Erythrocyte Lipid Peroxides and Blood Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhoea in Calves

Undifferentiated acute calf diarrhoea is a major concern for the dairy industry and its aetiopathogenesis remains diverse. The present study aimed to examine the role of oxidative stress through estimation of erythrocyte lipid peroxide levels and blood zinc and copper concentrations using natural cases of diarrhoea in calves aged 15–30 days old. The calves were kept under identical managemental conditions and were provided with pooled whole colostrum during the first three days and thereafter with only whole milk until they were 1 month old. Diarrhoeic (n = 11) and normal calves (n = 11) of the same age group (15–30 days old) were randomly selected from an organized dairy farm for the study. The mean blood zinc concentration (50.01±2.45 μmol/L vs 66.06±3.06 μmol/L) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower and copper concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in diarrhoeic calves (12.90±0.31 μmol/L vs. 9.44±0.16 μmol/L) than in the healthy calves. The erythrocyte lipid peroxides level was higher (p < 0.05) in diarrhoeic calves (6.88±0.23 nmol malondialdehyde (MDA) per mg of haemoglobin (Hb)) than healthy calves (6.27±0.07 nmol MDA per mg Hb). From the results of the study it is concluded that oxidative stress and antioxidant minerals (zinc and copper) might play important roles in the aetiopathogenesis of bovine calf diarrhoea.     

Effects of Triiodothyronine-induced Hyperthyroidism on Lipid Peroxidation,Erythrocyte Resistance and Iron-binding and Iron-oxidizing Antioxidant Properties of Plasma in the Rabbit

The effect of hyperthyroidism on some oxidative stress parameters is reported. The hyperthyroid state was induced by intraperitoneal injection of triiodothyronine (T₃)(10 μg/kg body weight) for 14 days in two groups of female rabbits (3 and 12 months old). The T₃ injection caused increase by 1.5-fold to 1.7-fold in T₃ serum level, and 2-fold to 3-fold decrease (age-dependent) in body weight gain at the end of experimental period. The induced hyperthyroidism caused a significant increase in the serum concentration of the lipid peroxidation end-product malondialdehyde and lowered erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress when subjected to the free radical generator 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride in vitro. The half maximum haemolysis time (HT₅₀) decreased in the both experimental groups of rabbits, by about 12 min in the 3-month-old animals and 27 min in the 12-month-old animals. The study showed for the first time that hyperthyroidism enhances the ability of plasma to protect against iron-binding and iron oxidizing organic radicals. The scavenging property and antioxidant capacity of plasma against iron-binding inorganic radicals also increased. Measurement of erythrocyte resistance to oxidative stress and the protective ability of plasma against oxygen radicals discriminates the thyroid hormone modulatory effects in defence mechanisms against lipid peroxidation.     

Oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of cattle intoxicated with Senecio sp

BACKGROUND: Intoxication caused by Senecio sp is characterized by irreversible damage to liver cells and may be associated with oxidative stress. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intoxication by Senecio sp on lipoperoxidation, antioxidant defenses, and the osmotic resistance of erythrocytes in cattle. METHODS: Blood samples from 30 intoxicated animals (group 1) and 30 healthy animals (group 2) were analyzed. The diagnosis of poisoning by Senecio sp was based on histopathologic lesions verified through hepatic biopsy. The following biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in the erythrocytes were determined: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) activity, and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) groups. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility also was evaluated. RESULTS: TBARS concentration and CuZnSOD activity were significantly (P <.001) higher in group 1 when compared with group 2. The concentration of erythrocyte NPSH groups was significantly (P <.03) lower in group 1 when compared with group 2. Osmotic fragility was more pronounced in the erythrocytes of group 1 when compared with group 2 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that poisoning by Senecio sp causes an increase in lipoperoxidation, oxidation of NPSH groups, and consequently, oxidative stress in bovine erythrocytes that may contribute to hemolysis. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in cell damage in animals intoxicated by Senecio sp.     

