Laboratory diagnosis of respiratory diseases of cattle

The authors describe the procedure of laboratory diagnosis for bovine respiratory diseases: direct diagnosis by isolation and for identification of bacteria or viruses and indirect diagnosis by serological methods. They specify the restraints and limits of this diagnosis and the significance results which are obtained and connected with knowledge of anamnestic information.     

一起犊牛脑膜炎的临床处置与分析思考

在犊牛初生疾病的诊治上,犊牛脑膜炎往往与犊牛低血糖症、弱犊症伴随发生,在临床诊断不确定、诊疗处置随意化的影响下,极易造成误诊误治,引起诊疗失败。为切实加强犊牛脑膜炎的诊治,本文就一起犊牛脑膜炎的临床诊治过程进行分析,并就发病机理、诊断思路和防控进行讨论,提出了相应的思考与见解,从根本上拓宽犊牛初生疾病诊断视野,提高犊牛疾病诊治成功率提供一定的参考借鉴。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎诊断方法研究进展

进行牛传染性鼻气管炎分子流行病学调查时,首先通过临床症状观察进行初诊,然后再进行实验室确诊。目前实验室诊断主要包括病原学诊断和血清学诊断。病原学诊断方法包括包涵体检查、病毒分离和病毒核酸检测;血清学诊断方法包括中和试验、琼脂扩散试验、间接血凝试验、酶联免疫吸附试验和变态反应。有时还要进行鉴别诊断,鉴别诊断主要有单克隆抗体法、鉴别PCR等。牛传染性鼻气管炎在世界范围内流行,给全球的养牛业造成了很大的影响。论文综述了牛传染性鼻气管炎诊断方法研究进展,为预防和消除该病提供参考。     

猪血凝性脑脊髓炎实验室诊断方法综述

猪血凝性脑脊髓炎是引起仔猪神经系统障碍的重要传染病之一,严重危害养猪业健康发展。正确诊断猪血凝性脑脊髓炎对防治该病极为关键。文章围绕该病病原分离鉴定、血清学诊断、分子生物学诊断这三方面研究进展分别展开阐述,以期了解该病诊断方面的研究进展。     

奶牛新孢子虫病诊断方法研究进展

新孢子虫病是导致奶牛流产的主要原因之一，给奶牛业造成很大的经济损失。各国学者对新孢子虫病的诊断方法进行了大量的研究工作。本文对奶牛新孢子虫病的临床诊断、病原学诊断、血清学诊断及分子生物学诊断方法的研究进展进行了综述。     

口蹄疫诊断技术研究进展

口蹄疫的有效控制关键在于早期检测 ,然而有很多疾病症状与口蹄疫相似 ,仅靠临床症状难以确诊 ,因此必须进行实验室诊断。实验室诊断包括病毒学诊断和血清学诊断。病毒学诊断方法有病毒分离、补体结合试验、酶联免疫吸附试验 ( EL ISA)、RT-PCR以及乳胶凝集试验 ( L AT)。 RT-PCR有待进一步完善 ,而用于野外检测的现场诊断方法已取得可喜进展。血清学诊断包括中和试验和 EL ISA,中和试验已经被 EL ISA方法取代 ,并且通过检测非结构蛋白的抗体可以区分感染动物和免疫动物。更加快速、敏感、可靠以及用于检测潜伏感染的诊断技术将是今后研究的热点。     

一起母牛采食马铃薯皮引起亚硝酸盐中毒误诊案的思考

为切实加强动物中毒性疾病的诊断处置能力,防止因诊断失误、处置不当导致动物死亡现象的发生。本文就一起母牛采食马铃薯皮引起亚硝酸盐中毒误诊案的诊断处置过程进行讨论分析,提出了相应的诊断处置意见,供广大兽医同仁在实际诊断过程中借鉴应用。     

家畜妊娠诊断技术研究进展

家畜的妊娠诊断技术是提高繁殖效率的重要措施之一.文章主要介绍了目前在家畜早期妊娠诊断中常用的几种方法,并对以后的诊断技术进行了展望.     

Chronic nasal discharge in cats: 75 cases (1993-2004)

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most common etiologic diagnosis and any historical, physical, or other diagnostic variables associated with a definitive etiologic diagnosis for chronic nasal discharge in cats. Design-Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 75 cats with nasal discharge of >/= 1 month's duration. PROCEDURES: Medical records of affected cats were reviewed for information on signalment, clinical signs, duration and type of nasal discharge, results of clinical examination, laboratory findings, and advanced imaging findings. RESULTS: A specific etiologic diagnosis for nasal discharge was identified in only 36% of cats. Neoplasia (carcinoma or lymphoma) was the most common etiologic diagnosis. Character and location of nasal discharge did not contribute greatly toward a specific etiologic diagnosis. Sneezing and vomiting were the most common concurrent clinical signs. Routine CBC, serum biochemical panel, and urinalysis did not contribute to a specific etiologic diagnosis. An etiologic diagnosis was more likely in older cats and cats that underwent advanced imaging studies and nasal biopsy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although advanced diagnostic testing, including imaging studies and biopsy, increases the likelihood of achieving an etiologic diagnosis, the cause of chronic nasal discharge in cats often remains elusive.     

