鲁西黄牛发情周期和产后期外周血浆孕酮水平

在鲁西黄牛母牛的发情周期和产后期（产犊至产后６０ｄ）收集颈静脉血样，用放射免疫分析法测定血浆孕酮（Ｐ４）水平。结果表明，母牛的发情周期平均为（２１．２±１．６）ｄ，发情当天（０ｄ）外周血浆孕酮水平为（０．５２±１．４）μｇ／Ｌ，在周期的９～１５ｄ，孕酮水平较高，其峰值为（４．６２±１．５６）μｇ／Ｌ（ｎ＝１５），在周期的约１８ｄ以后，孕酮水平迅速下降，至周期的２１ｄ降至发情开始时的水平；母牛产后１０．６～１３．６ｄ以后，外周血浆孕酮水平开始升高，出现黄体周期，约有一半的母牛产后第１个黄体周期为（８．４±０．５）ｄ，显著短于正常周期（２０．１±３．２）ｄ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；在短周期中，孕酮峰值为（１．５２±０．７１）μｇ／Ｌ，亦显著低于正常周期孕酮峰值（３．８４±１．２５）μｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。除短周期外，产后发情周期中的孕酮水平变化与通常的发情周期基本相同     

The Use of Faecal Progestin Measurements to Monitor Reproductive Activity in Mashona Cows in a Smallholder Farming Area of Zimbabwe

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of progesterone (P₄) in the peripheral circulation and progestins in the faeces of cows in a smallholder farming area and to monitor the ovarian activity of such cows. The study was carried out in Sanyati smallholder farming area, located 250 km southwest of Harare. Blood and faecal samples for P₄ and progestin determination, respectively, were obtained once a week from 35 Mashona type cows that belonged to farmers from three different villages. The cows were weighed once every month and all births were recorded. The concentrations of progestins in faeces and P₄ in plasma were positively correlated (r = 0.72, p<0.01). Most of the non-pregnant cows (65%) cycled during the rainy season. Most of those that were acyclic at this time were undergoing post-partum anoestrus. During the dry season, most cows (58%) became acyclic as forage became scarce and of poor quality. Thirty-two calves were born during the study period, mostly during the first or last two months of the year, when there was enough forage. The mean calving to first oestrus in 14 cows that recalved was 71±49 days. Eight of these 14 cows conceived again, the calving to conception interval being 173±94 days. The cows' liveweights were highest in April, at the end of the rainy season. By the end of the dry season, the cows had lost, on average, 15% of their peak weight.     

奶牛发情周期中生殖激素浓度与卵泡发育对比分析

选择从澳大利亚购进的2岁左右发情周期为21d育成母牛10头,用放射免疫测定法（RIA）测定发情周期血清中促卵泡素、促黄体素、孕酮、雌二醇17β的浓度,用B-型超声波诊断仪检测发情周期卵巢卵泡发育变化。结果显示：优势卵泡发育体积和FSH、LH、与E2浓度在奶牛发情周期中主要表现出两个波峰．对比分析显示奶牛在发情周期第12天（优势卵泡峰时）不发情与不排卵主要原因可能是体内前列腺素等激素量不足所致。     

Studies on the Oestrus and Ovarian Activity During Five Successive Oestrous Cycles in Gilts

The object of the investigation was to study a number of gilts during their first six heats in respect of duration and external signs of oestrus in relation to ovarian function. The study comprised 11 crossbred gilts (Swedish Landrace X Yorkshire). Heat control was done twice daily and comprised a careful inspection of the vulva and check of the standing reflex with and without a vasectomized boar. The ovaries were inspected after the first, third and fifth heats by laparoscopy. Blood samples for progesterone determination were taken once a week during the whole observation period. The genital organs were examined after slaughter.All gilts came in heat regularly during the whole period. Reddening and swelling of the vulva were observed during a significantly longer time in the first and second than in the subsequent pro-oestrous periods. The length of oestrus did not vary significantly in successive heats. The duration of the standing reflex was consistently shorter when the heat control was done in the absence of a boar. All gilts had low progesterone values before their first observed heat. The progesterone level in the blood during the five oestrous cycles studied varied in a cyclical pattern. The number of corpora lutea increased from heat 1 to 5.     

