瘤胃纤维降解菌区系发育性变化及其演变规律的研究进展

瘤胃微生物在反刍家畜消化代谢过程中承担关键作用,随着反刍家畜生长环境、日粮结构等因素的改变,瘤胃内微生物定植、代谢活动及其对营养物质的消化利用亦受到影响。本文对瘤胃纤维降解菌区系发育性变化及其代谢演变规律进行了综述,为研究瘤胃微生物整个群体中特定菌的功能,进而为基因与分子水平研究提供参考,并对提升反刍家畜畜产品产量与质量的定向调控技术提供借鉴。     

反刍家畜瘤胃及其内容物在饲料营养学上的应用

反刍家畜具有复胃,特别是较大容量的瘤胃,这是与单胃家畜有区别的显著标志。由于瘤胃中含有大量的微生物,因此反刍家畜在饲料利用和营养物质消化代谢方面与单胃家畜存在显著差异。近几10年来,国内外对反刍家畜营养学特点、瘤胃及其内容物评定饲料营养价值、非常规饲料的利用和人工瘤胃饲料的研究方面,做了大量的工作。现简述如下:一、反刍家畜瘤胃的消化特点对饲料营养物质消化代谢有较大影响的     

添加蛋氨酸对瘤胃发酵和代谢影响的研究进展

蛋氨酸作为反刍家畜的限制性氨基酸,一直是反刍家畜生理营养领域的研究热点.蛋氨酸不仅可以提高机体氮的利用率,还可以改善动物生长性能,在反刍家畜生长发育过程中起着重要作用.蛋氨酸在瘤胃中分解的速度过快,微生物不能充分利用降解产物合成足量的微生物蛋白,造成氨基酸浪费.文中从瘤胃发酵参数、微生物蛋白、瘤胃微生物区系、氨基酸转化...     

高产乳牛的蛋白质营养

现在,积累的大量资料表明,反刍家畜利用饲料蛋白质的效果,有赖于蛋白质在瘤胃中分解数量和进入小肠的量。这样,饲料蛋白质在瘤胃中分解的程度可作为测定饲料含氮物质利用程度的一项重要参数。同时,对反刍家畜蛋白质标准的新态度是蛋白质的总需要量包括瘤胃中微生物对氮的需要(由非蛋白氮或易溶解的蛋白质分溜部分来满足)和反刍家畜对氨基酸的需要量,包括微生物蛋白和在瘤胃中不分解的饲料蛋白质。当研究设计这一方法时应该考虑在瘤胃中消化的蛋白质是饲料利用必不可少的成分,而为了实现这一过程,瘤胃微生物区系需要容易吸收的氮。如果缺乏容易分解的蛋白质     

反刍家畜饲料中添加合成含氮物的作用与方法

<正> 反刍家畜具有庞大并分为四室的复胃,复胃的前三部分——瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃总称前胃。瘤胃中含有大量的微生物(主要为嫌气性纤毛虫和细菌)和脲酶。脲酶能将人工合成含氮物分解为二氧化碳和氨气,而瘤胃微生物在碳链和能量供给充分的情况下,能利用氨气合成氨基酸,然后合成为微生物自身体蛋白质。这些瘤胃微生物在进入下一段胃肠时,则被反刍家畜作为自身所需要的蛋白质而被吸收和利用。因此瘤胃微生物不但能提高饲料的消化率和利用率,它本身还是反刍家畜所需要的营养物质——蛋白质的重要来源之一。     

反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物研究进展

反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物处于一个复杂的微生态系统,其多样性及营养代谢与该系统中的各项因素存在紧密联系。了解反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性变化和营养代谢机制,是通过人为干预手段改善动物福利、提高动物生产效率、提升动物产品质量、减少温室气体排放的基础。关于反刍动物瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性及营养代谢与单个环境因子的关系得到了广泛的研究并取得了一些进展,对指导生产实践和保护环境起到了一定作用。综述了近年来国内外反刍家畜瘤胃及肠道微生物多样性,以及微生物与宿主动物、日粮结构、环境因子相互作用及机制方面的研究进展,以期为探索瘤胃及肠道微生物在反刍动物营养代谢中的作用及其机制提供参考。     

