投喂频率对大西洋鲑生长和生理指标的影响

将270尾均质量约500 g的大西洋鲑随机分为5组,每组2个重复,分别以3次/d、2次/d、1次/d、1次/2 d、1次/3 d的投喂频率饱食投喂56 d,以研究投喂频率对大西洋鲑生长性能、消化率、激素水平和抗氧化指标的影响。试验结果表明,随着投喂频率的降低,大西洋鲑质量增加率和摄食量明显降低,1次/2 d试验组和1次/3 d试验组质量增加率较3次/d试验组分别显著降低50%和75%,摄食量显著降低53%和72%。饵料系数、死亡率、皮质醇和抗氧化指标呈先降后升的趋势;饵料系数和皮质醇2次/d试验组最低,1次/3 d试验组最高,较其他组分别高1.2～2.1倍和0.38～4.78倍。血浆生长激素和甲状腺激素与之呈相反趋势,2次/d试验组各项指标较好;各试验组消化率均呈升高—降低—升高的变化趋势,2次/d和1次/3 d试验组值较高。试验结果表明,500～900 g大西洋鲑的最佳投喂频率为2次/d,在此基础上提高或降低投喂频率均会对大西洋鲑造成应激,对生长和饲料利用率产生负面影响。     

投喂抗肠炎功能饲料对河蟹养殖效果与水质的影响

为探索抗肠炎功能饲料对河蟹养殖性能与水质的影响,我们进行了全程投喂抗肠炎功能膨化饲料的河蟹养殖试验,并设置投喂冰鲜鱼的传统投饵方式作为对照。结果表明,试验组河蟹的存活率高于对照组,饲料系数低于对照组,但差异不具有统计学意义;河蟹的平均增重率和肥满度指标无统计学意义差异。经济效益分析结果显示,试验池可以提高河蟹养殖的经济效益,降低养殖成本。与投喂冰鲜鱼的传统养殖方式相比,全程投喂功能饲料可降低养殖水体TP含量。综上所述,抗肠炎功能饲料完全可以替代冰鲜鱼,全程投喂抗肠炎功能膨化饲料可以提高河蟹的养殖性能,增加经济效益,减少水体磷的污染,是一种"高效、绿色、生态、低碳化"的新型河蟹养殖模式,具有较好的推广价值。     

日投饵量与投喂频率对大西洋鲑循环水养殖水质的影响

通过每日测定两个平行循环水养殖系统水体中氨氮、亚硝氮、COD含量的变化,研究了不同日投饵量与投喂频率(3次/日与6次/日)对大西洋鲑养殖水质的影响作用。结果表明:相同投喂频率、不同日投饵量下,氨氮水平与日投饵量大致呈显著的同步正相关关系(P<0.05),亚硝氮、COD水平与日投饵量也呈正相关关系,但相对于氨氮变化约滞后一天。由于两套系统滞后性有所差别,导致系统I相关性显著(P<0.05),系统Ⅱ相关性并不显著(P>0.05)。相同投饵量、不同投喂频率下,养殖系统中各水质指标水平与日变化幅度不同,投喂6次/日时,各水质指标均低于投喂3次/日的水平,且每日变化幅度较小,鱼体产生的应激较小。因此,日投饵量与投喂频率对大西洋鲑循环水养殖水质有显著影响,适当的日投饵量与较高的投喂频率有利于保持养殖水质指标的稳定和充分利用饵料。     

几种鲑鳟鱼类摄食习性及投喂技术

鲑鳟鱼是优质的冷水性鱼类 ,欧美国家养殖极为普遍。我国从上世纪 5 0年代开始养殖虹鳟 ,主要集中在北方地区。随着渔业生产技术的不断发展 ,我国鲑鳟鱼类的养殖范围 ,正由北方向南方扩展 ,养殖品种也由单一的虹鳟鱼扩大到金鳟 ,白点鲑 ,银鲑 ,大西洋鲑 ,等等。虽然这些鱼类都属鲑科 ,但是它们摄食习性相差很大 ,在生产中必须采取不同的投喂方式。1　虹鳟。虹鳟是养殖时间最长的鲑科鱼类 ,已经完全驯化。虹鳟性凶猛 ,贪食 ,能在水面、水中和池底摄食 ,抢食激烈 ,有跟人走动索饵习性。投喂时 ,可定点成片地撒投饲料 ,一般站在池埂的中间 ,向…     

两种规格大西洋鲑胃排空特征及其模型分析

为探究大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)的胃排空特征及其模型, 本研究采用胃含物分析法对两种规格[(176.15±27.52) g 和(323.33±43.91) g]大西洋鲑进行胃排空实验。经暂养 27 d 适应后, 两种规格大西洋鲑停食 48 h, 分别在饱食投喂后第 0、3、6、9、12、18 和 24 小时测定其胃含物湿重和干重, 并用 4 种数学模型拟合; 在筛选出其最佳胃排空模型后, 计算最佳干重模型下 80%干重胃排空时间作为其最适投喂频率。结果表明, 与湿重模型相比, 干重胃排空模型能更准确反映大西洋鲑胃排空时间的状况。小规格和大规格大西洋鲑的最佳干重胃排空模型分别为指数模型和平方根模型, 其 80%干重胃排空时间分别为 12.23 h 和 18.06 h。小规格大西洋鲑胃排空比大规格更快, 这可能是因为小规格大西洋鲑消化前期干燥饲料被水分软化的时间更短。本研究结果可为大西洋鲑智能投喂系统提供生物学参数, 为实际生产中智能投喂策略提供理论参考。     

