Causes and Nutritional Control Methods of Subacute Rumen Acidosis in Dairy Cows

瘤胃亚急性酸中毒是目前困扰奶牛生产的一大难题.高精、低粗的饲粮结构会引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液pH下降,从而引起瘤胃亚急性酸中毒.奶牛发生瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时瘤胃液细菌内毒素浓度升高.高浓度的内毒素转运至血液引发急性期反应,血浆中矿物质和代谢物水平发生改变,从而使奶牛生产性能下降.本文对高精饲粮下瘤胃中内毒素的产生和转运以及内毒素引发的急性期反应进行综述,同时,根据近年来的研究进展重点介绍一些减少内毒素产生和转运的新方法,旨在为更好地控制或减少瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时内毒素对奶牛的危害提供参考.     

奶牛瘤胃异常代谢产物组胺引起的炎性反应及其消除方法

高精低粗的饲粮结构会引起奶牛瘤胃内乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液pH降低,导致瘤胃内微生物区系发生改变,从而引起瘤胃内异常代谢产物(细菌内毒素、组胺等)增加,甚至引发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒。其中,组胺是机体内重要的炎性介质,高浓度的组胺转运至血液后可引起机体炎症反应,引起奶牛多种疾病,并使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对奶牛瘤胃异常发酵时组胺的产生和转运以及组胺诱导炎性反应的机制进行综述,同时,介绍一些限制组胺生成和转运的方法,为控制和减少组胺对奶牛的危害提供参考。     

内毒素与高精料导致奶牛酸中毒研究进展

高精料喂养奶牛可导致其瘤胃形成大量挥发性脂肪酸积聚,导致奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒,瘤胃液pH值降低,革兰氏阴性菌快速且大量崩解,刺激内毒素释放。探讨内毒素与高精料导致奶牛酸中毒的相关研究,可为科学养殖奶牛、减少内毒素对奶牛生产影响提供一定的参考依据。主要从奶牛内毒素的产生及其影响机制、内毒素对奶牛生产的具体影响,以及防控处置等方面进行相关研究综述。     

瘤胃异常代谢产物组胺影响反刍动物生产性能和瘤胃性能的研究现状

高精低粗的饲粮结构会引起奶牛瘤胃内乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液p H降低,导致瘤胃内微生物区系发生改变,引起瘤胃内异常代谢产物组胺增加。组胺可引起奶牛多种疾病,并使奶牛生产性能下降。本文综述了瘤胃异常代谢产物组胺的产生原因、相应作用机理,以及组胺对反刍动物的生产性能及瘤胃特性的影响。     

瘤胃异常代谢产物脂多糖对奶牛血浆中代谢产物和激素的影响及其机制

当奶牛饲粮中精饲料水平提高时,瘤胃液pH下降,奶牛常会发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),瘤胃内产生大量异常代谢产物,其中主要是细菌内毒素脂多糖(LPS).在SARA时期,外周血液中的LPS浓度升高,可导致奶牛发生一系列免疫应答,奶牛代谢也发生相应的变化.血浆葡萄糖、非酯化脂肪酸浓度升高,血浆氨基酸、β-羟丁酸、胆固醇和矿物质的浓度发生变化,血浆中的各种激素水平也会发生变化.这些代谢变化进而影响奶牛产奶量、乳脂和乳蛋白含量.本文对LPS对奶牛血浆代谢产物和激素水平的影响进行综述,并就其机制进行探讨.     

益生菌对缓解反刍动物亚急性酸中毒的作用

反刍动物亚急性瘤胃酸中毒是生产中常见的一类营养代谢病,是困扰奶牛生产的一大难题。采食大量易发酵碳水化合物将导致瘤胃乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸浓度提高,瘤胃pH降低,进一步引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,由此造成瘤胃液中组胺及脂多糖浓度的提高,加重了亚急性瘤胃酸中毒程度。文章综述了亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生机理及调控措施,并提出了用乳酸菌调控瘤胃菌群结构,预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的假想,以期为亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的预防和治疗提供新思路。     

