胆汁酸的肠肝循环及胆汁酸受体在糖脂代谢中的调控作用

胆汁酸是胆汁的主要成分,在体内以多种形式存在。随着对胆汁酸研究的深入,学者们发现胆汁酸是体内的一种重要的信号分子,通过介导胆汁酸受体而发挥相应的生物学效应。肠肝循环是指胆汁酸合成、分泌、排泄、再吸收的循环过程。近年来研究发现胆汁酸与其受体结合后,可以调控胆汁酸的肠肝循环过程,进而调节糖脂代谢。本文针对胆汁酸的肠肝循环以及胆汁酸受体在糖脂代谢中的调控作用进行综述,以期为今后探究胆汁酸及其受体在代谢相关疾病防治中的作用提供有价值的参考。     

α-酮戊二酸对肌肉蛋白质合成的影响

酮戊二酸(α-KG)是戊二酸的两种带酮基衍生物中的一种,是三羧酸循环的中间产物及谷氨酸脱氨基的酮酸产物。因此,其在葡萄糖代谢及氨基酸代谢的调控方面具有特殊的生物学功能。近年来研究表明,其参与肌肉蛋白质代谢主要与哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)及G-蛋白偶联受体(GPR)的激活密切相关。本文就α-KG的生理功能及其在体内的基本代谢过程,调控肌肉代谢及其信号通路的研究进展进行综述,为进一步推广α-KG在饲料生产中的使用及深入研究α-KG的分子机制提供参考。     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体对鱼类代谢的调节作用北大核心

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是核激素受体家族中的配体激活受体,在糖脂代谢、细胞分化、胚胎发育、脂肪生成等过程中发挥重要作用。文章概述鱼类PPARs基因的克隆与表达,阐述了PPARs在鱼类糖脂代谢和能量代谢中的作用,旨为PPARs调节鱼类的糖脂代谢作用机制提供参考。     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体β(δ)对肌纤维类型转化和肉品质的影响及其调控因素研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体β(δ)[PPARβ(δ)]作为调节生物体内糖、脂代谢重要的核受体,不仅在调节体内糖脂平衡过程中起着重要作用,而且在增强肌肉耐力和爆发力、促进肌纤维类型转化过程中发挥重要调控作用。肌纤维类型与肉品质密切相关,PPARβ(δ)的过表达能够促进酵解型肌纤维向氧化型肌纤维转化,进而影响畜禽肉品质。本文主要对PPARβ(δ)的生物学功能、PPARβ(δ)对肌纤维类型转化的影响及其调控机制、激活PPARβ(δ)的因素及其与肉品质的关系进行综述,以期为今后通过运动、营养等措施激活PPARβ(δ),促进肌纤维类型转化,进而改善肉品质提供参考。     

半乳糖凝集素-3的结构特征及对糖脂代谢调控研究进展

半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)是半乳糖凝集素家族(Galectins)的核心成员之一,具有多种生物学功能,如调节炎性因子表达、细胞增殖、分化、凋亡、黏附及mRNA剪接等。研究表明,Galectin-3对葡萄糖代谢和脂肪代谢具有重要的调节作用。但关于Galectin-3的作用方式和分子机制却有不同的研究报道。论文综述了Galectin-3的结构特征及其调控糖脂代谢的作用和分子机制,以期为肥胖、糖尿病等代谢性疾病的防治提供参考。     

色氨酸微生物代谢产物的肠道免疫调节作用及其机制

肠道微生物参与营养吸收、物质代谢、肠道免疫调节等重要的生理过程,并与多种疾病的发生有关系。作为一种必需氨基酸,色氨酸及其微生物代谢产物包括吲哚和吲哚酸衍生物等在维持肠道稳态方面发挥着重要的作用。芳香烃受体(AhR)通过结合其配体(色氨酸微生物代谢产物)调节肠道免疫,有助于维持肠道免疫平衡。本综述主要阐述色氨酸微生物代谢产物发挥维持肠道免疫平衡、维护肠道健康作用的机制,以期为外源色氨酸预防或治疗肠道炎症反应提供新思路。     

