Annual dry-matter production by three apple cultivars at four within-row spacings in New Zealand

Summary

Annual dry-matter production was estimated from eight year old apple trees of ‘Fuji’, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Royal Gala’ on rootstock M.9, trained as slender spindles, in a spacing trial with trees spaced at 1.3, 1.5, 1.9 and 2.4 m within the row with tree rows 3.5 m apart. Light interception was recorded at intervals during the season. Both fresh weight yield and total dry-matter production were linear functions of light interception, with a higher slope recorded for the two late season cultivars compared with the early maturing ‘Royal Gala’. Comparison of the relationship between mid-season light interception and apple yields with published values from elsewhere, reveals that the slope of the relationship is enhanced under New Zealand conditions. The relationship suggests an upper limit of yield of 169 t ha^–1 at 90% light interception, slightly higher than the maximum yield recorded of 163 t ha^–1. Energy conversion of intercepted light over the growing season into dry-matter production was similar to that observed in the United Kingdom, suggesting that the major climatic advantage in New Zealand over the United Kingdom is the higher growing season radiation integral. Dry matter was allocated in the order fruit>woody tissue>leaves, with partitioning to the fruit of 74, 72 and 63% for ‘Braeburn’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Royal Gala’, respectively. Under New Zealand conditions, sustainable 70% harvest index values may be achievable for mature apple trees on dwarfing rootstock with late maturing cultivars.     

Two new planting systems for early ripening peaches (Prunus persica L. Batsch): Yield and fruit quality in four low-chill cultivars

Summary

Trees of peach cvs Flordastar, Flordaprince, Flordacrest and Maravilha, low in chill requirement (Flordaprince 150; Flordacrest 350 C.U.), with a short fruit development period (Flordaprince 90; Flordacrest 110 d) and a very early ripening time (Flordastar mid May; Flordacrest first week of June), were planted in Sicily (37° 30′ Lat. N) both in a medium (667 trees per ha) and a high density (2000 trees per ha) plantation system. In the medium density planting system, the trees were trained to a Fusetto, and in the high density to a Y-shape. Both in the Fusetto and Y, the size of the trees was controlled by severe pruning soon after harvest, consisting in the shortening of most of the one year old wood. From mid June to October, the trees of all four cultivars were able to recover a “fruiting canopy”; flower bud density, flower fertility, fruit set, fruit quality and crop efficiency were not affected by the severe summer pruning. Due to the planting density and the pruning, the tree growth was restricted: no platforms or ladders were required to perform the cultivation techniques at the top of the Fusetto nor was the wire-trellis necessary to sustain the Y-shaped trees. To distinguish these training systems from the original ones, Fusetto and Tatura trellis, we called them “dwarfed Fusetto” (dF) and “free standing Tatura” (fsT), respectively. Although production per tree was higher in the dF, due to planting density fsT yielded more per hectare.     

特早熟杏新品种

1990年进行有性杂交,通过试管胚培育成特早熟系列新品种10个,本文介绍6个。‘试管红光1号、2号、3号’果大,色彩鲜红亮丽,‘试管早荷2号’品质特优, ‘试管桃杏i号’果顶尖突似桃,‘试管甜丰’仁甜可食。6个品种共同的特点是早熟,早果,丰产,花期抗霜冻力强。     

抗寒优质桃新品种‘敖东寒桃’

 ‘敖东寒桃’抗寒力强, 果实大, 外形美观, 品质好, 鲜食风味极佳, 丰产稳产, 适宜在东北等寒冷地区推广栽培。     

极晚熟桃新品种‘秋红晚蜜’

 ‘秋红晚蜜’是从地方桃优异资源中选出的极晚熟新品种。果实成熟期为10月中下旬。果个大, 平均单果质量280 g, 果面鲜红。自花结实率高, 丰产稳产, 耐贮运性和抗细菌性穿孔病能力强于其它极晚熟品种, 特别是克服了目前生产上晚熟品种抗寒性差的缺陷。     

Introduction of New Promising Apple Genotypes: A Study of Quality Attributes of Apple in Crosses between Iranian Early Ripening and Exotic Late Ripening Apple Cultivars