营养性添加剂硫胺素与奶牛瘤胃酸中毒关系概述

在高精料日粮条件下，高产奶牛和强度育肥的肉牛、肉羊发生瘤胃酸中毒的情况普遍存在．其发病率呈逐年上升的趋势，瘤胃酸中毒已经成为制约我国奶牛生产、肉牛育肥的重要因素之一。因此，缓解和预防瘤胃酸中毒的措施备受人们关注。过去人们认为，瘤胃微生物合成硫胺素的量能够满足动物的需要，日粮中不需要另外添加。但最新一些研究表明，添加硫胺素能缓解瘤胃酸中毒，提高瘤胃液pH值，降低乳酸、组胺及内毒素浓度。所以，研究硫胺素与瘤胃酸中毒之间的关系，可以进一步揭示瘤胃酸中毒发生机制，以寻求一种新的预防瘤胃酸中毒的措施。     

谷物不同加工处理方式在反刍动物饲粮中的应用

集约化养殖中,饲喂高精料饲粮已成为提高肉牛、肉羊等反刍动物经济效益的一种营养策略。但反刍动物摄入过多精料会造成谷物在瘤胃中快速降解,瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)大量积累,pH急剧下降,增加反刍动物患亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)的风险。对谷物进行加工处理能够改变谷物在瘤胃中的降解速率,进而改善反刍动物的瘤胃发酵、养分消化和生产性能。而谷物加工方式不同,对反刍动物产生的影响也不同。本文分析了淀粉在瘤胃中的降解过程以及淀粉特性对淀粉消化率的影响,综述了国内外常见谷物加工处理方式在反刍动物饲粮中应用的研究成果,为谷物饲料在反刍动物饲粮中的合理利用提供参考。     

饲粮中添加硫胺素缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是一种常见的奶牛营养代谢病,严重影响了养殖业的经济效益。硫胺素是奶牛所需的营养物质,在奶牛饲粮中添加硫胺素可缓解SARA,提高瘤胃液pH,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。本文综述了硫胺素的生物学功能及硫胺素对SARA奶牛瘤胃微生物区系、代谢产物及瘤胃上皮屏障功能的影响,为硫胺素在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

饲粮中添加硫胺素缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的研究进展北大核心CSCD

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是一种常见的奶牛营养代谢病,严重影响了养殖业的经济效益。硫胺素是奶牛所需的营养物质,在奶牛饲粮中添加硫胺素可缓解SARA,提高瘤胃液pH,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。本文综述了硫胺素的生物学功能及硫胺素对SARA奶牛瘤胃微生物区系、代谢产物及瘤胃上皮屏障功能的影响,为硫胺素在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

Some commonly fed herbs and other functional foods in equine nutrition: a review

During subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) rumen pH is depressed for several hours per day due to accumulation of volatile fatty acids and insufficient rumen buffering. Surveys suggested an incidence of SARA of between 19% and 26% in early and mid-lactation dairy cows. Causes of SARA include feeding excessive amounts of non-structural carbohydrates and highly fermentable forages, and insufficient dietary coarse fiber. Consequences of SARA include feed intake depression, reduced fiber digestion, milk fat depression, diarrhea, laminitis, liver abscesses, increased production of bacterial endotoxin and inflammation characterized by increases in acute phase proteins. The increase in endotoxin is similar among methods for SARA induction, but depends on the diet fed before induction. Increases in acute phase proteins vary among methods of SARA induction, even when the methods result in similar rumen pH depressions. This suggests that the inflammatory response might not be solely due to bacterial endotoxin in the rumen.     

