Developing transgenic maize(Zea mays L.) with insect resistance and glyphosate tolerance by fusion gene transformation

Using linker peptide LP4/2A for multiple gene transformation is considered to be an effective method to stack or pyramid several traits in plants. Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cry gene and epsps(5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene are two important genes for culturing pest-resistant and glyphosate-tolerant crops. We used linker peptide LP4/2A to connect the Bt cry1 Ah gene with the 2m G2-epsps gene and combined the wide-used man A gene as a selective marker to construct one coordinated expression vector called p2 EPUHLAGN. The expression vector was transferred into maize by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, and 60 plants were obtained, 40% of which were positive transformants. Molecular detection demonstrated that the two genes in the fusion vector were expressed simultaneously and spliced correctly in translation processing; meanwhile bioassay detection proved the transgenic maize had preferable pest resistance and glyphosate tolerance. Therefore, linker peptide LP4/2A provided a simple and reliable strategy for producing gene stacking in maize and the result showed that the fusion gene transformation system of LP4/2A was feasible in monocot plants.     

Overexpression of a modiifed AM79 aroA gene in transgenic maize confers high tolerance to glyphosate

It has previously been shown that a bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) encoding gene AM79 aroA can be a candidate gene to develop glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops (Cao et...     

Overexpression of a modified AM79 aroA gene in transgenic maize confers high tolerance to glyphosate

It has previously been shown that a bacterial 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase(EPSPS) encoding gene AM79 aroA can be a candidate gene to develop glyphosate-tolerant transgenic crops(Cao et al. 2012). In this study, AM79 aroA was redesigned using the plant biased codons and eliminating the motifs which would lead to the instability of mRNA, to create a synthetic gene that would be expressed highly in plant cells. The redesigned and artificially synthesized gene, named as mAM79, was cloned into plant expression vector pM3301 Ubi Sp AM79, where mAM79 is fused with signal peptide sequence of pea rib-1,5-bisphospate carboxylase(rbcS) small subunit and controlled by ubiquitin promoter. The plasmid was transformed into maize(Zea mays) immature embryos using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Total 74 regenerated plants were obtained and PCR analysis showed that these transgenic plants had the integration of mAM79. Southern blot analysis was performed on the genomic DNA from four transgenic lines, and the result showed that one or two copies of mAM79 were integrated into maize genome. RT-PCR analysis result indicated that mAM79 was highly transcribed in transgenic maize plants. When sprayed with glyphosate, transgenic maize line AM85 and AM72 could tolerate 4-fold of commercial usage of glyphosate; however, all the non-transgenic maize plants were killed by glyphosate. The results in this study confirmed that mAM79 could be used to develop glyphosate-tolerant maize, and the obtained transgenic maize lines could be used for the breeding of glyphosate-tolerant maize.     

农杆菌介导bar基因转化玉米幼胚的研究

通过农杆菌介导法,采用抗除草剂基因(bar)转化3个玉米自交系的幼胚,并对遗传转化影响因素进行优化。结果表明,2,4-D浓度为2 mg·L-1时,胚性愈伤组织诱导率较高;农杆菌最佳的侵染时间为20 min;乙酰丁香酮(AS)明显提高了幼胚的GUS瞬时表达频率,适宜浓度为200μmol·L-1;温和选择方法适于幼胚转化,不定芽诱导培养基、芽伸长培养基和生根培养基中潮霉素的浓度分别为8、6、2 mg.L-1;获得7株PCR检测以及除草剂抗性试验阳性植株。     

Optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation System and Transformation of Glyphosate-Resistant Gene 2mG2-EPSPS in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Since maize is one of the most important cereal crops in the world, establishment of an efficient genetic transformation system is critical for its improvement. In the current study, several elite corn lines were tested for suitability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation by using immature embryos as explants. Infection ability and efficiency of transformation of A. tumefaciens sp. strains EHA105 and LBA4404, different heat treatment times of immature embryos before infection, influence of L-cysteine addition in co-cultivation medium after transformation, and how different ways of selection and cultivation influence the efficiency of transformation were compared. Glyphosate-resistant gene 2mG2-EPSPS was transformed into several typical maize genotypes including 78599, Zong 31 and BA, under the optimum conditions. Results showed that the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens sp. strain EHA105 was more infectious than LBA4404. Inclusion of L-cysteine (100 mg L^?1) in co-cultivation medium, and heating of the immature embryos for 3 min prior to infection led to a significant increase in the transformation efficiency. Growth in resting medium for 4-10 d and delaying selection was beneficial to the survival of resistant calli. During induction of germination, adding a high concentration of 6-BA (5 mg L^?1) and a low concentration of 2,4-D (0.2 mg L^?1) to regeneration medium significantly enhanced germination percentage. Using the optimized transformation procedure, more than 800 transgenic plants were obtained from 78599, Zong 31 and BA. By spraying herbicide glyphosate on leaves of transgenic lines, we identified 66 primary glyphosate-resistant plants. The transformation efficiency was 8.2%. PCR and Southern-blot analyses confirmed the integration of the transgenes in the maize genome.     