Cholinesterase Levels in Blood Plasma and Erythrocytes from Calves,Normal Delivering Cows and Cows Suffering from Parturient Paresis

Plasma cholinesterase (pChE) levels and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (eAChE) levels were studied in 6 cows before, during and after parturition (Group I), their calves (Group II), 38 cows suffering from parturient paresis (Group III) and 14 newly delivered non-paretic cows (Group IV).The mean of the pChE level in Group I was 1.5 μkat/1 ± 0.20 before parturition and decreased significantly (P ≦ 0.05) to 1.2 ukat/1 ± 0.16 after parturition. The eAChE level was before parturition ≅ 140 ukat/1 and decreased to ≅ 130 μkat/1 4–5 weeks after parturition.At birth the pChE level was 12.8 ukat/1 ± 5.9 in Group II. After 4 weeks the level had decreased to 2.3 ukat/1 ±0.3. In the bull calves the pChE level started to increase when they were 6 weeks old and reached a level of 5.7 μkat/1 ± 0.6 before slaughter at 6 months of age. The heifers did not show this increase. They had a level of around 2 μkat/1 throughout the investigation. The eAChE level at birth was 119 μkat/1 and increased slowly to a level of 145 μkat/1 at 6 months. No differences between the sexes were found.The cows suffering from parturient paresis had a pChE level of 1.80 μkat/1 ± 0.30 before treatment with calcium (Ca). The level decreased significantly (P ≦ 0.001) after Ca-infusion to a level of 1.67 ukat/1 ±0.29. Group IV had a pChE level of 1.65 μkat/1 ± 0.42 at parturition. Two to 4 months later the cows that had recovered from milk fever had a level of 1.61 μkat/1 ± 0.31 and the control cows 1.66 ukat/1 ± 0.48. No differences between the groups were found for the eAChE level.The findings show that parturition influences the pChE level in cows and that sex influences the pChE level in calves between 6 weeks to at least 6 months of age. Furthermore the elevated pChE level found in the cows suffering from parturient paresis before Ca infusion may be a further sign of a disturbance in the cholinergic system with a special preference to the neuromuscular junctions.     

Lowered Antioxidant Status of Red Blood Cells in Post-Parturient Haemoglobinuria of Buffaloes

The antioxidant status of the red blood cells of buffaloes (n = 20) suffering from post-parturient haemoglobinuria (PPH) was assessed by comparing their tocopherol (vitamin E) and reduced glutathione contents with those of red blood cells from apparently healthy buffaloes (n = 20). The red cell tocopherol content of the diseased buffaloes (1.76±0.11 g/ml) was significantly (p<0.01) lower than that of healthy buffaloes (2.45±0.14 g/ml). This may be the first report comparing the concentration of tocopherol in the red blood cells of buffaloes suffering from PPH and apparently healthy buffaloes.There was a drastic reduction in the reduced glutathione content in the red cells of haemoglobinuric buffaloes (23.74±2.86 mg%) compared to the healthy control buffaloes (73.71±3.87 mg%). The diseased buffaloes also exhibited severe hypophosphataemia. These findings suggest that an impaired or insufficient antioxidant potential of the red blood cells in this disease in buffaloes is associated with the phosphorus deficiency.     

毛皮动物自咬症与大脑神经细胞脂质过氧化关系初步分析

分析了当前一些解释肉食性毛皮动物自咬症产生原因的假说,指出了其中存在的矛盾和问题。并根据水貂等肉食性毛皮动物食物的结构,结合目前人类自咬症模型的产生机理等相关研究结果,认为水貂自咬症的产生可能与动物性食物脂肪氧化导致的大脑神经细胞脂质过氧化及动物机体的抗氧化能力有关。     

乐果亚长期暴露对大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响

本试验旨在研究乐果(Dimethoate)对大鼠的毒性作用,探讨乐果中毒的氧化应激机制.将24只SD大鼠分成对照组和3个染毒组,分别以0、1、6、30 mg/kg体质量剂量灌服乐果,连续灌服30 d后,测定血浆和肝脏胆碱酯酶(ChE)活性及肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并观察肝脏组织学和超微结构变化.结果显示,乐果染毒后大鼠血浆和肝脏ChE活性均极显著降低(P<0.01);大鼠肝脏SOD活性呈上升趋势,而GSH-Px、CAT活性随染毒剂量增加呈先下降后上升趋势;各染毒组肝脏MDA含量均呈上升趋势;组织学和超微结构检查显示肝细胞脂肪变性、凋亡等.结果表明.大鼠乐果持续染毒可以诱导机体脂质过氧化增强,并导致肝脏结构损伤,说明氧化应激在乐果的肝脏毒性中发挥重要作用.     

