCR-SSCP方法,检测134头牛IGF-I基因5′调控区的多态性。结果表明,在外显子1上游510bp处检测到一个C→T的碱基突变,有两个等位基因和三种基因型。统计结果发现,在夏洛莱牛和草原红牛群体中等位基因A占优势,但是在利木赞牛群体中却是等位基因B占优势,西门塔尔牛群体中两种等位基因的比例相对平均。AB基因型在4个群体中均为优势基因型。夏洛莱牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛群体均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P﹥0.05）,而草原红牛群体处于非平衡状态（P﹤0.05）。为今后对牛的肉质性状研究打下分子生物学基础。     

马铃薯块茎颗粒结合型淀粉合酶基因的克隆及其RNAi载体的构建

GBSSI是马铃薯块茎中控制直链淀粉合成的关键酶, 为培育高支链淀粉含量或纯支链淀粉含量的转基因马铃薯材料, 根据GenBank登录号X58453设计特异引物, 采用RT-PCR技术获得马铃薯块茎GBSSI相似基因, 利用生物信息学相关软件分析, 预测GBSSI相似基因cDNA序列编码的蛋白质结构和功能。结果表明, 克隆的GBSSI相似基因与报道的GBSSI基因序列相似性达到99.78%, 其开放阅读框长1 824 bp, 编码607个氨基酸, 具有许多重要功能位点;三级结构预测结果表明该蛋白具有淀粉合成功能, 基因序列已注册到GenBank, 序列登录号为EU403426。以此基因CDS内542 bp的靶标序列作为干扰区段, 扩增GBSSI的正反向基因片段, 并引入237 bp的内含子序列, 构建由Patatin启动子驱动的具有“正义基因片段gbss A-内含子VP1-ABI3-like protein-反义基因片段gbss B”的植物干扰表达载体pBI121g-PgABI, 将为淀粉合成的进一步研究和高支链淀粉含量或纯支链淀粉含量的马铃薯品种的培育奠定基础。     

中国春小麦GBSS与淀粉颗粒结合特性的研究

以小麦品种中国春(Triticum aestivum)为材料,分析了颗粒结合淀粉合成酶（GBSS）与淀粉颗粒结合的影响因素及作用力。通过SDS-PAGE及测定GBSS溶液浓度,证实小麦GBSS与淀粉粒结合的紧密程度受温度影响,在50~80℃范围内,GBSS从淀粉颗粒上的解离量随温度的升高逐渐升高;而在85~95℃之间,解离量随温度的升高而降低;沸水浴处理15 min的GBSS解离量较大,但超过35 min时GBSS的量反而有所减少。Mg²⁺浓度也影响GBSS的解离,低于1.75 mmol L^-1时,随Mg²⁺浓度降低解离量逐渐升高;高于2.5 mmol L^-1时,随Mg²⁺浓度的升高解离量逐渐降低。表明GBSS与淀粉粒的结合力是非共价键。     

陆地棉微管结合蛋白CLASP家族基因的鉴定及表达分析

CLASP蛋白(CLIP-associated protein,CLASP)是一种调节微管结构与功能的微管结合蛋白,在植物生长发育及形态建成过程中起着至关重要的作用。本研究利用生物信息学的方法,在陆地棉基因组数据库中鉴定出6个编码CLASP蛋白的基因。多重序列比对及系统进化树分析表明,陆地棉CLASPs可分为2个亚家族(I和II),亚家族I含有HEAT重复结构域和典型的CLASP-N端结构域,亚家族II只含有CLASP-N端结构域。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,6个CLASPs基因在棉花各组织中均有表达,但表达模式各不相同,其中CotAD_63740(Gen Bank登录号为KX881965)和CotAD_04861(Gen Bank登录号为KX881961)在纤维中优势表达,CotAD_48232(Gen Bank登录号为KX881962)、CotAD_48665(Gen Bank登录号为KX881963)、CotAD_55570(Gen Bank登录号为KX881964)和CotAD_68468(Gen Bank登录号为KX881966)在茎中优势表达,表达模式的不同表明CLASPs在棉花不同组织中功能不同。本研究为深入研究棉花CLASPs的功能奠定了基础。     