Histological Characteristics and Steroid Concentration of Ovarian Follicles at Different Stages of Development in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Dairy Cows

The aim of the study was to investigate the histological characteristics and steroid concentrations in follicular fluid of different populations of follicles at different stages of development, during pregnancy and the oestrous cycle in cows. Follicles from ovaries collected at a slaughterhouse were allocated into three size categories (small, 2–5.9 mm; medium, 6–13.9 mm; and large, 14–20 mm) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Slices were stained with HE and PAS for histological analysis. Follicular fluid was pooled according to size and pregnancy status and estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations in follicular fluid were determined by RIA. Characteristics of healthy follicles did not differ, regardless of follicle size or pregnancy status. Total histological atresia was significantly higher in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows (p < 0.05). Estradiol increased and testosterone decreased significantly, while follicles increased in size, in both non-pregnant and pregnant cows (p < 0.05). Nonpregnant cows had the highest estradiol values in follicles of all sizes. Medium and large follicles from pregnant cows showed the lowest testosterone concentration (p < 0.05). Progesterone levels increased with follicle size only in non-pregnant animals. In large follicles, progesterone concentration was significantly higher in non-pregnant cows than in pregnant cows (p < 0.05). Considering steroid concentration and histological findings, most large follicles might be atretic during pregnancy in cattle.     

湘西黄牛发情周期与妊娠早期孕酮变化规律研究

采集湘西黄牛母牛的血液样品,通过酶联免疫吸附技术检测和比较其在发情周期和早期妊娠期的孕酮(P4)水平。结果表明,湘西黄牛的发情周期中,P4浓度变化非常明显,大致呈先上升再下降的趋势。发情前期、中期、后期和间情期P4浓度分别为8.85、0.72、1.40和9.13ng/mL,发情中期与后期P4浓度显著低于发情前期和间情期(P0.05);妊娠早期的母牛,从发情配种后,血液中P4浓度缓慢升高,其中妊娠后0~10d、11~20d、21~30d和31~36dP4浓度分别为3.36、8.91、12.69和16.12ng/mL,各阶段P4浓度差异显著(P0.05);发情后第21d、24d、27d和30d,妊娠母牛血液中的P4浓度显著高于未妊娠的母牛(P0.05)。试验表明,发情配种后20d,妊娠母牛与未妊娠母牛的血液中孕酮含量差异明显,可作为判断是否受孕的标记因子。     

大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中激素水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中GH(生长激素)、PR(L催乳素)、S(S生长抑素)水平的影响。结果表明:①大豆黄酮能明显提高血清及乳中特异性抗体水平,表明奶牛整体和乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强;②奶牛血清及乳中GH、PRL含量明显高于对照组,而血清SS含量显著低于对照组。实验结果提示:垂体GH、PRL、和体内SS可能参与了大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能的调节过程。     

Studies on Some Aspects of Neutrophil Functions and Uterine Defenses in Cows during the Estrous Cycle

Some aspects of the bovine uterine defense mechanisms were evaluated over two successive estrous cycles in five adult nonpregnant Friesian cows. Uterine flushings and blood samples were taken from each cow during the estrus and diestrus phases of each estrous cycle. A significant higher percentage of Candida albicans (C. albicans) were phagocytosed (P < 0.01) and killed (P < 0.05) by blood neutrophils during estrus than during diestrus. N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity of uterine flushings, blood neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity scores, and serum progesterone concentrations during diestrus increased significantly (P < 0.01) compared to those at estrus. Mean total blood leucocyte and monocyte counts increased significantly (P < 0.05) during estrus compared to diestrus .
It is concluded, that the different hormonal status has at each stage of the estrous cycle a definite effect on uterine resistance against bacterial infection and a fall in serum progesterone concentrations is associated with an increased ability of blood neutrophils to phagocytose and kill C. albicans .     

日粮能量水平对奶牛繁殖性能、血浆代谢产物和生殖激素的影响

为了解日粮能量水平对泌乳奶牛生殖机能的影响,选取年龄、体重、胎次、泌乳量相近的健康泌乳奶牛40头,按添加过瘤胃脂肪量分为高（H,400g/d/头）、中（M,300g/d/头）、低（L,200g/d/头）和对照组（不添加过瘤胃脂肪）四组,每组10头,试验期为产后30d至70d。产后30d、45d、60d、70d以及发情时记录试验奶牛采食量、体况分,记录繁殖性能,检测奶牛血浆GLU、BUN、ALB、TP、LH、FSH、E2、P4和PG浓度,结果显示：1）试验奶牛繁殖性能高低依次为H组、M组、L组和对照组。2）血浆GLU水平H组〉M组〉L组〉对照组;BUN水平L组〉M组〉H组;ALB和TP各组间无差异。3）血浆LH、FSH、E2水平随能量摄入增加而升高。这些结果提示：高能量摄入能缓解奶牛能量负平衡,促进卵泡正常性周期活动,从而提高奶牛繁殖性能。     