奶牛非饲草来源纤维营养研究进展

本文在总结分析国内外最新研究成果的基础上,对非饲草来源纤维(NFFS)对奶牛的营养作用和生理影响及其机理进行了综述,主要从NFFS部分替代饲草对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃草垫层和瘤胃发酵的影响,以及NFFS部分替代精料对饲料效率、生产性能和亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)奶牛生理的影响等方面进行论述,旨在为NFFS饲料在奶牛饲粮中的科学合理利用提供理论参考和依据。     

Subacute rumen acidosis in lactating cows: an investigation in intensive Italian dairy herds

Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) represents one of the most important metabolic disorders in intensive dairy farms that affects rumen fermentations, animal welfare, productivity and farm profitability. The aim of the present study was to study the occurrence of SARA in intensive Italian dairy herds and to determine the relationship between diet composition, ruminal pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. Ten commercial dairy herds were investigated; twelve cows in each herd were selected randomly among animal without clinical signs of disease, with good body condition and between 5 and 60 day-in-milk (DIM), to perform rumenocentesis and obtain rumen fluid. Ruminal pH was determined immediately after sampling and concentration of SCFA in ruminal fluid was determined on samples after storage. An other objective of this research was to study in detail the effects of rumenocentesis on animal health: this study could confirm the extreme validity of this technique as ruminal sampling. Results were subject to anova and correlation analysis using SIGMA STAT 2.03. The results indicated the presence of SARA in three herds (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.5), a critical situation (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.8) in five farms and a normal rumen pH condition in two herds. In particular, dairy herds show on average SCFA concentration of 150, 145, 123 mmol/l for low pH, critical pH and normal pH herds respectively. There were not significant differences among diet composition even if herds with SARA showed a light discordance between initially chemistry composition and residual feed. In the affected herds it was not possible to understand the exact causes of SARA. Animal management seems to be one of the most important factors in developing SARA including total mixed ration preparation.     

Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: Impacts on immunity and metabolism

Dairy cows are often fed high grain diets to meet the energy demand for high milk production or simply due to a lack of forages at times. As a result, ruminal acidosis, especially subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), occurs frequently in practical dairy production. When SARA occurs, bacterial endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is released in the rumen and the large intestine in a large amount. Many other bacterial immunogens may also be released in the digestive tract following feeding dairy cows diets containing high proportions of grain. LPS can be translocated into the bloodstream across the epithelium of the digestive tract, especially the lower tract, due to possible alterations of permeability and injuries of the epithelial tissue. As a result, the concentration of blood LPS increases. Immune responses are subsequently caused by circulating LPS, and the systemic effects include increases in concentrations of neutrophils and the acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid-A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), LPS binding protein (LBP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood. Entry of LPS into blood can also result in metabolic alterations. Blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations are enhanced accompanying an increase of blood LPS after increasing the amount of grain in the diet, which adversely affects feed intake of dairy cows. As the proportions of grain in the diet increase, patterns of plasma β-hydoxybutyric acid, cholesterol, and minerals (Ca, Fe, and Zn) are also perturbed. The bacterial immunogens can also lead to reduced supply of nutrients for synthesis of milk components and depressed functions of the epithelial cells in the mammary gland. The immune responses and metabolic alterations caused by circulating bacterial immunogens will exert an effect on milk production. It has been demonstrated that increases in concentrations of ruminal LPS and plasma acute phase proteins (CRP, SAA, and LBP) are associated with declines in milk fat content, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, as well as milk energy efficiency.     

Using rumen probes to examine effects of conjugated linoleic acids and dietary concentrate proportion on rumen pH and rumen temperature of periparturient dairy cows

The study aimed to examine the influence of supplemented conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) to periparturient cows receiving different concentrate proportions antepartum on rumen pH (RpH) and rumen temperature (RT). Twenty pregnant German Holstein cows were equipped with rumen probes for continuous RpH and RT measurement in a frequency of 15 min to investigate effects of dietary concentrate and CLA around parturition and the impact of parturition itself on RpH and RT. Cows had ad libitum access to partial mixed rations, 3 weeks prior to calving until day 7 post‐partum. Antepartum, cows received 100 g/day control fat (CON) or CLA supplement, either in low (20%; CON‐20, CLA‐20) or high concentrate diet (60%; CON‐60, CLA‐60). Post‐partum, concentrate proportion was adjusted to 50% while fat supplementation continued. Compared with adapted feeding, high concentrate proportions antepartum tended to increase DMI and reduced RpH. Groups CON‐60 and CLA‐60 spent more than 4 h per day below RpH 5.6 during late pregnancy, indicating the presence of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA). The RT remained unaffected antepartum. Before calving, cows spent less time below RpH 5.6 and SARA could be detected in each group post‐partum. Mean RpH increased slightly antepartum, whereas few hours before parturition a sharp decrease in RpH could be observed, accompanied with increased RT. Overall, it seems that CLA supplementation influences RpH and RT. Bearing in mind that rumen parameters fluctuate during day and herd level must be known, rumen probes for continuous RpH and RT measurement could be a useful management tool for animal health surveillance and may also help to predict parturition.     