玉米转Bt基因后代的抗虫性鉴定及其遗传分析

采用田间接虫鉴定与室内PCR扩增，对玉米4个遗传背景，2个不同回交世代转基因材料进行了抗虫性鉴定．结果表明：回交3代、4代转基因材料平均抗虫性与其阴性对照相比达到了显著或极显著水平，外源Bt基因在回交后代中符合孟德尔定律1:1的分离比例．在4个遗传背景共98株含Bt基因的单株中，田间抗虫性表现高抗73株，抗5株，中抗7株，感2株，高感11株，抗虫株率占86．7％．     

玉米热激蛋白70基因对温度胁迫的响应

利用RT-PCR技术从玉米自交系H21叶片中克隆获得一热激蛋白70(HSP70)基因的完整开放阅读框,全长1 737 bp,编码578个氨基酸,命名为ZmHSP70。编码的氨基酸与其他作物比对分析表明,ZmHSP70与高粱中一推测的蛋白(SbHSP70,XP_002465635)同源性最高,达95%,与水稻中一推测的蛋白(OsHSP70,EAY89062)同源性达87%。半定量RT-PCR的结果表明,该基因明显受42℃热激诱导表达,热激2 h其表达量达最大值;4℃冷胁迫也能诱导ZmHSP70表达量增加,冷胁迫4 h,其表达量达最大值。ZmHSP70是一个受温度诱导的热激蛋白。     

转Bt cry1Ah/cry1Ie双价基因抗虫玉米的研究

构建了含有人工改造的抗虫基因Bt cry1Ah、cry1Ie和耐除草剂基因2mG2-epsps的植物表达载体pMUHUESGM,利用基因枪法将表达盒片段转化玉米愈伤组织,以2mG2-epsps基因为筛选标记基因,经草甘膦异丙胺盐筛选获得24株T0代再生植株,其中PCR检测阳性植株有20株。T0和T1代植株的分子检测结果证明了外源基因已经整合到玉米基因组中并能够稳定遗传和表达,转基因株系在田间生物活性检测中表现出较好的抗虫性,这为培育抗虫玉米新品种提供了参考,同时本研究中采用了基因枪片段转化法,提高了转基因的生物安全性。     

Introduction of herbicide resistant gene （bar） into maize （Zea mays L.） via pollen tube pathway

The pollen tube pathway method of transformation has been reported to be successful in most crops,but less successfu in maize.DNA can be transferred by cutting the stigma following pollination and applying the DNA solution in a suitable period DNA presumably reaches the ovary by flowing down the pollen tube and then integrates into the just fertilized but undivided zygotic cells.To provide the molecular evidence for this procedure,the plasmids pGBIRC carrying a CaMV35S promoter-PPT acetyle transferase(bar)gene-nos terminator gene fusion construct were used.Total 3 276 seeds were produced from the ears treated with DNA.It was found that 35 seedlings were GUS assay positive,but less intense than that of the positive controls,of which 17 were PCR amplification positive.But,only 13 of the seeds from the plants treated with DNA containing the bar gene were found to be resistant compared with the negative control.Less than 1.07% of progeny seedlings tested expressed a herbicide positive reaction and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)with seedling DNA did detect the bar gene.Morphological variation was observed in six plants.We succeed in obtain PPT-resistant maize inbred lines via pollen tube pathway.     

Nitrogen management improves lodging resistance and production in maize (Zea mays L.) at a high plant density

Lodging in maize leads to yield losses worldwide. In this study, we determined the effects of traditional and optimized nitrogen management strategies on culm morphological characteristics, culm mechanical strength, lignin content,root growth, lodging percentage and production in maize at a high plant density. We compared a traditional nitrogen(N) application rate of 300 kg ha–1(R) and an optimized N application rate of 225 kg ha^–1(O) under four N application modes: 50% of N applied a...     