Effect of Pre- and Post-Partum Feed Supplementation on the Productive and Reproductive Performance of Grazing Primiparous Brahman Cows

This experiment studied the combined effect of pre- and post-calving feed supplementation on the productive and reproductive performance of primiparous Brahman cows. The animals were 4 years old (420 kg live weight) and pregnant, and grazed rotationally on Stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) pastures. Supplementation was given before and after (T1, n = 15), only before (T2, n = 15) or only after (T3, n = 16) calving, and there was an unsupplemented control (T4, n = 16). The supplement (1.5 kg/animal per day, 13.4 MJ digestible energy/kg dry matter and 20% crude protein) was given for 45 days before and/or after calving. Changes in body weight and body condition score and the productive behaviour of the calves were similar (p>0.05) among treatments. The concentration of urea in the plasma was low in the control group (T4) before and after calving. The animals in all the groups had a poor reproductive performance. The percentage of cows in oestrus was higher (p<0.05) in T1 (73.3%) than in T3 (37.5%). The interval from calving to conception (148.7±53.7 days) and the pregnancy rate (48.5%) were similar (p>0.05) among the treatments. The level of supplementation offered before and/or after calving did not improve the pregnancy rate.     

日粮能量和蛋白质水平对奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究进展

奶牛繁殖性能下降与能量和蛋白质有关,本文系统地介绍了日粮能量和蛋白质水平对奶牛繁殖性能影响的研究进展,并着重论述了能量负平衡(NEB)及日粮蛋白质、脂肪酸和氨基酸对奶牛繁殖的影响.     

上海地区温湿指数与奶牛生理指标相关性的研究

随机选取某牧场处于热应激环境中的10头荷斯坦奶牛,对其常规生理指标中的直肠温度、呼吸数进行测量,并同时监测牛舍中的温度、相对湿度数值。分析结果表明,牛舍温度、相对湿度分别与THI呈极显著正相关和显著正相关;牛舍温度、温湿度指数的升高会导致泌乳奶牛直肠温度、呼吸频率升高,但相关性并不显著;牛舍湿度的升高会导致泌乳奶牛直肠温度、呼吸频率的下降,但相关性不显著;奶牛直肠温度与吸频率呈极显著正相关,两者之间的关系式为:直肠温度=呼吸频率×0.086+34.66。     

铬对泌乳期奶牛的生产性能和主要生理指标的影响

研究了泌乳期奶牛日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬或赖氨酸铬对其生产性能和血液主要生理指标的影响。选择75头泌乳前期（〈80d）的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为试验组A、B和对照组C。试验组A和B每天日粮中分别补充吡啶羧酸铬和赖氨酸铬，供试期间对照组C不添加有机铬。结果表明：铬可提高泌乳期奶牛的生产性能，增强和改善泌乳奶牛的免疫力和应激状态。试验组A和试验组B泌乳量高于对照组C（P〈0．01）；试验组B血清中的甘油三酯的浓度低于对照组C（P〈0．05）；试验组A血清中胰岛素浓度低于对照组C（P〈0．01）；试验组A和试验组B血清中葡萄糖浓度都高于对照组C（P〈0．01）；试验组A和试验组B血清中皮质醇的浓度分别比对照组C低7．21nmol／L和4．92nmol／L，试验组A和试验组B血清中IgG的浓度分别比对照组C高2．1g／L和3．1g／L。     

Reproductive Disorders of Crossbred Dairy Cows in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia and Their Effect on Reproductive Performance

The study was conducted to estimate the proportion of reproductive disorders and to determine factors affecting reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows under four different production systems in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The principal postpartum reproductive disorders were retained fetal membranes (14.7%) and uterine infection (15.5%). Anoestrus was the major postpartum reproductive problem in the mixed crop–livestock production system (38.6%) and was significantly associated with this production system. Apart from anoestrus, the occurrence of reproductive disorders was not significantly associated with a production system. Most of the reproductive disorders occurred as a complex rather than as a single abnormality. Two or more abnormal conditions were seen in 11.4% of the cases. Each reproductive trait measured was affected adversely by reproductive disorders. Cows with reproductive disorders in each production system, lactation group and suckling and non-suckling group had longer intervals from calving to first service and to conception (p < 0.001) and required more services per conception (p < 0.001). Pregnancy rate and conception to first service were 84.7% and 51.7%, respectively, for cows without reproductive health problems; and 64.2% and 15.1%, respectively, for cows with reproductive disorders (p < 0.001). Overall, intervals from calving to first service were shorter (p < 0.05) than in younger cows. Intervals from calving to first service and to conception were longer in suckling than in non-suckling cows (p > 0.05). Cows with a good body condition score (>3.5) at calving had shorter calving to first service and conception intervals than cows in poor condition (p < 0.001). The results showed that reproductive abnormalities, coupled with poor body condition, are important factors that contributed to reproductive inefficiency. An appropriate reproductive health management, a reliable artificial insemination service and supplementary feeding could be the management options to reduce or alleviate some of the problems.     

