盆栽榕树蓟马的发生与防控药剂配方筛选

以福建漳州盆栽榕树种植示范基地为观测和实验点,调查鉴定蓟马的种类、为害过程和发生规律,选择测定阿维菌素+啶虫咪、速灭威+啶虫咪和毒死蜱+啶虫咪等3组配方药剂对榕树蓟马的防控效果,筛选确定防控榕树蓟马的最佳配方药剂及田间使用浓度。结果表明:对盆栽榕树造成为害的主要是榕管蓟马;速灭威+啶虫咪4∶1配比对榕管蓟马防治效果最理想,药后3～10 d的防治效果均在93.48%以上,无药害产生,性价比最好,是防治榕管蓟马的最佳配方药剂,田间推荐使用500～1 500倍液。     

盆栽榕树基质线虫及根结线虫病的防治

研究不同药剂对盆栽榕树基质线虫和根结线虫病的防治效果。结果表明,2%阿维菌素和40%毒死蜱乳油对盆栽榕树基质线虫和根结线虫病具有良好的防治作用,100mg/kg的2%阿维菌素处理后15天基质线虫防治效果达到99.67%,处理后45天根结线虫病防治效果仍达到95.7%。使用100mg/kg的2%阿维菌素灌根防治根结线虫时对榕树安全、无副作用。     

盆栽榕树害螨为害情况及其田间防控药剂测定

以福建漳州盆栽榕树种植示范基地为观测和试验点,调查分析害螨的为害症状、发生种类和优势种动态时间格局,测定7种药剂对害螨的田间防治效果。结果表明：盆栽榕树种植区的害螨种类有4个科6个属6种,优势种为桔全爪螨;优势种种群动态时间格局分为5类,依次经历发展期、第1高峰期、衰退期、第2高峰期和越冬期。7种药剂对害螨均有一定的防治效果,无药害,15％哒螨灵乳油和73％克螨特乳油对害螨具有较好的速效性,药后1 d防效超过73.00％;11％乙螨唑悬浮剂、24％螺虫乙酯悬浮剂、24％螺螨酯悬浮剂和73％克螨特乳油能持续     

6种药剂对大豆田蛴螬的田间药效试验

通过田间小区试验比较了70%噻虫嗪种子处理水分散粒剂WDG(锐胜)、60%吡虫啉悬浮种衣剂FS(高巧)、3%辛硫磷颗粒剂GR、40%毒死蜱辛硫磷乳油EC、15%阿维毒死蜱乳油EC、15%阿维辛硫磷乳油EC 6种杀虫剂对大豆田蛴螬的防治效果及大豆增产的效果。结果表明,药剂处理后,对大豆安全,未出现药害;70%噻虫嗪WDG对蛴螬的防效达79.41%,大豆增产率为45.43%;60%吡虫啉FS对蛴螬的防效为76.47%,大豆增产率为48.03%;70%噻虫嗪WDG和60%吡虫啉FS的试验效果显著高于防效和增产率分别在54.41%~69.12%、22.09%~34.56%之间的其他4种药剂;6种药剂对大豆苗期和成熟期大豆植株的株高、鲜重、单株豆荚数等指标均未产生显著影响。     

不同药剂对农田生境红火蚁的防治效果评价

红火蚁(Solenopsis invicta)是世界上最重要100种入侵生物之一,也是中国检疫对象。为了控制红火蚁在农田生境的蔓延。采用工蚁诱测法和挖巢观察法评价了13种药剂对红火蚁的田间防治效果。高效氯氰菊酯乳油、吡虫啉乳油、溴氰菊酯乳油、毒死蜱乳油、顺式氯氰菊酯乳油、阿维菌素乳油灌巢施药7 d后蚁巢减退率及虫口减退率均达到100 %。供试的氟蚁腙粉剂、氟虫腈粉剂、噻嗪酮可湿性粉剂及吡虫啉可湿性粉剂对红火蚁的效果较差。0.02 %多杀霉素饵剂对红火蚁防治效果较好,施药7和15 d后蚁巢减退率及虫口减退率     

不同杀虫剂防治稻纵卷叶螟效果比较

对30.2%甲维.毒死蜱乳油、15%阿维.马拉松乳油、30%阿维.毒死蜱乳油等3种药剂喷雾防治高龄稻纵卷叶螟的效果进行了试验。结果表明,100 ml/667 m2的15%阿维.马拉松乳油对稻纵卷叶螟高龄幼虫有较长的持效期和较好的保叶效果,70～100 ml/667 m2的30.2%甲维.毒死蜱和30%阿维.毒死蜱有较好的速效性,其持效期在6 d左右。     

7种杀虫剂对菜青虫的防效试验报告

应用7种药剂对菜青虫进行防治试验。结果表明：0.5% 阿维菌素乳油、2.5% 高效氯氟氰菊酯水乳剂、4.5% 氯氰菊酯乳油、40% 毒死蜱乳油、40% 辛硫磷乳油对菜青虫有良好的防治效果。施药后3 d防效可达81.68%以上;药后7 d的防效在84.38% 以上,持效期7～10 d,生产上防治时可轮换或混合使用。     

不同药剂对葡萄短须螨的防治效果

[目的]筛选出防治葡萄短须螨的有效药剂。[方法]从农业防治、物理防治、化学防治3个方面对葡萄短须螨的防治进行总结,并对几种化学药剂进行了田间药效试验。[结果]20%哒螨灵乳油、72%炔螨特乳油、1.8%阿维菌素乳油3种药剂对葡萄短须螨的防治均有明显效果。其中哒螨灵的速效性和持效性均较好,可在生产上推广应用。[结论]在葡萄短须螨发生关键期使用药剂防治,并结合农业措施通风透光可进行有效防治。     

出口盆栽榕树根结线虫病的发生与防控药剂选择

以出口盆栽榕树种植示范基地为观测点,剖析检测根结线虫病的病原种类、为害症状、发病规律和传播控制,选择测定阿维菌素、毒死蜱、益舒宝和克百威对基质和根系根结线虫的防控效果,评价根结线虫对这4种药剂的敏感性。结果表明:对出口盆栽榕树造成为害的主要是南方根结线虫。阿维菌素原浆、毒死蜱乳油对盆栽榕树基质和根系根结线虫的防控效果均较理想,极显著优于两颗粒剂益舒宝和克百威。基质根结线虫对阿维菌素和毒死蜱敏感,LD50分别为0.215 4 mg/L和0.215 5 mg/L,无明显差异。根系根结线虫对阿维菌素的LD50为8.64 80 mg/L,是毒死蜱的3.10倍;克百威的LD50为2.127 9 g/盆,是益舒宝的1.35倍;各处理抗性个体出现频率会有不同,要尽可能轮换或交替使用。     

四种杀虫剂对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果研究

[目的]探寻有效防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟的药剂。[方法]用清水作对照,采用1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 g/hm2、40%毒死蜱乳油1 800 g/hm2、20%三唑磷乳油1 800 g/hm2和40%辛硫磷乳油1 500 g/hm2进行防治水稻稻纵卷叶螟的对比试验。[结果]施药15天后,1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 g/hm2和40%毒死蜱乳油1 800 g/hm2的防效分别为85.58%和86.80%,卷叶内有虫率均为0;40%辛硫磷乳油1 500 g/hm2的防效为79.60%,卷叶内有虫率为4.35%;20%三唑磷乳油1 800 g/hm2的防效最低,为72.45%。[结论]4种药剂均对稻纵卷叶螟有一定防治效果,且以1.8%阿维菌素乳油450 g/hm2和40%毒死蜱乳油1 800 g/hm2的防效最为明显。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。