苎麻生长素结合蛋白ABP1基因cDNA的克隆及表达

以苎麻[Boehmeria nivea (Linn.) Gaud.]栽培种湘苎3号为材料, 通过简并引物RT- PCR 结合RACE技术克隆了苎麻生长素结合蛋白ABP1基因的全长cDNA分子, 其序列全长为849 bp, 编码一段189个氨基酸的推导蛋白质。经基因比对及蛋白质结构分析与已报道的几种植物生长素结合蛋白有高同源性, 认为是苎麻生长素结合蛋白基因cDNA, 命名为BnABP1。半定量RT-PCR分析结果显示ABP1在苎麻三麻成熟期的茎、叶和芽组织中均有表达, 其表达量为芽＞叶＞茎, 相对内标分子18S rRNA的表达量依次为0.755、0.632和0.360。但在根中没有检测到表达, 说明该基因更多地表达于细胞生长旺盛的幼嫩组织。     

青稞酵母双杂文库的构建及HVUL0H33228.2互作蛋白的筛选

白粉病是青稞生产中危害最为严重的病害之一,会造成产量严重下降。本实验室前期筛选到一个白粉菌诱导后上调表达的NF-YB转录因子HVUL0H33228.2。为了进一步明确该基因的作用机制,本研究构建了青稞受白粉菌诱导的酵母双杂交cDNA文库,以HVUL0H33228.2为诱饵进行酵母双杂交筛选。结果表明：所获得的cDNA文库滴度为5.6×10⁸CFU/mL,插入片段长500～2 000 bp,重组率为94%,符合酵母双杂文库质量要求。利用酵母双杂交系统在该文库中筛选到6个与HVUL0H33228.2相互作用的蛋白,分别为铁氧还蛋白-NADP+氧化还原酶、核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶、叶绿素a/b结合蛋白2和6、光合系统Ⅱ反应中心蛋白CP43和醛缩酶型TIM桶家族蛋白。本研究为进一步揭示HVUL0H33228.2应答白粉菌侵染的分子机制提供了参考依据。     

棉花生长素结合蛋白ABP1基因cDNA的克隆及序列分析

生长素结合蛋白(ABP1)在植物细胞发育中起着重要作用.在ABP1蛋白的保守区设计引物,利用RT-PCR和RACE方法,首次克隆了棉花ABP1基因cDNA的3'和5'末端.测序及生物信息学分析表明,该基因cDNA全长824 bp编码190个氨基酸,它所编码的氨基酸序列包含植物ABP1蛋白家族的所有特征,被命名为GhABP1.棉花ABP1所包含的Box A,Box B和Box C区在植物ABP1家族中是高度保守的.它的C末端氨基酸残基WDE在蛋白质的折叠及ABP1在质膜上的功能活性方面都具有重要的作用.棉花ABP1的C末端带有KDEL残基区,这个KDEL区表明它被定位在内质网上.用Clustal W软件进行多重比对分析表明,棉花ABP1与拟南芥、向日葵、油菜、辣椒、甘菊的氨基酸序列同源性分别为72%,72%,71%,70%和70%.系统进化分析表明,棉花在进化上与萝卜、拟南芥和油菜聚为一类.序列分析表明此基因为生长素结合蛋白基因家族的新成员.     

大麦基因组GRAS基因家族的全基因组鉴定与表达分析

GRAS基因家族是一类仅存在于植物并广泛参与其生长发育调控的转录因子,根据其序列结构和系统发育树分化特征,GRAS转录因子包含PATI,DELLA,HAM,SCR,SHR等多个亚家族成员.本研究利用大麦最新的基因组数据库,采用生物信息学的方法筛选鉴定出41条GRAS基因序列,其中有34条序列具有完整的GRAS家族蛋白特...     