狂犬病病毒流行病学特征与实验室诊断技术的研究进展

狂犬病是由狂犬病病毒引起的以中枢神经系统感染为特征的一种人兽共患病。狂犬病病毒具有嗜神经性,能在人和多种哺乳动物中引起致死性感染,病死率几乎为100%。除常规的临床诊断外,狂犬病的确诊依赖于实验室诊断方法,方法主要有病原学诊断、血清学诊断和分子生物学诊断方法等。狂犬病作为一种人兽共患烈性传染病,呈全球分布的态势,中国每年因狂犬病病毒感染而导致死亡的人数居全球第2位。因此,加强对该病的病原学、流行病学特征的认识、加快实验室诊断方法的研究对其综合防控工作具有十分重要的意义。作者主要介绍了目前国内外狂犬病流行病学特征和诊断方法的研究进展,并比较了各种方法的优点和缺点,为狂犬病的临床快速诊断和深入研究提供科学依据。     

B-超在母牛繁殖诊断中的应用概述

本文综述了B-超在母牛繁殖诊断中的应用,主要包括:超声诊断原理,卵巢检测,早期妊娠诊断,产后子宫的监测,卵泡和羊膜穿刺,异常生殖器官的诊断,并对今后的发展做了展望。     

Measurements of the Accuracy of Clinical Diagnoses of Equine Neurologic Disease

Parameters for the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of neurologic diseases in the horse were determined from 210 horses in which a definitive pathologic diagnosis was confirmed. The overall efficiency of diagnosis for all diseases was 0.95 although the validity varied from 0.79 to 1.00, the sensitivity varied from 0.73 to 0.95, and the specificity varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for individual disease categories. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was overdiagnosed, whereas Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy, and traumatic neurologic disease were underdiagnosed. The use of such measurements of accuracy of diagnosis parameters in clinical practice will allow new diagnostic techniques to be objectively evaluated, resulting in greater efficiency of diagnosis and therapy.     

Diagnostic parasitology

Diagnosis of parasitic infections in small animals is challenging, interesting, and fun, and involves the recognition of parasite stages based on size, morphology, color, and movement. Size and morphology are the major diagnostic parameters, and a calibrated microscope is the essential tool in the diagnostic laboratory. The fecal flotation technique is used routinely for the diagnosis of most parasites that reside within the gastrointestinal tract. The specific gravity and type of solution used often will influence the results obtained. A sugar flotation solution with a specific gravity of 1.27 is one that will float a majority of parasite stages with minimal distortion. Other techniques for diagnosis of specific gastrointestinal parasites include the direct smear and the merthiolate-iodine-formalin preservative method for diagnosis of Giardia sp, the Baermann technique for diagnosis of lungworm and other live larvae, the direct sedimentation technique for diagnosis of trematode eggs, the ether-formalin-sedimentation technique for diagnosis of trematode eggs and concentrating protozoan cysts from feces with high fat content, and the McMaster technique, a dilution modification of the fecal flotation technique. Techniques for evaluation of parasites in blood include the Knott's test, hematocrit method, and direct blood smear for diagnosis of microfilariae and thick and thin stained blood smears for diagnosis of Babesia sp, Haemobartonella sp, Cytauxzoon felis, Hepatozoon canis, and Trypanosoma cruzi. Tissue impression smears are used commonly for the diagnosis of Leishmania sp in dogs and biopsy specimens or aspirates are used for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii. Diagnosis of acute toxoplasmosis can be accomplished with peritoneal and thoracic fluids, and organisms occasionally are detected in blood or spinal fluid. Serological tests for many parasitic diseases have been developed and often are used as supportive diagnostic tests.     

Squash-prep cytology in the diagnosis of canine and feline nervous system lesions: a study of 42 cases

BACKGROUND: The increased sophistication of imaging techniques in veterinary medicine allows the detection of a wide variety of intracranial and intraspinal lesions; however, imaging often does not provide a definitive diagnosis for nervous system (NS) lesions. Cytology is emerging as a useful diagnostic tool for obtaining a fast and accurate assessment of NS lesions, but little information is available for dogs and cats. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of cytologic evaluation of squash samples from NS lesions in dogs and cats and to consider cytology-based diagnostic guidelines and sources of misdiagnosis. METHODS: Cytologic specimens from masses localized in the central and peripheral NS taken during surgery or postmortem examination were classified into 3 groups according to the final histopathologic diagnosis: Group 1 = completely correct diagnosis, when the cytologic diagnosis and final histologic diagnosis were exactly correlated; Group 2 = partial correlation, when the cytologic diagnosis only partially correlated with the final histologic diagnosis, and Group 3 = no correlation, when the cytologic diagnosis was incorrect and there was no correlation with the general histologic type of lesion. The diagnostic accuracy of cytopathology was calculated by considering the histopathologic diagnosis as the "gold standard," and calculating a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 42 animals (33 dogs and 9 cats) were included in the study. The cytologic diagnoses were classified in Group 1 for 32 cases (76%; 95% CI 0.63-0.89), in Group 2 for 6 cases (14%; 95% CI 0.04-0.25), and in Group 3 for 4 cases (10%; 95% CI 0.006-0.18). Considering both complete and partial correlation as an adequate result, cytologic diagnosis was satisfactory in 90% of biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Although the current series of cases is relatively small, cytologic evaluation of squash preparations can be considered a fairly accurate and reliable tool in the diagnosis of NS lesions.     