浅述反刍家畜生理特点与用药的关系

反刍家畜与其他家畜相比较主要生理特点为反刍、复胃消化和独特的瘤胃微生物群作用等。如缺乏了解，常出现用药错误，造成不良后果。因此，阐明反刍家畜生理特点与用药的关系具有重要的意义。１．成年反刍家畜不宜内服广谱抗生素成年反刍家畜以食草为主，其消化需要靠瘤胃内的嫌气纤毛虫和微生物来完成，并合成蛋白质、糖类和维生素供机体利用。当这些有益微生物受到破坏时，家畜出现消化紊乱。由于抗生索具有抑制和杀灭微生物的作用，内服抗菌素会杀灭或抑制消化道内某些有益的敏感细菌，破坏平衡，使一些不敏感或耐药菌过度繁殖而造成二重…     

合理设置日粮蛋白质提高反刍动物生产性能

一、适当补充蛋氨酸和赖氨酸同单胃家畜相类似,反刍家畜也有最基本的养分和必需氨基酸(EAA)需要量,然而,由于瘤胃微生物具有蛋白质转化器作用,反刍家畜的EAA营养不象单胃家畜那样明显。Candler等(1971)指出,当反刍家畜生产水平很高时,对添加蛋氨酸羟基类似物(MHA)的响应最大,Brette(1974)也指     

反刍动物应用微生态制剂的作用与优势

反刍动物应用微生态制剂,具有维持肠道菌群平衡、改善消化系统、预防幼畜疾病等重要作用,可以通过调控瘤胃内微生物系统来提高反刍家畜生产效率。     

赖氨酸及其在反刍动物营养上的研究进展

随着对反刍家畜蛋白质营养体系的深入研究,反刍家畜饲粮、瘤胃及小肠中氨基酸的组成和比例也得到进一步探索。赖氨酸作为一种限制性氨基酸,在反刍家畜生长、生产性能、瘤胃发酵及微生物区系组成等方面有着重要影响,赖氨酸还会影响其他营养物质的代谢。本文基于近些年来国内外的相关研究,总结了赖氨酸的生理功能、合成与分解代谢,以及赖氨酸对反刍家畜瘤胃微生物、消化代谢和生产性能的影响,为赖氨酸在反刍家畜的生产与应用上提供理论依据与技术指导。 [关键词] 反刍家畜|赖氨酸|氨基酸|代谢     

Rumen digestive physiology and microbial ecology

The rumen is a dynamic, continuous fermentation compartment that provides a suitable environment for a variety of species of anaerobic bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. These microorganisms have a complex series of interactions with the feeds supplied to the host, with some using particulate matter as both sources of nutrients and sites of sequestration to avoid being washed from the rumen by the rapid flow of fluids. Because of the ability to use soluble nutrients and to reproduce rapidly, other microbes associate primarily with the liquid phase of the rumen contents. Due to the metabolic activity of all microbial populations, feeds are converted to microbial matter and fermentation end products, which serve as nutrients for the ruminant. Optimum feed utilization by ruminants is dependent on achieving maximum rumen fermentation and flow of microbial protein to the duodenum. At this time, it is clear that the major nutrients required by the microbial populations include both fibrous and nonfibrous sources of carbohydrates and nitrogen in the form of ammonia, amino acids, and peptides. In spite of five decades of research, the exact quantities and sources of these nutrients that will result in optimum rumen fermentation rates and microbial yields are only partially known.     

瘤胃微生物肽营养研究进展

本文就瘤胃内肽降解的微生物学、微生物摄取肽的机制、影响微生物摄取肽的因素、微生物对肽的营养需要、肽营养与微生物生长、肽营养对微生物发酵环境与饲料养分消化的影响、肽乙酰化保护与营养以及离子载体对肽降解的影响进行了综述和重点讨论 ,并对瘤胃微生物肽营养未来研究做了展望     

Manipulation of rumen ecology by dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) powder supplementation