过氧化物酶体增殖剂受体与脂质代谢调控

综述了过氧化物酶体增殖剂受体在动物体内的分布、结构与转录调节机制及其对脂肪细胞分化、脂质代谢的调控。     

浅谈促性腺激素释放激素受体的研究

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)在体内的重要功能是通过促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRH受体)介导的。在1990年,由Mellon和他的合作者获得了SV40转化的转基因小鼠促性腺细胞系At3-1,为最终获得GnRH受体的分子结构提供了宝贵的试验材料,从而使GnRH及其受体分子调控机制的研究跨入了新的阶段。近年来,GnRH受体的分布、表达、调节等在神经内分泌、生殖生物学领域得到了深入的研究,使人们对GnRH受体的功能有了更深的认识。1GnRH受体的结构GnRH受体由327～328个氨基酸残基组成,有7个跨膜结构域,属G蛋白偶联受体,与其它G蛋白偶联受体不同的是,…     

促性腺激素释放激素及其基因表达调控

促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)在体内的重要功能是由促性腺激素释放激素受体(GnRHR)介导的,GnRH及其受体相互作用的调控在繁殖性能调控中是一个关键性位点。本文从GnRH及其受体的分子结构,生物学功能,分布及表达调控对GnRH及其受体的研究进展进行了综述。并展望了GnRH及其受体的发展趋势及应用前景。。     

瘦素及其受体对肌肉组织蛋白质代谢的调节

近年来,体内外试验研究表明,瘦素的短期或长期处理能够调节哺乳动物骨骼肌和肌细胞内蛋白质的代谢,而这主要是由于瘦素可以调节肌细胞内与蛋白质代谢相关的信号通路(如胰岛素相关信号通路和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路)的活性.因此,本文综述了瘦素及其受体在动物体内肌肉组织蛋白质代谢过程中的调节作用,并分析讨论了这一过程中瘦素的可能...     

Effects of dietary phytol on tissue accumulation of phytanic acid and pristanic acid and on the tissue lipid profiles in mice

Recent in vitro evidence suggests that the phytol‐derived fatty acids, phytanic acid (PA) and pristanic acid (PrA), are components of animal products with the potential to cause both beneficial and harmful effects on human health. In this study, we investigated the in vivo tissue accumulation of PA and PrA and the changes in tissue lipid profiles, using mice fed a phytol‐containing diet. After 4 weeks of treatment with a diet containing 1.0% phytol, plasma, adipose tissue, liver, and brain were collected and their lipid profiles were biochemically and gas‐chromatographically determined. Dietary phytol caused PA and PrA accumulation in the adipose tissue and liver but not in the brain, and reduced plasma and liver triacylglycerol levels. Phytol intake also decreased the fatty acid concentrations in the adipose tissue, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, but increased the concentrations of these fatty acids in the liver. However, dietary phytol had a low impact on the brain lipid profile. This study suggests that dietary phytol intake caused accumulation of PA and PrA and modified lipid profiles in the adipose tissue and liver, but that the brain is an insusceptible tissue to dietary phytol‐induced changes.     

Effect of varying fermentation conditions with ensiling period and inoculum on photosynthetic pigments and phytol content in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage

This study aimed to investigate the effect of an ensiling period (Experiment 1) and adding lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Experiment 2) on the changes in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phytol in ensiled Italian ryegrass (IR, Lolium multiflorum Lam.). In Experiment 1, the IR herbage ensiled into plastic bags was analyzed for the contents of photosynthetic pigments and phytol over a 5‐week period. During the ensiling process, the β‐carotene content decreased (p < .05), whereas the lutein content did not change. Although the chlorophyll content decreased (p < .05) after ensiling, the phytol content barely changed until week 5. In Experiment 2, IR herbage was ensiled without additive, as a Control, or with LAB for 60 days. The pH was lower (p < .05) and lactic acid content was higher (p < .05) for the LAB silage than for the Control. The chlorophyll content in silage was not affected by the LAB; however, the β‐carotene content was higher (p < .05) for the LAB silage than for the Control. Phytol and lutein contents in the herbage did not change after ensiling. These results indicate that phytol and lutein in IR herbage can be preserved well in silage, irrespective of their fermentation condition.     