牛传染性鼻气管炎诊断方法研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎(IBR)是由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV),即牛疱疹病毒1型(BoHV-1)所引起的以上呼吸道炎症为主的一种牛的急性、热性、接触性传染病,呈世界性流行。IBR的早期准确诊断,对该病的防控具有不可忽视的作用。目前,IBR的诊断方法主要包括病原学诊断和血清学诊断方法。病原学诊断具有特异和敏感及准确等特点,而血清学诊断具有敏感、快速、方便和价廉等特点。为了实施IBR的净化和根除计划,部分国家和地区已逐渐采用IBR基因缺失疫苗,配套使用鉴别诊断方法来鉴别IBR疫苗免疫和自然感染。论文就牛传染性鼻气管炎常用诊断方法的研究进展进行综述,以期为IBR的诊断和防控提供参考。     

奶牛肢蹄病辅助诊断专家系统的设计与实现

本研究旨在辅助基层奶牛养殖人员对奶牛肢蹄病的诊断，提高奶牛肢蹄病的诊疗水平。通过模拟兽医临床诊断思维，采用带有阈值的知识不确定性表达方法，应用置信系数多值逻辑对知识模糊性进行评价。借助C#开发语言、ASP.NET操作平台及SQL Server 2008r2数据库管理工具，设计基于B/S结构的奶牛肢蹄病辅助诊断专家系统。该系统实现对奶牛肢蹄疾病的正向诊断、反向诊断和鉴别诊断及对奶牛肢蹄疾病的病历管理、知识查询等功能。利用该系统可有效提高基层养殖人员对奶牛肢蹄病的诊断与治疗水平。     

一例牛采食玉米秸秆出现过敏症状的诊治报告

在兽医临床和畜牧生产实践中,因用药不慎人为造成牛过敏反应的病例经常发生,这种病例病因清楚,一般可以快速做出诊断并及时进行治疗,但因牛采食玉米秸秆而发生过敏反应的病例实属罕见。玉米秸秆因其碳水化合物含量高、水分含量相对较高、适口性较好、产量高等优点,是近些年来粮改饲推广的重要作物之一。牛采食玉米秸秆出现过敏症状的病例实属罕见,在查找病原方面兽医工作者往往不会往玉米秸秆方面考虑,而不能对病症及时做出准确的临床诊断并施救。笔者在诊疗过程中,遇到了一例因牛采食鲜嫩玉米秸秆而发生过敏反应,根据诊断结果应用抗过敏药物对症治疗,当日收到良好效果,说明诊断准确。通过对该病例的诊治报告,希望对兽医执业人员在该类疾病的诊治方面有所帮助。     

Clinical pathology - the problem oriented approach to laboratory support in clinical veterinary medicine

An adequate diagnosis allows the development of specific treatment and preventive strategies for problems encountered in clinical practice. Such a diagnosis must sustain reasonable scientific challenge and needs to be founded on objective clinical and/or laboratory findings. The problem-oriented system optimises the chance of achieving this while making it possible to improve performance through self-assessment and through the development of a standard, rational, and comprehensive approach to the diagnosis of clinical problems. This system enhances the scientific aspects of veterinary diagnosis and is an effective means of incorporating laboratory support into clinical veterinary medicine.     

禽脑脊髓炎疑似病例诊断

就近５年来山东省部分地区２０例疑似禽脑脊髓炎病例的诊断作回顾性总结报道，结果，在送检的２０例疑似ＡＦ病鸡中，９例诊断为阳性，诊断阳性率为４５％，其中蛋鸡９例３例阳性，肉鸡有１１例有６例阳性，诊断结果表明ＡＥ的发生在山东已相当常见，已成为危害雏鸡的主要传染病之一，本文还就ＡＥ病理诊断的依据，相关诊断，类型鉴别等问题进行了深入探讨。     

一株鹅副粘病毒的研究

由鹅体分离到一株病毒，针对该病鹅的主要症状及病理变化初步诊断为鹅副粘病毒病。本文主要通过实验室诊断，包括病毒分离，血清学诊断和致病性试验。最终对该病进行确诊，证明其确实为鹅副粘病毒。