Evaluation of free radical formation associated with diagnostic ultrasound

Our objective was to evaluate kidney antioxidant status in rats subjected to an ultrasound examination. Thirty rats were divided into five groups for injection of saline (S) or anesthetic (A), and application of ultrasound using different modes, B mode, pulsed wave Doppler, and continuous wave Doppler, under anesthesia. Ultrasound was performed on days 1, 3, and 5 relative to the initiation of the experiment. Rats were then scarified on day 6. The kidney tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Both TBARS level and SOD activity increased, 21% and 38%, respectively, due to anesthesia (P < 0.04 for both). SOD activity increased further by a factor of 1.2 in response to ultrasound examination (P < 0.05), whereas TBARS level was not affected by Doppler and continuous wave Doppler compared to anesthesia. Increases in the level of TBARS (P < 0.03) and SOD activity (P < 0.01) were greatest when B-mode ultrasound was employed. These substances did not increase further when continuous wave Doppler was employed. The peak-negative acoustic pressure (9.16 vs. 9.74 MPa) and frequency (3.57 vs. 6.95 MHz) for B mode and pulsed wave Doppler were greater than those for continuous wave Doppler (0.22 MPa and 1.96 MHz). The estimated mechanical indexes were 4.87, 3.70, and 0.15 for B mode, pulsed wave Doppler, and continuous wave Doppler, respectively. In conclusion, anesthesia may cause tissue damage as reflected by elevated lipid peroxidation and free radical formation and ultrasound examination may amplify tissue damage through mechanical effects caused by ultrasound absorption.     

辛硫磷慢性暴露对大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响

本试验旨在研究辛硫磷(Phoxim)对大鼠的毒性作用,探讨辛硫磷中毒的氧化应激机制。将36只SD大鼠分成对照组和2个染毒组,染毒组大鼠分别以30(低剂量组)和300μmol/kg体重剂量(高剂量组)灌服辛硫磷,连续灌服153、0 d后,分别测定血浆和肝脏胆碱酯酶(ChE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,并观察肝脏组织学变化。结果表明:辛硫磷染毒后大鼠血浆和肝脏ChE活性均极显著降低(P<0.01),尤其是高剂量染毒组,大鼠血浆ChE最大降低至对照组的22%,肝匀浆中ChE活性降低至对照组的75%。大鼠血浆和肝脏SOD、GSH-Px活性变化随染毒时间延长呈下降趋势,血浆和肝脏MDA含量均呈上升趋势。组织学检查显示辛硫磷可造成肝细胞脂肪变性。本研究表明,大鼠辛硫磷持续染毒可以诱导机体脂质过氧化增强,并导致肝脏结构损伤,说明氧化应激在辛硫磷的肝脏毒性中发挥着重要作用。     

游泳应激对小鼠血液和肝脏脂质过氧化水平的影响

为探讨游泳应激对小鼠血液和肝脏脂质过氧化水平的影响,试验选取50只昆明小鼠进行游泳试验,于游泳前和游泳10、20、30、50min后分别随机选取10只小鼠眼眶采血致死,采集血液和肝脏,测定样品中MDA含量、SOD和GSH-Px活性。结果表明,游泳应激使小鼠血清MDA含量持续升高并显著高于游泳前对照组(P<0.05);SOD活性先显著下降(P<0.05),之后缓慢升高,游泳50min后仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05);10min游泳应激使小鼠血清GSH-Px活性显著上升(P<0.05),之后缓慢下降,50min后与对照组无显著差异。游泳应激使小鼠肝脏MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05),游泳50min后肝脏SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05),GSH-Px活性在游泳20、30、50min后均显著下降(P<0.05)。结果提示游泳应激能显著影响小鼠血液和肝脏组织脂质过氧化水平。     