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of lemongrass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.] powder (LGP) on rumen ecology, rumen microorganisms, and digestibility of nutrients. Four ruminally fistulated crossbred (Brahman native) beef cattle were randomly assigned according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The dietary treatments were LGP supplementation at 0, 100, 200, and 300 g/d with urea-treated rice straw (5%) fed to allow ad libitum intake. Digestibilities of DM, ether extract, and NDF were significantly different among treatments and were greatest at 100 g/d of supplementation. However, digestibility of CP was decreased with LGP supplementation (P < 0.05), whereas ruminal NH(3)-N and plasma urea N were decreased with incremental additions of LGP (P < 0.05). Ruminal VFA concentrations were similar among supplementation concentrations (P > 0.05). Total viable bacteria, amylolytic bacteria, and cellulolytic bacteria were significantly different among treatments and were greatest at 100 g/d of supplementation (4.7 x 10(9), 1.7 x 10(7), and 2.0 x 10(9) cfu/mL, respectively). Protozoal populations were significantly decreased by LGP supplementation. In addition, efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis based on OM truly digested in the rumen was enriched by LGP supplementation, especially at 100 g/d (34.2 g of N/kg of OM truly digested in the rumen). Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of LGP at 100 g/d improved digestibilities of nutrients, rumen microbial population, and microbial protein synthesis efficiency, thus improving rumen ecology in beef cattle.     

能量溢出与储备碳水化合物合成对瘤胃微生物生长效率影响的研究进展

瘤胃微生物将一些ATP用来维持代谢,剩余的ATP用来进行储备碳水化合物合成和能量溢出（进行无效循环并产热）,因此,瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率较低。瘤胃原虫贮存的碳水化合物占绝大部分。在一些细菌纯培养实验中发现有能量溢出,最近研究发现在混合瘤胃菌群中也能发生能量溢出。通过精确测定碳水化合物贮存和能量溢出的量,以及二者对微生物生长效率的影响,可以预测微生物蛋白质产量,制定提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质生产效率的措施。综述了瘤胃微生物能量溢出和糖原储备规律方面的研究进展,以期为估测微生物蛋白质合成量,提高饲料蛋白质利用效率提供参考。     

瘤胃微生物宏组学分析及研究进展

瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲粮消化和吸收中起着重要的作用,深入探索瘤胃微生物群落结构、代谢活动和功能作用,对反刍动物健康和促进饲草利用效率具有重要意义。相对传统瘤胃微生物纯培养方法,组学技术能够更加全面对瘤胃微生物种类、代谢途径、功能进行解释,宏组学联用为系统理解瘤胃微生物降解纤维物质分子机理提供新方式,并受到研究人员越来越多的关注。本文总结了宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学与代谢组学在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用,并围绕宏组学技术联合应用进行综述,为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供理论支持。     

不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展

表面活性剂是一种新型的反刍动物饲料添加剂,根据表面活性剂的分子结构,可将其分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型表面活性剂,其作用机理是通过改变瘤胃微生物种群数量进而增加瘤胃内源性酶的分泌量、分泌酶活性或促进酶与底物之间的相互作用,改变瘤胃发酵模式,提高瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。作者主要综述了表面活性剂的分类及几种常见的表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的影响,其中包括非离子型（吐温、烷基多糖苷、茶皂素）、两性离子型（甜菜碱、大豆磷脂）和阴离子型（十二烷基苯磺酸钠、磺基丁二酸钠二辛酯）;介绍了日粮中添加不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃微生物种群数量、内源酶活、发酵产物等影响,为新型表面活性剂的开发和表面活性剂在反刍动物日粮中的合理应用提供参考依据。     

宏基因组学揭示瘤胃微生物多样性及功能

反刍动物瘤胃内栖息着庞大和复杂的微生物群体,这些微生物与宿主的消化吸收、营养代谢和免疫功能息息相关,宿主及其微生物共同组成了一个"超级生物体"。由于绝大部分瘤胃微生物不可培养,因此以厌氧培养为基础的传统研究方法存在明显的弊端。宏基因组学通过高通量的测序方法,能够全面展示微生物多样性,准确发现新的功能基因。此外,宏基因组学揭示了宿主基因和微生物组之间的互作关系。随着组学技术的不断发展,宏基因组学在瘤胃微生物组研究方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Does intra-ruminal nitrogen recycling waste valuable resources? A review of major players and their manipulation