Apple breeding is usually done to produce higher quality apples. We crossed two late ripening high quality apple cultivars (i.e., Golden Smoothie and Red Spur) as maternal parents with two Iranian domestic early ripening apple cultivars (i.e., Golab-e Kohanz and Shafi Abadi) as pollen parents in 2005 to breed new early ripening apple cultivars. We then measured qualitative and quantitative traits of 360 off spring during 2010 and 2011. Results of recorded traits on the 5th and 6th year of growth of the progeny showed that during two evaluation years, flowering and fruit ripening time, titrable acidity, SSC/acid ratio, and fruit weight had the highest coefficients of phenotypic variations. Progenies were classified in three groups: early, mid, and late ripening. Some of the selected progeny were better than their early ripening parental cultivars being earlier in the ripening, with larger fruit size and better texture and flavor. Genotypes A31, A32, I5, I23, and I57 were in the early ripening category, B11 and A34 were in the middle, and B77 and E21 were in the late ripening categories. These characteristics were considered to present an improvement.     

早熟、大果、优质桃新品种‘美硕’

 ‘美硕’是采用实生育种( 亲本‘京玉’) 育成的鲜食桃新品种, 具有成熟早、果实大、外观美、品质优、丰产性强等特点, 适合我国桃树适宜生态区栽培。     

Effect of Hydrogen Cyanamide on Vegetative Growth,Yield, and Fruit Quality of Fig cv. Zidi in a Warm Production Area

The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region under warm climates. Fig yield is governed by the previous crop load and is strongly dependent on shoot length. Special cultural practices are required to stimulate new vegetative growth that will ensure regular and high productivity. The present study focused on the use of the rest breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide (HC) as Dormex to enhance vegetative growth, which influences the yield. A field trial was held in northern Tunisia (36° 49′ N; 9° 48′ E) on mature fig trees cv. Zidi. In reference to untreated trees as control, two hydrogen cyanamide treatments at 1% and 1.5% HC were considered. Bud break rate, vegetative growth, starch content of shoots, yield, and fruit characteristics were assessed. Results indicated that 1.5% HC significantly increased shoot length, fruit number per shoot, and yield. It advanced bud break by 10 days and fruit ripening by 7 days compared to the control. However, leaf number, leaf area, and starch content seem to be unaffected by hydrogen cyanamide treatments. Regarding fruit quality, a 1.5% HC dose significantly increased dry matter content, while fruit diameter and total soluble solids remain unaffected. In conclusion, hydrogen cyanamide could be used under warm conditions to improve vegetative growth of fig trees cv. Zidi and consequently fig productivity. Application of 1.5% HC 40 days before bud break was the most effective in increasing shoot length and yield.     

The effects of storage temperature and fruit size on firmness,extractable juice,woolliness and browning in two nectarine cultivars

Fruit firmness, extractable juice, woolliness and browning of the mesocarp tissue in ‘Independence’ and ‘Flavortop’ nectarines stored at —0.5°, 3°, 5° and 7°C for four weeks were determined during ripening at 15°C. The firmness of both ‘Independence’ and ‘Flavortop’ during ripening decreased as storage temperatures increased. The percentage extractable juice after cold storage and during ripening varied considerably between cultivars and between the storage temperatures. The extractable juice of fruit stored at higher temperatures tended to increase during ripening, whereas fruit stored at lower temperatures tended to decrease first before increasing. At storage temperatures of —0.5° and 3°C both cultivars passed through a stage of woolliness during ripening, while less woolliness occurred after storage at 5° and 7°C. In both cultivars the percentage extractable juice during ripening was higher on average at storage temperatures of 5° and 7°C. Severe browning of mesocarp tissue in both cultivars occurred during ripening after storage at 3°C. The effect of fruit size on changes in firmness, development of woolliness and mesocarp browning in ‘Flavortop’ nectarines stored at — 0.5°C for four weeks and ripened at 15°C was also determined. Larger nectarines lost firmness more rapidly, woolliness occurred sooner and the mesocarp tissue was more prone to browning than smaller fruit during ripening.     