利用密码子优化提高Bt cry1Ah基因在转基因玉米(Zea mays L.)中的表达

Bt cry1Ah基因是本实验室从苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)菌株BT8中克隆的一种新型杀虫蛋白基因。在前期工作中已根据植物密码子偏好性对cry1Ah基因进行过一次优化。根据玉米密码子偏好性对cry1Ah基因进行第二次优化,并将两次优化的cry1Ah基因分别构建了pAhmG和pmAhb植物表达载体,利用农杆菌介导法转化玉米自交系综31,分别得到10株和9株阳性转基因玉米植株。通过ELISA、Western blot检测及生物活性检测,比较不同优化的基因在玉米中的蛋白表达量及抗虫情况。初步结果表明外源基因在玉米植株中可以稳定表达并可以遗传。二次优化基因比一次优化基因在玉米中的蛋白表达量更高,抗虫性更好。表明密码子优化有利于提高外源基因的表达。     

rd29A和CaMV-35S启动子调控转AtDREB2A苜蓿耐碱性分析

rd29A和CaMV-35S启动子广泛应用于植物基因工程中,但调控效果在不同转基因植物中不同。文章采用Real-time PCR分析转基因各株系中AtDREB2A基因表达差异;对苜蓿扦插苗及一年生转基因苜蓿成苗分别作50 mmol·L~(-1)NaHCO_3(pH 8.0)和混合盐碱土(pH 9.3)处理,统计苜蓿各株系成活率、开花植株数,测定叶绿素、丙二醛、相对电导率及根系活力。结果表明,两种启动子对AtDREB2A表达的调控存在明显差异,35S启动子调控的AtDREB2A为超量表达,碱胁迫处理后显著上调,达57.6倍;rd29A启动子调控AtDREB2A诱导表达,表达量低于35S启动子调控株系(20.7倍),AtDREB2A超量表达抑制植株正常生长。在幼苗期和成苗期,两种启动子各转基因株系均有一定耐碱能力,但存在差异。AtDREB2A诱导表达耐碱性效果更明显,其叶绿素含量、相对电导率、MDA、根系活力变化均显著低于AtDREB2A超量表达。研究两种启动子调控的转AtDREB2A基因苜蓿耐碱效果,为AtDREB2A基因在苜蓿耐碱基因工程中应用提供方法。     

玉米矮秆主效QTL qph1-4的精细定位

利用1份在玉米自交系87-1的遗传背景上综3的染色体单片段代换系(Single segment substitution line,SSSL) SSSL-Y7为试验材料,3年3点的株高表现型鉴定表明,SSSL-Y7的株高均显著矮于受体亲本87-1,且加性效应百分率均在-10％以下,推测在该SSSL内的位于第1染色体长臂上SSR分子标记umcl122附近的目标代换片段上存在可以使玉米株高致矮的主效QTL.在该SSSL与87-1杂交构建的F2分离群体中,高秆与矮秆的株数符合3∶1的分离比例,推测其矮秆表现型由1对隐性基因控制,将该基因命名为qph1-4.qph1-4基因来源于供体自交系综3,位于Bin 1.07区域,在SSR标记MPH147和umc2396之间,距两标记的遗传距离分别为1.5和0.3 cM.与qph1-4基因连锁的SSR标记还有MPH164,umc1122,MPH162,MPH9,qph1-4与之间的遗传距离分别是2.2,2.0,2.0和2.5 cM,这些SSR标记与qph1-4基因在染色体上的排列顺序为MPH164-umc1122-MPH162-MPH147-qph1-4-umc2396-MPH9.     

玉米GY220×1145组合粗缩病抗性的QTL定位分析

玉米粗缩病是近年严重影响中国玉米生产的病害,研究其QTL定位有助于利用分子标记辅助选择提高玉米粗缩病抗性育种效率。该研究调查了GY220×1145杂交衍生的重组自交系(RIL)群体109个家系(F10∶11)在2个环境下粗缩病的抗感表型值,结合该组合由272个DNA分子标记构建的遗传连锁图谱,分别采用基于多元回归模型的Win QTL Cartographer 2.5软件的复合区间作图法(CIM)和基于混合线性模型的QTL Network 2.0软件中CIM方法,检测了玉米粗缩病的抗性位点。结果表明:(1)运用Win QTL Cartographer 2.5软件中CIM法,检测到5个抗玉米粗缩病的QTL,解释表型变异的6.9%～17.6%,其中有3个QTL在2个环境下都检测到。5个QTL的加性效应变异幅度为-8.57～11.94。(2)用QTL Network 2.0软件中CIM法,检测到1个控制玉米粗缩病的位点MRDD2-22,解释表型变异的9.0%,加性效应为6.93。在第5连锁群与13连锁群之间存在1对非主效QTL间的互作,解释表型变异的7.4%,互作效应为-7.70。运用多元回归模型和混合线性模型都检测到的位点是MRDD2-22,位于第4染色体长臂g7M7806～n142标记区间,抗性等位基因来自自交系1145,平均加性效应为9.3。MRDD2-22位点可用于分子标记辅助选择进行玉米自交系粗缩病抗性的改良。     