循环水养殖半滑舌鳎成鱼摄食活动对主要水质因子的影响

在封闭循环水养殖条件下,半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis Günther)的平均养殖密度(15.07±0.22)kg/m3,观测半滑舌鳎的呼吸频率,检测养殖水体中溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸氮等24 h内摄食和代谢的变化规律。结果表明:(1)半滑舌鳎摄食前、后的呼吸频率平均值分别为27.3次/min和34.7次/min,摄食后的呼吸频率显著高于摄食前;(2)投喂前、后2.5 h内,水中溶氧一直处于下降趋势,在摄食2.5 h后,水中溶氧处于稳定的上升趋势;(3)投喂后,氨氮、亚硝酸氮浓度显著增高,2.5 h后达到峰值,随后缓慢降低,在下次投喂前0.5 h达到最低值。说明半滑舌鳎摄食活动对循环水养殖水质的影响呈现规律性,也说明循环水养殖模式可以满足半滑舌鳎对水质的基本要求。     

饲料中添加植物油对稚鳖生长的影响

目前 ,养鳖场广泛采用粉状商品全价配合饲料 ,投喂前先加水充分搅拌 ,再将其挤压成软颗粒或制成面团状饲料用于水上或水下投喂。通常饲料生产厂家均要求养殖单位在投喂时添加一定数量的油脂 ,以提高养殖效果。本文旨在探讨在饲料中添加植物油对甲鱼生长及饲料系数等方面的影响 ,确定甲鱼饲料中最佳的植物油添加比例。试验采用的适量投喂法 (即投喂饲料至甲鱼刚好吃饱不再继续摄食为止 )来确定饲料的投喂量 ,并以此来探讨甲鱼的最佳摄食率 ,确定甲鱼的最佳饲料投喂量 ,为甲鱼的养殖提供参考和依据。1　材料与方法1 1　试验环境试验甲鱼养殖于…     

大西洋鲑循环水养殖系统中大菱鲆放养密度对混养效果的影响

大西洋鲑Salmo salar与大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus适宜生长水温相近,但栖息水层不同。本试验通过研究在循环水主养大西洋鲑(2 kg/尾)系统中混养不同密度大菱鲆(0.15 kg/尾)的养殖效果,旨在优化这两种鱼类工厂化循环水养殖模式。在水温16℃条件下,在循环水养殖系统10个单池面积40 m~2、水体120 m~3的养殖池中放养大西洋鲑,密度为20尾/m~2,大菱鲆的混养密度分别为0尾/m~2、2.5尾/m~2、5尾/m~2、7.5尾/m~2和10尾/m~2,分析两种鱼类的摄食、出池体质量、特定生长率、成活率、毛产量、净产量、饲料系数等生产指标。结果表明,大菱鲆混养密度为2.5尾/m~2时,大西洋鲑出池体质量、特定生长率和成活率分别达最大值(4.755±0.049)kg、(0.3865±0.006)%/d和(98.995±0.177)%,且大菱鲆也达最佳生长与成活效果,可获最大总毛产量(31.795±0.384)kg/m~3、最大总净产量(18.524±0.059)kg/m~3和最低饲料系数(1.35±0.004),养殖效果显著优于大西洋鲑单养组[最大总毛产量(30.521±0.205)kg/m~3、最大总净产量(17.413±0.077)kg/m~3、饲料系数(1.44±0.006)];超过5尾/m~2,各生产指标显著低于单养组(P0.05)。     

池塘投饲区底部微孔增氧对投饲量和溶解氧含量的影响

<正>在投喂配合饲料的池塘养殖生产方式下使用投饲机进行饲料的投喂,养殖鱼集中在投饲区摄食饲料。在摄食过程中,养殖鱼类在局部区域高度集中,会导致该区域水体溶解氧显著下降,到投饲时间点后期就会出现溶解氧不足而影响鱼类摄食,鱼体出现短时间的缺氧应激;同时,由于局部区域水体溶解氧的不足,也会影响该区域水体浮游生物、水体理化因子的变化。本试验选择江苏大丰华港养殖区、华辰水产养殖公司的池塘,在池塘投饲区底部增加了压缩空气底部增氧设施,在饲料     

黄河三角洲地区太平洋银鲑循环水养殖试验

为丰富黄河三角洲地区名贵水产养殖品种,引进太平洋银鲑(Oncorhynchus kisutch)鱼苗,应用室内循环水养殖系统,进行为期13周的养殖试验。结果表明:鱼苗从平均体重10 g长至105 g,日增重1.03 g。养殖期间共死亡280尾,死亡率0.56%。总生物量增加4 721 kg,共投喂颗粒饲料4 013 kg,饲料系数为0.85。试验表明应用盐碱地下水进行银鲑的养殖是可行的。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effects of Carbohydrate‐Rich Alternative Feedstuffs on Growth,Survival, Body Composition,Hematology, and Nonspecific Immune Response of Black Pacu,Colossoma macropomum,and Red Pacu,Piaractus brachypomus

To facilitate economical culture of black pacu, Colossoma macropomum, and red pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, in the Amazon region of South America, we assessed locally available alternative energy sources for practical diets. We tested the effects of control diets (containing wheat products) versus diets with different Amazonian feedstuffs (yucca, Manihot sculenta, plantain, Musa paradisiaca, or pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) on the performance of the pacus in three feeding trials. Black pacu (22.5 ± 0.03 g; Trial 1) or red pacu (2.56 ± 0.01 g; Trial 2) were fed diets containing 30% wheat bran (control) or cooked or uncooked yucca, plantain, or pijuayo for 12 wk. In Trial 3, larger black pacu (86.9 ± 6.4 g) were grown to market size in 24 wk on similar diets. Weight gain, feed conversion, survival, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were similar among diets. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, and dry matter were affected by diet in Trials 1 and 2, but effects were not consistent among trials. In Trial 3, protein efficiency ratio was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. However, relative to wheat bran or wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and red pacu.