早熟和四倍体葡萄胚培养的研究

1988～1991年对葡萄6个早熟品种和7个四倍体品种进行种子胚培养,成苗率分别达到40%～71%和52%～89%,与常规播种相比,成苗率提高两倍以上。早熟品种和四倍体品种在浆果成熟期接种培养的效果明显地优于花后45天接种者,低温和切喙处理有效地促进了早熟和四倍体品种胚的萌发,并提高了成苗率,提出了一套早熟和四倍体葡萄品种胚培养的有效措施。     

脱落酸在桃果实成熟过程中的作用

 以白凤桃为试材,分析研究了桃果实生长发育过程中脱落酸（ABA）的变化以及外源ABA和氟啶酮（Fluridone）处理对果实发育后期离体果实后熟衰老进程的影响,探讨了ABA与桃果实成熟的关系。结果表明：桃果实生长发育后期果实内源ABA的积累构成了果实成熟的启动信号,而ABA高峰的出现启动了果实的后熟衰老进程;外源ABA处理促进了采后果实的后熟衰老进程,而Fluridone处理抑制了果实内源ABA的生物合成和乙烯产生,延缓了桃果实的后熟软化;乙烯则可能作为ABA的一种辅助因子影响果实的后熟衰老进程。     

软籽石榴种子硬度发育与种皮细胞壁显微结构的关系研究

为了解软籽石榴种子硬度发育特性,以软籽品种‘突尼斯软籽’、半软籽品种‘以色列酸’和硬籽品种‘青皮’为材料,测定了不同发育时期的种子硬度、可溶性固形物含量和籽粒质量,并对其成熟种子种皮细胞进行石蜡切片,间苯三酚和番红固绿染色观察,比较种皮细胞显微结构和木质化程度,同时对不同产地的‘突尼斯软籽’石榴进行种子硬度比较。结果表明,种子最大硬度出现在果实发育后期,而非果实成熟时期,不同品种种子硬度变化趋势一致。‘突尼斯软籽’种子硬度在花后97 d达到最高,为(2.939±0.895)kg;半软籽‘以色列酸’和硬籽‘青皮’在花后106 d到达最高,硬度分别为(5.571±2.106)和(9.203±3.006)kg。在花后124 d(成熟时期),‘突尼斯软籽’、‘以色列酸’和‘青皮’的种子硬度分别为(2.887±0.735)、(4.242±1.036)和(8.192±2.561)kg。5个产地的‘突尼斯软籽’成熟石榴种子硬度没有显著差异,软籽性状不受种植地理环境变化而改变。显微结构观察发现成熟时期石榴种皮外层细胞高度木质化,‘突尼斯软籽’石榴的种皮外层细胞壁厚度显著低于‘以色列酸’和‘青皮’。     

Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth,lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees

Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree^–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree^–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.     

中晚熟苹果新品种‘秦艳’

 ‘秦艳’是以‘天王红’为母本,‘秦冠’为父本杂交育成的中晚熟苹果新品种。果实圆锥形,平均单果质量242 g, 最大305 g , 9 月中下旬成熟, 果实底色黄绿, 全面着浓红色, 肉脆, 汁多, 酸甜适度, 香味浓, 耐贮藏。树势中庸健壮, 早果, 丰产, 5 年生树产量41. 1 t/ hm²。     

5–氨基乙酰丙酸促进桃果皮提前着色机制研究

 在‘早白花’桃果实着色前,用300、100和50 mg · L^-1的5–氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA）溶液涂布果实。结果表明：ALA处理可促进果皮提前着色,促使果实提前成熟,且以300 mg · L^-1效果最为明显,比对照早约5 d。ALA处理还显著促进了UFGT、DFR、LDOX和CHS的提前表达,并且基因表达水平与花色素苷的积累趋势具有很好的一致性。据此推测ALA可能参与了桃果实成熟以及花色素苷合成的调控,对果皮花色素苷提前合成具有促进作用。     

Romina and Cristina: Two New Strawberry Cultivars with High Sensorial and Nutritional Values

ABSTRACT

The two cultivars (Romina and Cristina) recently released from the Marche Polytechnic University (Ancona, Italy) strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) breeding program, show high adaptability to non-fumigated soil. Furthermore, ‘Romina’ showed very early ripening, conic or bi-conic fruit shape, good taste with high sweetness, high firmness and shelf life, and high vitamin C and folate contents. ‘Cristina’ showed very late ripening, high productivity, large fruit of conical shape, good taste, and high vitamin C and folate contents. The European Union patents of ‘Romina’ and ‘Cristina’ have been transferred to the United States, and nursery production has begun following United States rules to determine future market interest.     