葡萄糖氧化酶基因转化玉米及其后代的抗病性研究

通过花粉管通道法将葡萄糖氧化酶基因(Glucose oxidase,GO)转入玉米自交系,并对转化后代进行了大斑病抗性鉴定。结果表明,授粉后15～20h为最佳外缘基因导入时间段,最适合的转化质粒DNA浓度为100μg·mL-1。转化获得卡那霉素抗性植株244株,PCR阳性植株13株,对转化的D0代PCR阳性植株的抗病性进行了大斑病抗性鉴定,部分转化植株的抗玉米大斑病能力有所提高,其中3株表现高抗。研究为探索大众化玉米转基因和培育抗病玉米自交系提供了新方法。     

玉米高无机磷突变体的选育和特性研究

采用⁶⁰Coγ射线辐射诱变,创造出2个玉米高无机磷突变体lpa-zhong1和lpa-zhong2,研究了其突变的等位性和遗传控制类型,同时对野生型亲本和突变体的种子发芽率、磷组分含量、微量金属元素含量以及农艺性状和产量性状做了初步研究。结果表明,两个突变是等位的,且突变受单隐性基因所控制;与野生型亲本相比,突变造成种子发芽率降低;总磷、无机磷含量极显著增加,植酸含量显著下降;金属元素含量、农艺性状无显著变化;除了百粒重显著下降之外,其他产量性状差异不显著。     

玉米GY220×1145组合RIL群体粗缩病抗性性状的遗传分析

调查玉米GY220×1145组合的RIL群体109个家系(F10;11)及其亲本在2个环境下粗缩病抗性的表型值,运用RIL群体的主基因多基因模型进行遗传分析,探讨玉米粗缩病抗性遗传规律。结果表明:①2008年GY220/1145组合的RILs粗缩病抗性性状的最佳遗传模型为E-1-5模型,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传;2009年最佳遗传模型为G-0模型,即3对加性-上位性主基因+加性-上位性多基因模型混合遗传。②各主基因效应值不同。③上位性总效应小于主基因总效应。④有单个上位性效应大于单个主基因效应的情形出现。⑤主基因遗传为主,多基因遗传为辅。     

转Bt基因玉米的抗虫鉴定及杂种优势

【目的】研究转Bt基因玉米Zea may材料表达、产量潜力及杂种优势表现,为转基因材料遗传改良提供参考。【方法】以Reid群骨干系PH6WC及育成的自交系J1490、J1495、4DH10和外引系PH1CPS作母本,以Non-Reid为基础的转Bt基因材料6DH85、J1401、6DH222、8DH273和8DH279以及自选系J9D207、J1628、J1668为父本,按NCⅡ设计组配40(5×8)个杂交组合,对转Bt基因材料抗虫表现和产量潜力进行研究。【结果】通过回交转育系谱法处理后代获得转基因材料中的部分Bt基因丢失或者沉默,没有在子代中成功表达出相应蛋白。转Bt基因的杂交组合在一定程度上可以避免因虫害造成的产量损失,与对照品种相比,组合4DH10×8DH279表现最好,增产31.10%;组合J1495×J1401虽然含有Bt基因,且与其不含Bt基因的同父本组合相比增产效果明显,最高可增产65.77%,但与对照品种相比,仅增产10.04%。【结论】玉米转基因育种与常规育种相结合,对其跟踪测配,才有望培育出高产、抗虫优良品种。     

Discovery of leaf region and time point related modules and genes in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves by Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis (WGCNA) of gene expression profiles of carbon metabolism

Maize (Zea mays L.) yield depends not only on the conversion and accumulation of carbohydrates in kernels, but also on the supply of carbohydrates by leaves. However, the carbon metabolism process in leaves can vary across different leaf regions and during the day and night. Hence, we used Weighted Gene Co-expression Network analysis (WGCNA) with the gene expression profiles of carbon metabolism to identify the modules and genes that may associate with particular regions in a leaf and time of day. There were a total of 45 samples of maize leaves that were taken from three different regions of a growing maize leaf at five time points. Robust Multi-array Average analysis was used to pre-process the raw data of GSE85963 (accession number), and quality control of data was based on Pearson correlation coefficients. We obtained eight co-expression network modules. The modules with the highest significance of association with LeafRegion and TimePoint were selected. Functional enrichment and gene-gene interaction analyses were conducted to acquire the hub genes and pathways in these significant modules. These results can support the findings of similar studies by providing evidence of potential module genes and enriched pathways associated with leaf development in maize.