Nitrogenous emissions from ruminant livestock production are of increasing public concern and, together with methane, contribute to environmental pollution. The main cause of nitrogen-(N)-containing emissions is the inadequate provision of N to ruminants, leading to an excess of ammonia in the rumen, which is subsequently excreted. Depending on the size and molecular structure, various bacterial, protozoal and fungal species are involved in the ruminal breakdown of nitrogenous compounds(NC). Decelerating ruminal NC degradation by controlling the abundance and activity of proteolytic and deaminating microorganisms, but without reducing cellulolytic processes, is a promising strategy to decrease N emissions along with increasing N utilization by ruminants. Different dietary options, including among others the treatment of feedstuffs with heat or the application of diverse feed additives, as well as vaccination against rumen microorganisms or their enzymes have been evaluated. Thereby, reduced productions of microbial metabolites, e.g. ammonia, and increased microbial N flows give evidence for an improved N retention. However, linkage between these findings and alterations in the rumen microbiota composition, particularly NC-degrading microbes, remains sparse and contradictory findings confound the exact evaluation of these manipulating strategies, thus emphasizing the need for comprehensive research. The demand for increased sustainability in ruminant livestock production requests to apply attention to microbial N utilization efficiency and this will require a better understanding of underlying metabolic processes as well as composition and interactions of ruminal NC-degrading microorganisms.     

ATP in the metabolism of ruminants]

The ATP yield from the carbohydrates of anaerobically living microorganisms in the rumen amounts to only 5-10% of the ATP yield of the intermediary metabolism in the presence of oxygen. Vital functions and thus microbial protein synthesis are due to protein degradation in the rumen. The ATP yield in the intermediary metabolism of ruminants is mainly achieved from propionate and microbial protein by means of gluconeogenesis because the absorption of glucose from digested starch is very low. The relationships between ATP yield in the rumen and the processes of glucose provision for the production of lactose as well as the protein content of the milk are shown. As important processes of ATP production in microorganisms from easily soluble carbohydrates take place in silage preparations before feed intake, the corresponding consequences for the metabolism of high-performance cows fed with silage are shown.     

Evaluation of alfalfa-corn cob associative action. III. The effect of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and ruminal characteristics of ammonia-treated corn cob diets fed to sheep

The influence of mechanically separated alfalfa fractions on intake, digestibility and rate of ruminal passage was investigated using 48 lambs (32 kg) in a digestion trial. Whole plant pre-bloom alfalfa (25% crude protein) or fractions (presscake, dehydrated presscake, protein coagulum, dehydrated protein coagulum, whole juice or deproteinized juice) were added to a 3% ammonia (NH3)-treated corn cob negative control diet at levels equal to 20% wholeplant alfalfa dry matter (DM); eight treatments, six lambs/treatment. Ad libitum intake was greater (P less than .05) for alfalfa fiber (presscake) or juice supplemented diets compared with 20% direct cut alfalfa. Dry matter intake, digestibility of DM and cell walls, and rate of passage were highly correlated when diets were fed ad libitum. At equal DM intakes, dehydrated vs wet presscake increased (P less than .05) DM and cell wall digestibility. Heating of the protein may have reduced degradation rate and consequently a slower release of nutrients for microorganisms in the rumen. Whole vs deproteinized juice increased digestibility of cob DM (P = .11) and cell walls (P = .13), suggesting a response to level of degradable alpha-amino N. Whole and deproteinized juice increased cell wall digestibility compared with the negative control by 23.0 and 18.5 percentage units, respectively, suggesting that degradable alpha amino-N and cell solubles or other nutrients interacted to maximize microbial fiber digestion. Total and branch-chain volatile fatty acids measured at 6, 12 and 18 h post-feeding were highly correlated with nutrient digestibility. Ruminal NH3-N measured at 18 h was negatively correlated with dry matter (r = -.74) and cell wall (r = -.72) digestibility, showing that alfalfa supplies nutrients required by ruminal microorganisms for NH3 assimilation and fiber digestion. The mode of alfalfa associative action in high fiber diets is in supplying ruminal microorganisms with degradable protein and (or) other nutrients, rather than altering ruminal retention time.