Segregation distortion in doubled haploid lines of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) detected by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers

A total of 147 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (including86 barley and 61 wheat microsatellite markers) were tested for their segregation in a doubled haploid (DH) and an F₂ population of barley. The DH population consisted of 71 doubled haploid lines, developed from F₁ plants of a cross between Tadmor and WI2291using isolated microspore culture technique. A genetic linkage map consisting of 43 microsatellite markers was constructed using the DH population. Particularly on chromosome 4H microsatellite markers showed distorted segregation ratios. Segregation of DH lines based on molecular markers were compared with segregation of 92 F₂ lines from the same cross. The proportion of loci deviating from the expected monogenic segregation ratios in the DH population was significantly higher (19/43loci, 44%) than in the F₂ population (7/43 loci, 16%). The deviation was biased towards the WI2291 parent alleles. In line with this observation, WI2291 was found to perform better than Tadmor in regenerating green plantlets with the isolated microspore-culture technique. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cytogenetic variation in somatic tissue cultures and regenerated plants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary Chromosome number of morphogenic and non-morphogenic calli and regenerated plants of barley were determined. Cultures were obtained from two kinds of explants, immature embryos and seedling leaves from three cultivars, Ingrid, Dissa and Golden Promise. Callus chromosome analyses were carried out during a 12 month period in a medium containing 2 mg/l of 2,4-D. Diploid cells were predominant in all cases; although in leaf-derived cultures, retraploid cells (2n=4x=28) showed a tendency to increase as time in culture increased and after more than six months in culture, diploid cells decreased to percentages of almost 70%. Aneuploid cells were generally infrequent in all cases. The source of explant has been more important than the genotype (cultivar) and the type of callus (morphogenic vs. non-morphogenic) in the chromosomal stability of cultures as time increases. From short term cultures, only 1.85% of the regenerated plants were tetraploid, the remaining were diploids. The ability of morphogenic calli to regenerate plants decreased before any significant reduction of diploid cells were observed.     

Variation in developmental patterns of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum L.) and cultivated barley (H. vulgare L.)

Summary Six wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) accessions, from a diverse range of habitats, and two spring-cultivated barleys, were examined for variation in durations of development phases. The durations of the leaf initiation and spikelet initiation phases were longer and spikelet growth phases shorter, in wild than in cultivated barley. Across all wild and cultivated barleys the rate and duration of spikelet initiation were negatively correlated, but neither was related to the number of spikelets per spike. The number of spikelets was positively correlated with the number of leaves and the ratio of the number of spikelets to the number of leaves declined with increasing time to anthesis, indicating that each successive leaf was associated with a diminishing increase in the number of spikelets. The duration of culm elongation and final culm length were shorter in accessions of cultivated barley compared with wild barley. This paper also discusses the feasibility for increasing the number of spikelets per spike through breeding for genetic changes in lengths of pre-anthesis phases of development.Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of variance - HV Hordeum vulgare - CE Culm elongation - DR Double ridge - HS Hordeum spontaneu - ° Cd Degree days     

青稞hblt4.2基因的克隆及功能分析

根­据大麦blt14.2基因序列设计引物, 用青稞的DNA为模板扩增低温反应基因的全长序列, 命名为hblt14.2, 在GenBank登录号为EF514912。该基因含470 bp, 包括249 bp的开放阅读框、69 bp的5''非翻译区和152 bp的3''非翻译区, 编码82个氨基酸残基, 富含Gly、Ala、Leu和Val氨基酸, 与其他冷诱导基因编码蛋白具相似性。与大麦blt14.2基因具98.9%同源性, 所编码的蛋白存在2个氨基酸的差别。将hblt14.2基因连接CaMV35S启动子和NOS终止子后定向插入质粒pCAMBIA1301的多克隆位点中, 构建植物表达载体pCAMBIA-BI-hblt, 通过农杆菌介导转化烟草, 并对转基因烟草进行抗寒性检测。结果表明, 青稞hblt14.2基因与植物的抗寒性有一定关系。     

The influence of genotype and environment on seed and embryo development in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after crossing with Hordeum bulbosum L.

Summary Seed and embryo development was studied in crosses between H. bulbosum and the barley genotypes VK 16032, Vada and Vogelsanger Gold and subsequently the F₁ and F₂ progenies from VK 16032 x Vada and VK 16032 x Vogelsanger Gold. Both seed and embryo development are strongly influenced by the barley genotype. Favourable environmental conditions can promote seed and embryo development in genotypes with existing good characters. Dominant inheritance for good seed development and incomplete dominance for large embryos is evident. Linkage between small embryo size and winter habit exists in Vogelsanger Gold.     

