玉米南繁工作易出现的问题及应采取的对策

南繁工作是培育新品种不可缺少的关键环节 ,它可加快育种材料的世代选择 ,加快育种进度 ,缩短育种年限 ,还可以解决翌年生产中紧缺的原良种。每年都有数百家科研和种子单位南繁 ,由于海南特殊的地理位置和气候条件 ,南繁时会出现这样或那样的问题 ,给南繁单位造成一定的经济损失 ,如了解这些特殊性和采取相应的措施 ,就可以避免和减少损失。现将多年玉米南繁工作所取得的经验总结如下。1　南繁的时间、地点、地块的选择最佳南繁时间为每年 10月下旬到 11月末。过早易遇到台风 ,造成毁苗 ;过晚 ,一是病虫害发生重 ,严重影响产量 ,如 1995、19…     

高粱南繁育种技术

农作物南繁可以加速世代繁殖、缩短育种年限、加快品种应用．是育种工作的一项重要组成部分。近年来．随着农业种植结构的进一步调整,高粱南繁育种规模不断扩大。而海南地区的气候、土壤及病虫害等,都跟北方有很大差异．这样就给南繁工作的顺利完成带来一定的困难。如果掌握好这一地区的特点．并加以应对和利用．会达到事半功倍的效果。     

良师益友袁隆平——黄明安追忆记

<正>黄明安,1939年出生,湖南安乡人,毕业于湖南农学院,知青上山下乡的年代选择去了新疆农垦科学院工作,之后调到海南省农业科学院担任党委书记、院长。黄明安回忆起和袁隆平的相识相知,还要从水稻育种“南繁”说起。中国的绝大部分地区,农作物育种一般一个品种至少要8个世代,一年一个世代就需要8年。海南岛冬季具有天然的温光资源优势,从上世纪50年代开始,每年秋末冬初时,科学家们陆陆续续将育种材料带到海南岛进行加代繁殖和选育,这一过程被称为“南繁”。通过“南繁”,4年就可以完成一个作物品种8个世代的种植选育,育种效率至少提高了一倍。“南繁”慢慢热起来之后,很多优秀的农业专家在这个季节习惯性地齐聚海南岛,相互交流学习。从上世纪60年代开始,袁隆平坚持“南繁”工作50多年,     

玉米南繁育种栽培新技术

随着我国加入WTO．国外各大跨国公司的纷纷进入已经对我国的农业造成冲击．同时对我们育种者也提出了更严峻的考验。当前形势下我们要利用好海南岛的热带气候资源．合理使用栽培技术加快育种进程．选育出适合时代需求的优秀玉米新品种。由于海南岛的特殊地理位置和气候条件有别于北方．南繁时会出现这样或那样的问题．为此．根据从事玉米南繁育种的实践和体会，针对南繁的特点．总结出一套适用广泛、简单有效的玉米南繁栽培技术。     

玉米南繁育种综合技术措施

根据多年的南繁实践经验,对冬季海南岛南繁玉米育种主要技术环节进行总结。并针对选地、整地、播种、田间管理、虫鼠害防治、花期调控和收获晾晒等关键技术措施进行了详细论述。     

国家南繁育制种价值分析与发展对策思考

种业科技创新是农业发展的关键环节之一,而南繁处在关键环节的核心部位。南繁在保障国家粮食和种业安全上．发挥了不可替代的关键作用。《海南国际旅游岛建设发展规划纲要》提出“把海南南繁育制种基地建设成为集科研、生产、销售、科技交流、成果转化为一体的服务全国的‘南繁硅谷’”。本文论述了南繁资源优势在我国种业科技创新中的重要性,对南繁资源优势发挥存在的瓶颈进行分析,并对相应对策进行思考与讨论。     

棉花育种南繁的播种策略

南繁指在南方利用冬季温暖的气候条件再进行的种植,又称冬季南繁或简称冬繁。作物南繁主要是育种材料的加代,以加快育种速度;或者是新品系（品种）的扩繁或杂交制种,以增加原种、良种或杂交种的种子量。棉花的南繁主要在海南岛进行,根据计划实施主体或工作目标的不同可分为产业南繁和科研南繁,前者任务是新品种的早代繁殖或杂交制种,实施主体往往是企业,目的是新品种的尽早产业化：科研南繁实施主体往往是科研单位,任务是科研试验,内容很多,但主要是以缩短品种育成周期为目标的育种南繁。     

确保农业生产安全 农业部加强南繁基地植物检疫

正南繁是利用海南冬季光温充足的气候条件,进行育种加代和繁种,可以加快新品种繁育进程。目前,全国29个省(区、市)700多家种子科研、企业单位在海南开展南繁工作。南繁种子"来自全国,又走向全国",客观上为有害生物传播扩散提供了通道。为防止有害生物随南繁种子入岛、出岛扩散蔓延,农业部将从今年开始,每年在农作物南繁关键季节,开展南繁作物联合检疫执法检查活动,全力保障南繁基地及全国农业生产安全。严格植物检疫监管。针对南繁检疫机构人员不足、执法力量薄弱的问题,今年3月至5月,农业部组织江苏、     

南繁地区筛网用于转基因玉米种植隔离距离控制条件的研究

筛网作为控制基因漂移的物理隔离屏障早已应用在农业生产中,然而一直缺乏可靠的试验数据供选择。因此,本研究使用筛网作为隔离措施,研究南繁地区转基因玉米基因漂移距离的控制条件,研究期为2 a,分别在2个南繁季节和2个南繁地点进行。结果显示:在基因漂移阈值为0.1%的条件下,250目的筛网在高度高于种植的玉米2.5 m时,可有效地将花粉漂移距离控制在20~30 m,大大缩短了转基因玉米安全监管规定的隔离距离,这对于农用土地越来越少的南繁基地是非常有利的。本研究结果也可适用于南繁地区常规玉米制种过程的基因漂移风险控制。     

对大豆南繁工作的总结与建议

从1989年开始,我们在黑龙江省种子管理局与黑龙江省农业科学院的大力支持下,连续11年进行南繁育种,促进了大豆育种工作,改变了大豆育种工作的被动局面。现对我们大豆南繁工作做一简要总结和谈点建议:一、南繁工作成效显著1　加速了新品种的选育进程,缩短了决选品系时间。在此期间,我们先后有14个不同熟期、类型大豆新品种被审定命名推广。这些新品种绝大部分在育成过程中都经过1～2次南繁,使决选品系的时间由6-7年缩短到4-5年。2　促进了优良品系的扩繁,加速新品种的推广。在这些新推广的品种中,绝大部分经过鉴定、品比,表现优异便被拿到海…     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.