富营养饮食重塑代谢性疾病易感猪关键组织mRNA剪接模式研究

旨在探讨富营养饮食对代谢性疾病易感猪关键组织可变剪接（alternative splicing，AS）和剪接因子（splicing factors，SFs）的影响。本研究以健康状态、月龄和体重相同的12头代谢性疾病易感公猪为材料，随机将其分为两组，其中8头猪饲喂高脂高能量饲料2个月作为富营养饮食组（TG-HFHSD），4头猪饲喂正常饲料2个月作为对照饮食组（TG-CD）。对TG-HFHSD和TG-CD的脂肪、肝、肌肉和下丘脑组织进行RNA-seq测序，利用rMATS软件鉴定组间差异AS，对差异剪接基因（differential splicing genes，DSGs）进行GO和KEGG富集分析，并利用DESeq2软件和皮尔逊相关性系数分析肝组织中的SFs。结果显示，脂肪、肝、肌肉和下丘脑中分别鉴定到48 279、39 536、47 888和52 210个AS事件，均以SE类型为主，占比在77.09%～78.29%之间。脂肪、肝、肌肉和下丘脑中的DSGs数分别为528、1 070、570和600个，其中肝增加的DSGs部分主要是RI和MXE两种类型，分别为177和471个，而其它组织仅为12～28个和99～110个。GO和KEGG富集显示，肝DSGs除富集到细胞结构相关的过程外，还显著富集到可变剪接及mRNA代谢、脂质代谢、DNA损伤及修复、补体与凝血级联等过程。肝中筛选到56个差异表达的SFs，其中CLK1、PGC-1ɑ、USP4等与糖脂代谢和代谢性疾病密切相关。本研究表明，富营养饮食显著增加了肝DSGs，通过剪接调控、糖脂代谢以及DNA损伤来影响肝代谢性疾病的发生，将为肝代谢性疾病早期发生机制研究提供参考。     

SD大鼠术后急性疼痛向慢性疼痛转化的差异代谢物分析

术后慢性疼痛病因十分复杂,迄今发生机制尚未明析.本研究旨在通过动物模型解析术后急性疼痛向慢性疼痛转化的相关物质,以期找到引发术后疼痛的关键物质.采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)代谢组学技术,比较分析大鼠术后急性疼痛和慢性坐骨神经紧缩损伤疼痛的相关物质,筛选差异代谢物.结果经分析后得到224种代谢物,其中,35种代谢物具...     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-ALA）是机体内细胞代谢和能量转换过程中不可或缺的功能性化合物。5-ALA在动物体内参与血红素、卟啉、叶绿素和维生素B12等合成,具有良好的抗氧化、调控血红素和细胞色素合成以及改善机体体内铁含量等生物学功能。本文重点综述了5-ALA的生物学功能和相关代谢机制及其在畜禽养殖上的应用效果,以期为5-ALA在畜牧生产中的科学应用提供参考。     

基于LC-MS代谢组学的植物乳杆菌发酵黄芪的代谢产物分析

试验旨在利用色谱-质谱联用（liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer,LC-MS）代谢组学技术分析植物乳杆菌发酵黄芪的代谢产物,并探索其互作发酵机制。分别采取植物乳杆菌发酵黄芪（FT组）和未发酵黄芪固态粉末（CT组）,经样本前处理、LC-MS分析、生物学信息分析等探寻差异代谢物并分析代谢通路。结果显示,总离子流图峰图重现性良好,发酵黄芪主要代谢物共鉴定出183种代谢成分,正离子和负离子模式样品间关系PCA图均能良好区分。火山图分析表明,FT和CT组间的代谢物变化具有差异性,正离子模式上调的1 416个代谢物富集到83个代谢途径;下调的935个代谢物富集到83个代谢途径;负离子模式上调的1 040个代谢物富集到52个代谢途径,下调的809个代谢物富集到45个代谢途径。发酵黄芪差异代谢产物酸类、脂类、酮类等氨基酸显著增加,烯类等氨基酸显著下调,其中上调代谢物15个,下调代谢物2个,关键代谢产物主要为α-硫酸二乙酯、2-甲基柠檬酸、3-异丙烯基-6-氧代庚酸等,涉及到丙酮酸代谢、丙酸代谢、半乳糖代谢等途径。本研究结果为发酵黄芪的代谢产物、发酵互作机制和临床应用提供理论依据。     