The relation between grain yield and some related traits of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and their usefulness in a breeding program

Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate traits which can facilitate and improve selection for grain yield of spring barley. Five experiments were conducted in different environments to measure grain yield and yield related traits of breeding lines and exotic varieties. Differences for rate of canopy expansion were significant and offer the opportunity to select for a high weed suppressing potential but there was no relation to grain yield. Dry matter yield/m² at anthesis and its water-soluble-carbohydrate content were not correlated with grain yield/m² and number of grains/m². Variation in biomass among breeding lines with a similar development and plant height was small. Biomass standardized for plant height was stable across environments and showed a good correlation with number of grains and grain yield. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilation to grain yield was only important under low yielding experimental conditions, but the differences among the genotypes for this trait were inconsistent. It may be difficult to select genotypes with a high potential contribution of pre-anthesis assimilation to grain yield.     

水稻单叶独立转绿型黄化突变体grc2的鉴定与基因精细定位

转绿型叶色突变体是研究植物叶绿体分化与发育的基础材料。grc2是利用60Co-γ射线诱变籼型三系保持系T98B后获得的单叶独立转绿型黄化突变体。grc2植株上任一叶片刚抽出时为黄色,在生长10 d左右后变绿,具有单叶不依赖于植株特定发育阶段而独立转绿的特性。与野生型T98B相比,grc2黄化叶片的总叶绿素和叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿体滞留在黄化质体阶段,表明grc2可能在叶片早期发育中起关键作用。遗传分析表明,grc2受1对隐性核基因独立控制;利用源于grc2/Nipponbare的F2群体的960个突变单株,将grc2基因定位在STS标记S254与S258之间约31 kb的范围内,该区域含有5个未报道过的注释基因。这些结果为grc2的克隆及功能研究提供了重要信息。     

白菜型冬油菜抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)基因的克隆、表达及其活性分析

抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)是一种在逆境条件下清除细胞内氧自由基、增强植物抗逆性的关键酶。本研究根据已发表植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因APX的同源保守序列设计引物, 采用RT-PCR扩增超强抗寒白菜型冬油菜陇油7号的DNA, 获得APX基因开放阅读框, 长度为753 bp, 编码250个氨基酸残基, 推导的氨基酸序列具有APX蛋白的典型特征。生物信息学分析显示, 与已报道的大白菜的APX氨基酸序列同源性达到99%, 该酶蛋白具有高度的进化保守性, 其保守序列属于植物的POD超家族, APX相对分子质量和理论等电点依次为27.7 kD和5.58;APX基因无信号肽, 是一个亲水性蛋白, 可推测其定位于细胞质中;二级结构预测表明陇油7号的APX是由不规则卷曲和α-螺旋组成的稳定蛋白。实时荧光定量PCR和酶活性分析显示, 该基因表达和酶活性受低温胁迫诱导, 表明该基因在白菜型冬油菜陇油7号适应低温胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。     

油菜柠檬酸合酶基因的克隆及在逆境下的表达

柠檬酸合酶是植物多种代谢途径的限速酶, 及代谢变化的标志酶。为了解油菜柠檬酸合酶基因的生理功能, 以甘蓝型油菜叶片cDNA为模板, 设计特异性引物, 获得一编码柠檬酸合酶基因的cDNA序列, 全长1 659 bp, ORF区含476个氨基酸残基, 序列比对显示其蛋白序列与拟南芥有较高的同源性(96.0%), 氨基末端含一线粒体靶信号。聚类分析表明, 油菜柠檬酸合酶基因与其他植物内该基因高度同源。对油菜幼苗进行植物生长调节物质、高温和低温、强光照和弱光照、盐、菌核病、干旱和水渍等处理, 采用半定量PCR法对油菜叶片柠檬酸合酶基因的表达模式进行检测, 发现在盐胁迫、暗光和强光的处理下, 柠檬酸合酶基因的表达基本没有变化;在水渍、干旱、IAA和6-BA胁迫下, 其表达有所升高, 但出现峰值的时间不同, ABA对表达模式的影响与IAA相反;感染菌核病后其表达降低;对GA₃的应答呈鞍型。对部分处理采用荧光定量PCR验证, 其结果与半定量PCR结果基本一致。