甘薯大象甲幼虫的空间格局研究

为了明确甘薯大象甲幼虫的空间分布和种群特征。2011年通过对15块甘薯田的调查,应用聚集度指标的计算公式和Iwao的m*-m回归分析法、Taylor的幂法则等,对其空间分布型和田间理论抽样数进行了测定和分析。结果表明：甘薯大象甲幼虫在甘薯田间呈聚集分布。聚集强度与密度相关,聚集强度随着幼虫密度的升高而增强;而个体群所占的空间随密度的升高而减少。导致甘薯大象甲幼虫聚集分布的主要原因是环境因子。在此基础上,建立了幼虫虫口密度调查的最适理论抽样数公式[n=1.962/D2(1.1047/m+0.8737)]和序贯抽样模型[T0(n)=0.2n±0.4759 ]。     

宁乡地区斜纹夜蛾3种保护酶活力的测定

为明确斜纹夜蛾幼虫中保护酶对常用药剂抗药性的作用,对湖南宁乡地区斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫保护酶的活性进行了测定。结果表明:田间种群3种保护酶即过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于室内敏感种群,分别为敏感种群的1.24、1.15及2.11倍,2个种群的SOD及POD活性差异极显著。研究结果说明保护酶尤其SOD及POD在斜纹夜蛾上对杀虫剂的抗性起了重要作用。     

红彩真猎蝽对烟草重要害虫捕食选择性研究

为更合理、有效地应用红彩真猎蝽防治重要的烟草害虫提供科学依据,采用“Y”型嗅觉仪,研究了红彩真猎蝽成虫对烟蚜若虫、烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性及选择偏好。结果表明,红彩真猎蝽成虫对烟蚜若蚜、3龄烟青虫和斜纹夜蛾具有显著的正向趋性,选择3种猎物的红彩真猎蝽数量分别达到34.44%、40.00%、51.11%。从猎蝽选择猎物所需时间来看,红彩真猎蝽选择烟蚜若蚜、烟青虫3龄幼虫、斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫平均耗时分别为14.53、13.44、9.38 min,且猎蝽选择斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的所需时间显著短于选择烟青虫3龄幼虫和烟蚜若蚜。红彩真猎蝽对3种猎物偏好性的研究发现,选择斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫的红彩真猎蝽成虫数量显著高于选择烟蚜若蚜和烟青虫3龄幼虫的猎蝽(P<0.05),而选择烟蚜若蚜和烟青虫3龄幼虫的猎蝽数量之间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。因此,红彩真猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫具有显著的偏好性。这些研究结果对人工繁育红彩真猎蝽,并广泛用于防治这些重要害虫,保证农产品安全生产具有重要的意义。     

早熟柑橘黄龙病空间格局参数特征及其应用

为了揭示柑橘早熟宫川黄龙病的空间分布信息和病株行为特征,2004-2009年采取多级抽样法于每年11月上旬在果实成熟期对2块定点样地逐株进行病级调查,取得了12组样本资料,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao 法和Taylor法等对其空间分布型进行测定检验,结果表明柑橘黄龙病在早熟宫川果园呈聚集分布,其聚集强度是随着病级升高而增加。其聚集原因经Blackith种群聚集均数测定,当m<2.1184时,其聚集是由于某些环境如气候、栽培条件、植株生育状况等所引起的;当m≥2.1184时,其聚集是由病株本身的聚集行为与环境条件综合影响所致。在此基础上提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型：n=(1/D)2?[1/m+0.6761] 和Tn=1.831 /[D02-0.1581 /n]。     

玉米粗缩病危害动态及空间格局和抽样技术的研究

为了提高对玉米粗缩病监测预报与持续控制水平,对浙西北桐庐地区玉米粗缩病侵染循环及发病动态与空间分布格局和抽样技术的调查研究,明确了玉米粗缩病侵染循环及年际消长与发病规律,年际间粗缩病株发病率与灰飞虱种群年诱虫量呈正相关,回归式为y= 0.860605+0.071623x (R=0.9636**)。年际内夏玉米粗缩病5月底6月上旬为初病期,6月中旬至7月上旬为病情较快增长期,7月中旬达发病高峰。夏玉米发病株空间格局以聚集分布为主,在株发病率较高或较低时,聚集程度下降,或为均匀分布。根据夏玉米粗缩病病株以聚集为主的空间分布特征,田间抽样调查以单行或双行直线平行跳跃法等较宜。理论抽样模型为n=(1.96)2/D2(1.02728/m+0.10287),序贯抽样模型为Tn=1.02728/(D2-0.10287/n)。     