饲喂不同营养水平代乳粉对犊牛生长性能的影响

选择体重和出生日期相近、健康状况良好的荷斯坦公犊牛30头,随机分为3组（试验I组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组）,每组10头,研究了饲喂不同脂肪和蛋白质水平代乳粉对犊牛生长性能的影响。不同处理代乳粉的营养水平分别为：试验I组,EE13％、CP22％;Ⅱ组,EE16％、CP24％;Ⅲ组,EE19％、CP26％。研究结果表明．犊牛的日增重随着代乳粉营养水平的升高逐渐提高,试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的日增重分别比试验I组提高了35．45％和37．63％（P〈（1．05）．试验Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组的平均日增重差异不显著;饲喂高营养水平代乳粉具有降低犊牛腹泻的趋势;不同试验处理对犊牛开食料采食量无显著差异。综合分析饲喂不同营养水平代乳粉对犊牛生长和经济效益的影响,代乳粉的适宜营养水平为EE16％、CP24％。     

低聚果糖对早期断奶犊牛生长性能和血液理化指标及肠黏膜形态的影响

选用同一牛场的荷斯坦公犊牛25头,饲喂添加不同浓度低聚果糖(FOS)的日粮,研究其对早期断奶犊牛生长性能、血液理化指标及肠黏膜形态的影响。试验结果表明:日粮中添加FOS极显著提高犊牛的体重及日增重(P<0.01);各FOS组犊牛牛血清IgG、IgA含量肠绒毛高度、固有膜厚度、血清总蛋白、血清白蛋白显著高于对照组(P<0.05);但总胆固醇含量显著降低。说明FOS能提高犊牛的生长性能,能防止早期断奶犊牛肠道萎缩、维持肠道的正常形态结构,能影响犊牛代谢,提高犊牛免疫性能;缓解断奶对犊牛的应激。     

Induction of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rats chronically exposed to cypermethrin through dermal application

Present study was undertaken to study the effect of cypermethrin on oxidative stress after chronic dermal application. The insecticide was applied dermally at 50 mg/kg body weight in different groups of Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150~200 g. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase activity was observed after 30 days of exposure. However, the superoxide dismutase activity declined significantly after 60 days of exposure. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and blood glutathione levels declined significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 days of cypermethrin dermal application. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all groups after 60 days of dermal exposure. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed from 30 days onwards and reached a peak after 120 days of application.     

犊牛超数排卵方法的研究

本试验采用不同超排处理方案对不同月龄犊牛(1~6月龄)进行超排处理,以得出犊牛超数排卵的最佳方案、最佳月龄和重复超排的最佳时间间隔。结果表明,超排方案4的超排效果最好,平均采卵数(80.0枚)、平均回收卵数(43.3枚)和平均可用卵数(37.8枚)均显著高于其他4个方案(P<0.05),表明超排方案4比较适合3月龄犊牛的超数排卵;2、3、4、5月龄犊牛应用超排方案4的超排效果较好,差异不显著,平均可用卵数分别为33.5、41.0、34.5、32.8枚,1、6月龄犊牛的超排效果显著差于其他4个月龄组(P<0.05),平均可用卵数分别为10.8、18.3枚,表明超排方案4处理犊牛的最佳月龄为2~5月龄;超排间隔2周组(6.3枚)平均可用卵数效果显著差于间隔3、4和5周组(16.7、23.7、23.0枚)(P<0.05),超排间隔3、4、5周组之间超排效果差异不显著,表明犊牛重复超排处理的最佳时间间隔为3~4周。     

内毒素诱导的红细胞过氧化损伤及山莨菪碱的保护效应

通过给山羊静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素复制的休克模型,研究了内毒素诱导的红细胞脂质过氧化损伤,并观察了山莨菪碱的相关保护效应。将３０头山羊随机分成３组,第Ⅰ组（ｎ＝６）静注生理盐水作为正常对照,第Ⅱ组（ｎ＝１２）静注大肠杆菌（Ｏ１１１Ｂ４）内毒素２次（间隔２４ｈ）,第Ⅲ组（ｎ＝１２）处理同第Ⅱ组,仅处理前１０ｍｉｎ静注山莨菪碱。分别于处理后１、３、５、７、９、１２ｈ采血,制备样本供测定。结果显示,山羊注射内毒素１ｈ后,红细胞脂质过氧化物含量明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０１）,红细胞膜还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）,并伴有红细胞ＳＯＤ、ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＧＲ活性降低（Ｐ＜０．０１,Ｐ＜０．０５）;而注射内毒素前给与山莨菪碱的山羊,其上述各项指标的变化均较小。以上结果表明,内毒素可使红细胞脂质过氧化作用增强,而山莨菪碱能拮抗红细胞的这种过氧化损伤,对细胞有一定的保护作用。     