Prevalence and consequence of subacute ruminal acidosis in Polish dairy herds

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) in Polish high‐yielding dairy herds. Also, the relationships between the chemical composition of the diet and the feed particle size, ruminal pH and the occurrence of this metabolic disease and the fermentation profile were determined. Rumen fluid samples were obtained from a total of 213 cows from nine dairy herds (≥20 cows per herd) via rumenocentesis. Almost 14% (30/213) of cows as acidotic (pH<5.6) were found, which is indicative of SARA. Moreover, 44% of the herds were classified as SARA‐positive and 56% as SARA‐negative. Results of the current study suggested that the physically effective NDF (NDF_>1.18 mm)‐to‐starch ratio could be better indices than peNDF_>1.18 mm to preventing the occurrence of SARA, and their level should not be lower than 1.00. Also, linear negative relationships between rumen fluid pH and concentration of propionate, valerate and total VFA were determined. According to the herd's SARA status and rumen fluid biochemical indices, there were significant differences between the pH of rumen fluid (p ≤ 0.01), concentrations of acetate (p ≤ 0.05), propionate (p ≤ 0.05), n‐butyrate (p ≤ 0.01), n‐valerate (p ≤ 0.01), the sum of VFA (p ≤ 0.01) and ammonia (p ≤ 0.05) in SARA‐positive herds compared to SARA‐negative herds. The better understanding the strategy of ruminant nutrition to coordinate energy conversion and the role of the ruminal pH in regulating N‐NH₃ production, absorption through rumen mucosa, urea secretion, the more successfully we can utilize these processes with due recognition of animal needs and welfare, as well as prevention of SARA occurrence.     

硫胺素在瘤胃内的合成及其在预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒中的应用

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒是现代集约化反刍动物生产中的常见营养代谢病,揭示亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生机制及其预防措施是畜牧业生产中的重要科学问题。本文通过综述硫胺素在反刍动物生产中的应用效果、影响硫胺素合成的因素、硫胺素与亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的关系及其调控亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的可能作用途径,进一步揭示了亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生机理和硫胺素的生理作用,并为反刍动物生产提供理论参考。     

The Rumen Degradation Characteristics of Whole Sugarcane for Dairy Cows and Its Application in Substituting Alfalfa,Oat Hay and Concentrate in Dairy Cows' Diets