"抗热应激中草药添加剂"对奶牛产奶量和乳汁成分的影响

夏季热应激是影响奶牛产奶量的一个重要因素。采用中兽医学理论对夏季热应激奶牛进行辨证施治 ,组方“中草药饲料添加剂”作为抗热应激缓冲剂。选择 1 6头年龄、胎次、生产性能相似的奶牛分成 2组 (每组各 8头 )进行添加剂饲喂试验。结果表明 ,添加中草药复合剂的试验组产奶量比空白对照组明显提高 (P <0 .0 5) ,试验组的乳汁监测也表明 ,中草药添加剂在提高奶牛产奶量的同时 ,不但不影响牛奶品质 ,还能提高牛奶营养成分。血液生化指标证明中草药添加剂还能提高奶牛的免疫力     

The Effect of Post-ovulatory Insemination on the Subsequent Embryonic Loss, Oestrous Cycle Length and Vaginal Discharge in Sows

The aim of present study was to study the effect of post-ovulatory insemination on the subsequent embryonic loss, oestrous cycle length and vaginal discharge in sows. Ten Large White multiparous sows were divided into two groups. Group A sows were inseminated once at 15 h after ovulation. Thereafter, they were ovariohysterectomized on day 11 (n = 5, first day of standing oestrus = day 1) and flushed for recovery of embryos. Group B sows were also inseminated once at 15 h after ovulation. They were further observed for return to oestrus and vaginal discharge (n = 5) after insemination. The endometrium tissues were biopsied from sows with vaginal discharge, embedded with paraffin, stained with haematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscope. Only two embryos were observed in one of four sows from group A. All embryos had a spherical shape but differed in size (range 1-2 mm). In group B, only one sow had a regular return to oestrus (i.e. on day 23) and another sow had an irregular return to oestrus (i.e. on day 27). The other two sows in this group had shown vaginal discharge on days 20 and 38 after standing oestrus. For the number of leucocytes in the endometrium of sows with vaginal discharge, a large number of lymphocytes and plasma cells were observed in the connective tissue of the subepithelial layer. In conclusion, post-ovulatory insemination resulted in early embryonic loss, a subsequent prolonged oestrus interval and also vaginal discharge (i.e. endometritis) in sows.     

The Effect of Dose and Type of Cloprostenol on the Luteolytic Response of Dairy Cattle during the Ovsynch Protocol under Different Oestrous Cycle and Physiological Characteristics

The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of dose and type of cloprostenol (CLO) on the luteolytic response of dairy cattle during the Ovsynch protocol under different oestrus cycle and physiological characteristics. Twelve non‐lactating dairy cows and 111 lactating dairy cows were used in three experiments. In Experiment I, cows were synchronized so that they had only a 5.5‐ to 6‐day‐old corpus luteum (CL) at the time of the prostaglandin F_2α (PGF_2α) treatment of Ovsynch. In Experiment II, cows were synchronized so that they had at least a CL of approximately 14 days old at the time of PGF_2α treatment and an accessory CL if they had responded to the first GnRH of Ovsynch. Furthermore, in each experiment, cows received either a standard or a double dose of d‐CLO as the luteolytic treatment. In Experiment III, lactating cows were blocked by parity and assigned to one of three luteolytic treatments during Ovsynch: 500 μg d,l‐CLO, 150 or 300 μg of d‐CLO. In Experiment I, the dose of d‐CLO had an effect (p = 0.08) on the percentage of cows with full luteolysis, but not in Experiment II (p > 0.1). More cows in Experiment II had full luteolysis than did cows of Experiment I (87% vs 58%, respectively; p = 0.007). In Experiment III, 87.1%, 84.4% and 86.2% lactating dairy cows had full luteolysis and 37.8%, 36.8% and 36.1% of cows became pregnant after treatment with 500 μg d,l‐CLO, 150 or 300 μg of d‐CLO, respectively (p > 0.05).     

