小麦耐盐突变体近等基因系K+含量与SOD活性相关分析

比较小麦耐盐突变体近等基因系的钾离子含量及其与SOD活性的相关性分析，结果表明：耐盐性不同的近等基因系之间钾离子含量存在着显著差异，耐盐性强的RH8706-49含钾量最高；分别为耐盐性差的H8706-34、H8706-58的3．572倍和3．167倍。小麦功能叶片的SOD活性与钾含量呈极显著线性正相关。进而表明，小麦耐盐性强弱与旗叶叶片含钾量的多少在一定范围内呈正相关，钾可能参与了SOD的活性调节。     

小麦耐盐相关基因TaSTK的克隆

利用RACE方法,从小麦耐盐突变体RH8706-49中扩增获得小麦丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶（Triticum aestivum serine-threonine protein kinase）基因TaSTK的全长cDNA序列,含1 958 bp,其中开放阅读框1 431 bp,编码476个氨基酸。其编码区基因组DNA全长为4 095 bp,含5个外显子。该基因的全长cDNA序列及基因组序列均已提交GenBank数据库（登录号：DQ103756和DQ341377）。经过NCBI比对发现该基因的氨基酸序列与丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶、酪氨酸蛋白激酶、蛋白激酶都具有较高的同源性。Northern杂交检测表明,TaSTK在小麦中属于盐诱导增强型基因,并且在耐盐材料RH8706-49中诱导增强程度高于敏盐材料H8706-34。TaSTK的杂交信号非常弱,表明TaSTK在小麦幼苗的叶片组织中属于低表达的基因类型。     

用微卫星标记定位小麦耐盐突变体的耐盐相关基因

以小麦耐盐突变体RH8706-49×敏盐突变体H8706-34（两者为“一粒传”后代）的F2群体作为基因定位群体,结合BSA法（Bulked segregant analysis,群分法）,对小麦耐盐突变体的耐盐相关基因进行了微卫星分子标记定位,在246对微卫星引物中,微卫星标记Xgwm299与耐盐相关基因连锁,遗传距离为5.8 cM,定位于3B染色体的长臂。     

小麦谷氨酰胺合成酶前体Ⅱ基因的克隆与分析

采用RACE方法,从小麦耐盐突变体RH8706-49的转录产物中获得谷氨酰胺合成酶Ⅱ(GS2)前体基因的全长cDNA序列,共包含1 690 bp,其中ORF区1 284 bp,编码427氨基酸。该基因已提交GenBank（登录号：DQ103756）。经Blast比对,该基因与大麦、水稻、玉米GS2的同源性分别达94.6%、87%和90.4%。经Northern Blottin     

陆地棉胞质不育系下胚轴线粒体DNA制备

介绍了一种以陆地棉不育系104-7A的无菌苗下胚轴为试验材料,专门针对棉花线粒体DNA的提取方法。与黄化苗子叶为材料相比,该法大降低了叶绿体DNA污染的几率。由于棉花中含有大量的棉酚和单宁等物质,增加了线粒体DNA提取的难度,因此在试验的过程中有针对性的加入了PVP、BSA和DIECA,简化了试验流程,提高了线粒体DNA的质量和产率。通过紫外分光光度法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR检测,证明该方法提取的线粒体DNA纯度极高,能够满足后续试验要求,为研究与线粒体基因相关的工作提供了技术支持。     

细胞质雄性不育棉花线粒体蛋白质和DNA的分析

以哈克尼西棉细胞质雄性不育系和保持系的花药及黄化苗为材料, 分别对线粒体蛋白质和DNA进行了SDS-PAGE、 RAPD和RFLP分析。 蛋白质SDS-PAGE分析表明, 在处于败育时期的不育系花药线粒体内缺少一种约31 kDa的多肽。 RAPD分析表明, 不育系与保持系的线粒体基因组之间存在着明显的差异。 以4个线粒体基因为探针进行的RFLP分     

胡萝卜肉质根线粒体DNA提取方法研究

本研究以胡萝卜根为材料,通过高盐差速离心和蔗糖沉淀差速离心两种方法提取线粒体DNA。通过改变缓冲液、使用DNaseⅠ处理得到了无核DNA污染的线粒体。用SDS和蛋白酶K裂解线粒体,经酚:氯仿:异戊醇抽提除去蛋白,并用RNaseA消化从而得到单纯线粒体DNA。本实验还特别设计了叶绿体特异性引物检测线粒体DNA纯度。结果表明:利用优化后的蔗糖沉淀差速离心法提取胡萝卜线粒体DNA,所得线粒体DNA纯度高、产量高,每克肉质根能够得到27.60μg线粒体DNA。     

胡萝卜叶片线粒体DNA提取方法研究

本实验以胡萝卜叶片为材料,通过高盐差速离心和蔗糖沉淀差速离心两种方法提取线粒体DNA。通过改变分离和沉淀线粒体离心力大小、使用DNaseⅠ处理得到了无核DNA污染的线粒体。用SDS和蛋白酶K 裂解线粒体,经酚/氯仿/异戊醇抽提除去蛋白,并用RNase A 消化从而得到单纯线粒体DNA。本实验还特别设计了叶绿体特异性引物检测线粒体DNA纯度。结果表明：利用优化后的蔗糖沉淀差速离心法提取胡萝卜线粒体DNA,不仅操作简单,而且所得线粒体DNA纯度高、产量高,每克叶片能够得到34.46 μg 线粒体DNA。     

胡萝卜叶片线粒体DNA的提取方法

提取高质量的线粒体DNA,对植物细胞质雄性不育的研究起着关键性的作用。以胡萝卜叶片为材料,通过高盐差速离心和蔗糖沉淀差速离心2种方法提取线粒体DNA。通过改变分离和沉淀线粒体离心力大小、使用DNaseⅠ处理得到了无核DNA污染的线粒体。用SDS和蛋白酶K裂解线粒体经酚/氯仿/异戊醇抽提除去蛋白,并用RNaseA消化从而得到单纯线粒体DNA。还特别设计了叶绿体特,异性引物检测线粒体DNA纯度。结果表明:利用优化后的蔗糖沉淀差速离心法提取胡萝卜线粒体DNA,不仅操作简单,而且所得线粒体DNA纯度高、产量高,每克叶片能够得到34.46μg线粒体DNA。     

玉米雄性不育性研究Ⅷ. 对玉米YⅡ-1不育胞质线粒体DNA RFLP分析

以玉米T、S、C群及新选育的YⅡ-1不育系为材料，用这4类群不育胞质线粒体DNA，经4种限制性内切酶酶切，长距凝胶分离酶切片段获得高分辨率的清晰谱带。再以5种线粒体特异的基因片段作为探针与酶切条带杂交，结果表明：T、S、C群表现较多差异的杂交带型，持有明显的多态性，YⅡ-1型杂交带与T、S群区别明显，与C群有少量差异。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.