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of whole sugarcane of dairy cows and its effects of using it replacing alfalfa, oat hay and concentrates in dairy cows' diet on the rumen fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility, blood biochemical indexes and production performance of dairy cows, in order to open up new ways to replace the increasing prices feedstuff such as alfalfa, oat hay and concentrate in dairy cows' diets with whole sugarcane. In experiment one, the in-situ test, namely the rumen nylon bag test was used to investigate the rumen degradation characteristics of various nutrients of whole sugarcane, leymus chinensis and alfalfa. Experiment two was in vivo test,repeat 3 ⅹ 3 Latin square design was conducted and Holstein dairy cows with similar body weight, parities and milk yield and permanent rumen fistula were chosen to investigate the effect of using whole sugarcane replacing 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows. In experiment three, 60 Holstein dairy cows with similar parity, milk yield and milk in lactation were selected to perform production test, which aimed to explore the effects of using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate on the production performance, blood biochemical indexes of dairy cows and the economic benefits of dairy farms. The results showed that：1) The effective degradation rates of dry matter (DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of whole sugarcane were significantly higher than leymus chinensis (P<0.05), and the effective degradation rates of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and organic matter (OM) were significantly higher than leymus chinensis and alfalfa (P<0.05). 2) There was no significant effect on rumen pH, NH₃-N (except 25% group at the 4 h time point) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations of dairy cows when using 25% and 50% whole sugarcane to replace imported alfalfa from the Unites States in the diet. There was also no significant effect on DMI and digestibility of DM, CP, OM and ADF, while the digestibility of NDF in the 50% group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In 50% group, the content of serum urea nitrogen in 2 and 8 h was significantly lower than 25% group and control group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the blood content of β-hydroxybutyric acid, rumen VFA and total VFA in each group at different time points. 3) After using 50%, 30% and 10% of whole sugarcane to replace oat hay, alfalfa hay and concentrate, respectively, no significant difference was detected in blood glucose, urea nitrogen, β-hydroxybutyric acid, the esterification of fatty acid (NEFA), and milk yield. Besides, combined with milk yield and feed cost, the economic benefits of each cow in the substitution groups increased by 3.28, 7.48 and 1.62 yuan per day. respectively, compared with control group. It can be seen that the whole sugarcane is a kind of high-quality roughage that can be used by dairy cows with high digestibility, and using it to replace 25% or 50% of imported alfalfa from the Unites States in dairy cows' diet does not affect the rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy cows. And using whole sugarcane replacing 30% alfalfa hay, 50% oat hay or 10% concentrate will not affect the blood biochemical indicators and production performance of dairy cows, and will also increase the economic benefits of the dairy farm.     

全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮苜蓿、燕麦草及精料的应用研究

本试验旨在探究全株甘蔗的奶牛瘤胃降解特性及其替代奶牛饲粮中苜蓿、燕麦草及精料对奶牛瘤胃发酵、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及生产性能的影响,为其替代奶牛饲粮中价格日益攀升的苜蓿和精饲料,并用作奶牛粗饲料资源开辟新途径。试验一采用半体内试验即瘤胃尼龙袋技术,探究了全株甘蔗、国产羊草与国产苜蓿各营养成分的瘤胃降解特性;试验二采用重复3×3拉丁方试验设计,选择体重、胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近并装有永久瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行消化试验,探究全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%的美国进口苜蓿对奶牛营养物质消化率、瘤胃发酵特性和血液生化指标的影响;试验三选取60头胎次、产奶量和泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦奶牛进行生产试验,探究了全株甘蔗分别替代饲粮30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料对奶牛生产性能、血液生化指标和牧场经济效益的影响。结果发现：1）全株甘蔗干物质（DM）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草（P<0.05）,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和有机物（OM）的有效降解率显著高于国产羊草和国产苜蓿（P<0.05）。2）用全株甘蔗替代饲粮25%或50%美国进口苜蓿对奶牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮（NH₃-N）（除25%组4 h外）和挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量无显著影响;对奶牛干物质采食量（DMI）及饲粮DM、粗蛋白质（CP）、OM和ADF消化率无显著影响,而全株甘蔗替代饲粮50%美国进口苜蓿组的NDF消化率显著升高（P<0.05）;全株甘蔗替代饲粮中50%美国进口苜蓿组2和8 h血清尿素氮含量显著低于25%组和对照组（P<0.05）,且各处理组不同时间点血液β-羟丁酸含量、瘤胃各VFA和总VFA含量均无显著差异。3）用全株甘蔗替代高产奶牛饲粮中50%燕麦草、30%苜蓿干草或10%精料对奶牛血液中的葡萄糖、尿素氮、β-羟丁酸和非酯化脂肪酸（NEFA）等含量及产奶量均无显著影响,且综合产奶量和饲料成本两方面的因素,各替代组分别比对照组每头奶牛的经济效益增加3.28、7.48和1.62元·d^-1。由此可知,全株甘蔗是一种可供奶牛食用的消化率较高的优质粗饲料,且用其替代饲粮中的25%或50%美国进口苜蓿不影响奶牛的瘤胃发酵特性和营养物质表观消化率;用其替代30%苜蓿干草、50%燕麦草或10%精料不会影响奶牛的血液生化指标及生产性能,还会提高牧场的经济效益。