肥城桃两品系果实细胞壁成分和水解酶活性的比较

 随着果实发育成熟，肥城桃两品系果实中细胞壁含量不断下降。可溶性果胶从8月1～16日明显增加，这时果肉硬度下降最快。两品系果实的细胞壁中离子结合果胶和纤维素含量下降比例不同，这可能是造成两品系成熟软化特性不同的主要因素之一。果实发育后期‘白里肥城桃’和‘红里肥城桃’纤维素酶活性变化的不同，意味着纤维素酶在肥城桃果实软化中起重要作用。肥城桃果实中没有检测到内切PG活性，成熟后期外切PG活性上升较快。     

The effect of day and night temperatures on the growth,development and yield of glasshouse cucumbers

The responses of January-sown cucumber cvs Farbio and Sandra to day and night temperature during the early post-planting stage (late February to mid-April) were examined in a glasshouse experiment. Three day temperatures (15°, 20° and 25°C) were combined factorially with three night temperatures (10°, 15° and 20°C). Comparisons were also made between two temperature regimes (21°C day: 19°C night and 24°C day: 17°C night) applied during the pre-planting stage (late January to late February) and between two mainstem cropping methods (restriction or retention of mainstem fruits). In the pre-planting stage the 24°C day: 17°C night temperature combination produced plants which were taller, heavier and leafier than those grown at 21°C day: 19°C night. During the first 12 weeks of harvesting the larger plants produced significantly more fruit and higher gross monetary returns than did their smaller counterparts. The difference then diminished and after 20 weeks of harvesting plants from the two pre-planting temperature treatments had produced similar weights of marketable fruit of equivalent value. In the early post-planting period increases in total leaf area and stem length were closely correlated with 24-h mean temperature. Earliness (first harvest) and total weight of fruit after four weeks of harvesting were also linearly related to mean post-planting temperature. Raising the 24-h mean air temperature (within the range 15.2° to 22.6°C) by 1°C during the early post-planting stage increased early (4 week) yield by 0.82 kg m^-2 and total (20 week) yield by 1.17 kg m^-2. There was no effect of day/night temperature amplitude. After 20 weeks of harvest, gross monetary returns and profitability were generally highest when mean temperature in the early post-planting period was high and fell progressively with reduced mean temperature. Restricting stem fruits to oné per leaf node produced no significant difference in either the yield or quality of fruit from plants of any of the temperature treatments. The results are discussed from physiological and practical viewpoints and a cost-benefit comparison of temperature treatments is presented.     

The susceptibility of modern tomato cultivars to blossom- end rot in relation to salinity

Three cultivars, Counter, Calypso and Spectra, were grown in NFT at a range of salinities (electrical conductivities of 5,10 and 15 mS cm^-1) in two successive crops during the year. The incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in ‘Calypso’ and ‘Spectra’ was substantially higher than in ‘Counter’ at all salinities. In the early crop, ‘Calypso’ had the highest incidence of BER at 10 mS cm^-1, of which the proportion of international BER was greater than in ‘Spectra’. In the late crop, ‘Spectra’ had a higher incidence of BER than ‘Calypso,’ and a higher proportion of external BER. In the early crop, the incidence of BER in both cultivars grown at 10 mS cm"1 was higher than those at 15 mS cm^-1, mainly due to an exceptionally high incidence of internal BER. In the late crop, however, the reverse was true. ‘Counter’, which is not susceptible to BER, had a higher shoot dry weight than the two BER susceptible cultivars. Nevertheless, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Spectra’ set more fruit in the lower and upper trusses respectively. A high incidence of BER was related to a high number of fruit set in the susceptible cultivars. Both the Ca content and the daily rate of Ca accumulation in the fruit were reduced by salinity, but no differences between cultivars were observed. The distal placenta and locular tissues had the lowest Ca content in the whole fruit and appeared to be the site of the earliest symptoms of BER. The interaction between cultivar and salinity affecting the Ca content of these tissues was not significant. The causes of susceptibility to BER in tomato are discussed.     

芽变李新品种‘龙园桃李’

‘龙园桃李’为‘龙园蜜李’的芽变品种。该品种抗寒、丰产、晚熟、较耐贮运;果实桃形,平均单果质量48.5 g,最大果质量62.0 g,果肉橙黄色,质地硬韧,离核,汁液中,风味酸甜适口,可溶性固形物含量为12.6%。哈尔滨地区9月5日成熟。