共轭亚油酸对奶牛乳脂肪球粒径及分布的影响

旨在探索共轭亚油酸(CLA)对奶牛乳脂肪球粒径(MFG)及分布的影响.本试验选取24头体况相近的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛(体重(583±34.6)kg,产奶量(27.2±2.4)kg·d-1),分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头牛.对照组(C组)饲喂基础日粮,低剂量组(L组)饲喂基础日粮+150 g·d-1 C L A,中...     

气相色谱中温度程序和样品浓度对乳样中C18脂肪酸分离效果的影响研究

乳中C18脂肪酸的同分异构体众多且含量差异较大,导致其测定分析时分离难度较大,影响后续的鉴定和定量。为了实现乳样中C18脂肪酸的良好分离,试验比较研究了3种温度程序(175℃和150℃升温程序、170℃等温程序)和3种样品浓度(提取原液、2倍稀释液、5倍稀释液)对乳样中C18脂肪酸分离效果的影响。结果表明:(1)色谱柱温度程序影响乳中C18:1脂肪酸的分离效果:就C18:1t6~C18:1t11的分离效果而言,150℃升温程序最好,175℃升温程序最差,且150℃升温程序可以分离出C18:1c15,170℃等温程序可以很好地分离开C18:1t12/13/14和C18:1t15,而175℃升温程序仅可分离出C18:1t12/13/14;(2)3种温度程序下C18:2 c9t12、C18:2t11c15与C19:0的出峰顺序不同:170℃等温程序中,C18:2c9t12和C18:2t11c15在C19:0之后出峰,而150℃升温程序时则在C19:0之前,175℃升温程序时C19:0在两种C18:2脂肪酸之间出峰;(3)样品浓度影响乳中C18脂肪酸的分离效果:在3种温度程序下2倍稀释浓度和5倍稀释浓度均可以提高C18:1t6至C18:1t11的分离效果,且150℃升温程序下5倍稀释还可以分离出C18:1t12/13/14,但5倍稀释会造成C18:1t5、C18:2t11c15浓度过低,峰高接近基线或无法检测。综上所述,色谱柱的温度程序不仅影响乳样中C18脂肪酸的分离效果,也影响脂肪酸的出峰顺序,而样品浓度主要影响C18脂肪酸的分离效果。实际分析中,采用该研究所示提取法的2倍稀释样品、并根据试验目的采用多种温度程序相结合的方法,可实现C18脂肪酸的理想分离。     

Study on the Changes of Reproductive Hormone and Regulation of Follicle Development During the Reproductive Cycle of Yili Goose in Xinjiang

This experiment was aimed to study the changes of reproductive hormone and regulation of follicle development during the reproductive cycle of Yili goose in Xinjiang. 2 years old Yili goose were chosen which were in good health and similar weight. 32 samples were randomly selected to take blood samples for hormone detection during the laying, broodiness and ceased periods, and 15 samples were randomly selected to gather ovarian tissue for the observation of the development of ovary and follicular. The results showed that during the laying period, the GnRH of the Yili goose was extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 16.78% and 58.29% (P<0.01);PRL was significantly lower than the broodiness period of 13.00% (P<0.05), and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 28.94% (P<0.01); FSH was higher than the broodiness period of 6.98% (P>0.05),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 21.12% (P<0.01); LH was extremely significantly lower than the broodiness period of 8.38% (P<0.01),and was extremely significantly higher than the ceased period of 16.84% (P<0.01); E₂ were extremely significantly higher than that the broodiness and ceased periods of 29.80% and 112.40% (P<0.01); P₄ levels were extremely significantly higher than the broodiness and ceased periods of 28.89% and 30.34% (P<0.01). The ovary volume and weight of Yili goose were extremely significantly higher than that of broodiness and ceased periods (P<0.01). In the laying period, the mature follicles of Yili goose were significantly larger than that of the broodiness and resting periods, the number of secondary follicles was more and the number of primary follicles was lesser. Ovarian growth and mature follicle atresia, granule layer shrinkage, inward depression, cytoplasmic cavity, follicular atrophy at all levels in the broodiness period. The follicle cytoplasmic cavity of the ovary was larger in the ceased period than broodiness period, and inward concave further deeper, a large number of primordial follicles evenly arranged. Thus, during the laying period, the responses of GnRH, E₂ and LH of Yili goose were active and played a leading role on the development of ovarian and follicular. PRL and LH maintained a high level of secretion, cooperated to maintain the broodiness behavior during the broodiness period.