两种蜘蛛对斜纹夜蛾的捕食作用及模拟模型的研究

斜纹夜蛾 ( Spodoptera L ittoralis Fabricius)是一种重要的农业害虫 ,近年来在江西省棉花上频繁大发生 ,为害有日趋加重之势。斜纹夜蛾天敌种类较多 ,幼虫低龄阶段的天敌主要是蜘蛛。其中草间小黑蛛 ( Erigonidium graminicolaSundevall )和拟环纹豹蛛 ( Pardosapseudoannulata Bosenberg et str)为优势种 ,对控制斜纹夜蛾田间种群数量起着重要作用。关于草间小黑蛛和拟环纹豹蛛对斜纹夜蛾低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应 ,迄今未见报道。阐明这个问题 ,可以为斜纹夜蛾防治指标的制定和综合防治提供参考依据。1　材料和方法供试蜘蛛 :拟环纹豹…     

枣食芽象甲越冬幼虫空间分布型和抽样技术研究

为明确枣食芽象甲越冬幼虫的空间分布和抽样技术,为该虫预测预报和综合防治提供理论依据,应用8种聚集度指标、Taylor幂法则和Iwao线性回归分析法,对枣食芽象甲越冬幼虫在枣园土壤中的空间分布型和抽样技术进行研究。结果表明：枣食芽象甲越冬幼虫的空间分布呈聚集分布,种群分布的基本成分是个体群,且聚集是由环境因素或者自身的聚集习性引起的;根据Iwao m*-m关系的序贯抽样决策模型确定了枣食芽象甲越冬幼虫的序贯抽样模型和最适理论抽样公式;当枣食芽象甲幼虫防治阈值为30头/株,10株调查枣树虫口密度大于342头,则需采取措施及时进行防治。本研究建立的序贯抽样模型和最适理论抽样公式可用于该象甲越冬幼虫调查、预测预报和综合防治。     

拟环纹豹蛛和前凹豹蛛对小菜蛾的捕食作用

为了明确拟环纹豹蛛和前凹豹蛛对小菜蛾幼虫的捕食作用,通过研究不同温度下2种蜘蛛对小菜蛾幼虫捕食量和不同空间下拟环纹豹蛛对小菜蛾的捕食效应,利用三因子五水平二次通用回归旋转组合分析2种蜘蛛对小菜蛾幼虫的联合控制作用和拟环纹豹蛛对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾幼虫的控制作用。结果表明,2种蜘蛛对小菜蛾捕食量随温度增加出现先增加后降低。拟环纹豹蛛对小菜蛾的捕食作用大于前凹豹蛛,2种蜘蛛对小菜蛾四龄幼虫捕食功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ型,但Holling-Ⅲ型能完善2种蜘蛛对小菜蛾幼虫的捕食作用评价。不同体积对拟环纹豹蛛的取食作用影响较大,瞬时攻击能力a′、处理1头猎物所用的时间T_h和捕食作用a′/T_h在小体积要高于大体积。2种蜘蛛对小菜蛾幼虫联合捕量与三者密度正相关,总体平均效应为：小菜蛾幼虫密度＞前凹豹蛛密度＞拟环纹豹蛛密度。小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾密度能显著影响拟环纹豹蛛的取食量,但拟环纹豹蛛对小菜蛾幼虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫没有偏嗜性。本研究可为评价这2种蜘蛛对田间小菜蛾的控制作用提供参考。     

灰飞虱在水稻田空间分布格局及抽样技术研究

为了提高对灰飞虱在稻田的监测预报与持续控制水平,应用聚集度指标法、Iwao法和Taylor幂法则,研究了浙西北水稻田灰飞虱的空间分布格局和抽样技术。结果表明,灰飞虱在水稻田呈聚集分布为主,聚集强度随虫口密度增加而增强。其聚集原因经Blackith种群聚集均数(λ)测定,当成虫、成若虫平均虫口密度分别在1.3978头/丛、1.4883头/丛以下时,λ<2,聚集是由周边环境、移栽期、生育期等某种环境因素所引起的;当成虫、成若虫平均虫口密度分别在1.3978头/丛、1.4883头/丛以上时,λ≥2。而若虫：λ均≥2。其聚集因素是由灰飞虱自身特性与环境因子共同作用所引起。以此为基础,提出了理论抽样数和序贯抽样模型：n=(1.96)2/D2(1.35595/m+0.41366)和T(n)= 5n±4.13778 。研究结果为稻田灰飞虱的准确抽样调查和有效防治提供了科学依据。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.