Dietary polyphenols in lipid metabolism: A role of gut microbiome

Polyphenols are a class of non-essential phytonutrients, which are abundant in fruits and vegetables. Dietary polyphenols or foods rich in polyphenols are widely recommended for metabolic health. Indeed, polyphenols (i.e., catechins, resveratrol, and curcumin) are increasingly recognized as a regulator of lipid metabolism in host. The mechanisms, at least in part, may be highly associated with gut microbiome. This review mainly discussed the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on lipid metabolism. The potential mechanisms of gut microbiome are focused on the effect of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota compositions and how gut microbiota affect polyphenol metabolism. Together, dietary polyphenols may be a useful nutritional strategy for manipulation of lipid metabolism or obesity care.     

Dietary fatty acids in gut health: Absorption,metabolism and function

In biological responses, fatty acids (FA) are absorbed and metabolized in the form of substrates for energy production. The molecular structures (number of double bonds and chain length) and composition of dietary FA impact digestion, absorption and metabolism, and the biological roles of FA. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FA are essentially utilized as an energy source and are signaling molecules that exert physiological activity of gut microbiota and immune responses. In addition, FA could serve as natural ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), also called free fatty acid receptors (FFAR), which intertwine metabolic and immune systems via multiple mechanisms. The present review explores the recent findings on FA absorption and its impact on gut health, particularly addressing the mechanism by which dietary FA potentially influences intestinal microbiota and epithelial functions. Also, this work attempts to uncover research ideas for devising future strategies for manipulating the composition of dietary FA to regulate gut health and support a normal immune system for metabolic and immune disorders.     

乳酸在奶牛体内的代谢途径及其对奶牛健康影响的研究进展

乳酸（lactic acid）是奶牛瘤胃内重要的中间代谢产物，合理的调节乳酸代谢特征、充分利用及发挥乳酸的有益功能对奶牛健康生产具有重要意义。文章介绍了乳酸的合成途径及主要产酸菌、乳酸的代谢途径及主要利用菌、乳酸在奶牛瘤胃内的代谢方式及影响其代谢的因素，详细阐述了乳酸产生菌与利用菌对乳酸代谢调节的影响，同时介绍了植物提取物对乳酸代谢调节作用及乳酸代谢调节对奶牛胃肠道菌群、泌乳性能和乳房炎的影响。为进一步了解乳酸对奶牛健康的作用机制及相关植物活性物质在生产实践中的应用提供理论依据，为解决高精料饲粮引起的奶牛酸中毒的预防与治疗提供新思路。     

A review of the role of acid-base balance in amino acid nutrition

Acid-base balance and amino acid metabolism are intimately related. Changes in acid-base balance influence the metabolic fate of many amino acids. Also, acid-base homeostasis is achieved in part by alteration of amino acid metabolism, not only in the kidney, but also in liver, muscle and splanchnic tissue. Glutamine is the primary amino acid involved in renal ammonia-genesis, a process intimately related to acid excretion. The metabolism of other amino acids, such a serine, glycine and the branched-chain amino acids, also appears to be influenced by acid-base balance. Conversely, the metabolic fate of various amino acids will influence the daily acid load experienced by the animal. Oxidation of amino acids contributes to the total acid and base load imposed on the pig. The basic (cationic) amino acids (lysine, arginine and histidine) yield neutral end-products plus a proton; sulfur (methionine and cysteine) amino acids are also acidogenic because they generate sulfuric acid when oxidized. The dicarboxylic (anionic) amino acids (aspartate and glutamate, but not asparagine and glutamine) consume acid when oxidized and thus reduce the acid load of the diet. Acid-base balance and related phenomena are discussed in the context of practical and metabolic aspects of amino acid nutrition.