The comparison of in vivo antigenotoxic and antioxidative capacity of two propylene glycol extracts of Calendula officinalis (marigold) and vitamin E in young growing pigs

The objective of the study was to evaluate the protective effect of Calendula officinalis propylene glycol extracts against oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation induced by high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake in young growing pigs. Forty young growing pigs were assigned to five treatment groups: control; oil (linseed oil supplementation); C. officinalis 1 and 2 groups (linseed oil plus 3 ml/day of C. officinalis propylene glycol extracts); and vitamin E group (linseed oil plus 100 mg/kg of vitamin E). Lymphocyte DNA fragmentation and 24-h urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) excretion were measured to determine DNA damage. Lipid peroxidation was studied by analysing plasma and urine malondialdehyde (MDA), and urine isoprostane concentrations (iPF2α-VI), total antioxidant status of plasma and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) assays. C. officinalis 1 (extract from petals) effectively protected DNA from oxidative damage. It indicated a numerical trend towards the reduction of plasma MDA and urinary iPF2α-VI excretion. Its effect was comparable with that of vitamin E. C. officinalis 2 (extract from flower tops) showed less antioxidant potential than the extract from petals. We can conclude that the amount of C. officinalis extracts proposed for internal use by traditional medicine protects the organism against DNA damage induced by high PUFA intake.     

不同蛋白水平对犊牛生长、营养代谢及氨基酸消化率的影响

研究不同蛋白水平代乳品对哺乳期犊牛生长发育、常规营养物质消化代谢及氨基酸消化的影响。选15头新生健康荷斯坦犊牛分为3组,分别饲喂蛋白含量为18％、22％及26％的代乳品,记为LP、MP及HP组。结果发现,MP组犊牛体增重高于其余2组（P〈O．05）,3组犊牛的平均日增重分别为598．10、829．52及628．57g／d。3组犊牛对日粮DM、EE及Ash的表观消化率无显著差异（P〉0．05）,而MP组犊牛对日粮CP的消化率较高（P〈0．05）。摄入N和粪N随日粮蛋白含量增加而增多（P〈0．05）,而尿N不受日粮蛋白水平的影响（P〉0．05）。MP组犊牛对钙、磷的存留量和存留率均高于其余2组（P〈0．05）。3种代乳品的总氨基酸消化率分别为82．73％、83．41％及79．45％,蛋白水平对3组犊牛氨基酸（除丙氨酸外）消化率的影响不显著（P〉0．05）。结果表明,蛋白含量为22％的代乳品对犊牛的增重效果和营养物质利用率优于其余2组。     

犊牛断奶应激的原因、影响和评估

犊牛在尚未发育完全时断奶,常引起断奶应激。氧化应激是断奶应激的主要机制,影响犊牛的健康、生长发育、生产性能和繁殖能力。本文结合氧化应激的作用机制,阐述断奶应激发生的具体原因,总结断奶应激对犊牛的影响,并系统介绍了如何评估断奶应激,旨在为犊牛的培育和增强动物福利提供理论和实战依据。     

干旱胁迫对委陵菜膜脂过氧化作用及保护酶活性的影响

用聚乙二醇模拟干旱胁迫,研究了干旱胁迫对5种委陵菜属植物膜脂过氧化作用及保护酶活性的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加重5种委陵菜的MDA含量呈递增趋势,其中伏委陵菜与三叶委陵菜的增幅较大,表明其膜脂抗过氧化能力最弱,细胞被破坏的程度最大,抗旱能力最弱。SOD、POD、CAT活性随着干旱胁迫程度的增加呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,表明在轻度干旱胁迫下5种委陵菜均能启动保护酶系统提高抗性,但随着胁迫程度增加,其保护酶系统平衡遭到破坏,加剧膜脂过氧化而造成膜损伤。