影响苹果试管嫁接苗培育的因素

用苹果试管苗Ｍ２６作砧木，‘Ｇａｌａ’作接穗，成功地获得试管嫁接苗。嫁接苗在ＭＳ液体纸桥培养基上的生长量与嫁接成活率显著高于ＭＳ固体培养基。但是，液体培养基导致砧木基部膨大，形成玻璃苗。随ＢＡＰ浓度升高，嫁接部位愈伤组织形成快、成活率高，接穗生长量明显增加。过高浓度的ＢＡＰ（≥０．８ｍｇ·１~(-１)），诱导砧木侧枝大量形成、砧木基部膨大、产生玻璃苗，并且显著降低砧木的生根力。试管嫁接苗建立阶段最适的ＢＡＰ浓度为０．４ｍｇ·１~(-１)。试管嫁接苗的生根力随ＩＢＡ浓度升高而显著提高，在１．０ｍｇ·１~(-１)浓度时达最适水平。ＩＢＡ浓度对试管嫁接苗接穗生长的影响与生根力是一致的。     

应用~(32)P研究核桃原位枝接中接芽的作用

利用32P示踪技术研究了核桃(JuglansregiaL.)原位枝接愈合过程中接芽的作用。新梢中32P动态变化曲线表明,接芽对接合部位的愈合有一定影响。接芽个数和接芽距接合部位的距离对早期愈合及新梢生长都有影响。双芽枝上检测到32P的时间最早,其次是上芽枝和下芽枝,这表明最早的砧穗间物质运输发生在双芽枝上。尽管无芽枝形成嫁接愈合体,但其上没有检测到32P的出现。双芽枝上所抽生的两个新梢的生长情况并不相同。     

不同覆盖物对绿地土壤和杂草的影响

利用树皮、园林有机废弃物、透水砖进行绿地土壤覆盖试验,分析了覆盖材料对绿地土壤和杂草的影响。结果表明:覆盖树皮和园林有机废弃物对绿地土壤具有一定的调温、保水、增肥的作用,随着覆盖厚度的增加,其作用也随之增加;覆盖透水砖会导致土壤pH值和容重明显增加;3种覆盖物对于绿地杂草均具有很好的抑制作用。     

Screening wild Eriobotrya species as rootstocks for loquat

Summary

Six wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat.     

Root zone temperature,plant growth and yield of broccoli [Brassica oleracea (Plenck) var. italica] as affected by plastic film mulches

Plastic film mulches are often associated with increases in plant growth and yield of vegetable crops. Few studies, however, report on the effect of plastic film mulches on root zone temperature on broccoli. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of colored plastic mulches on root zone temperature and broccoli plant growth and yield Broccoli (‘Packman’) plants were grown using plastic film mulch and drip irrigation. The treatments consisted of plastic film mulch (black, blue, gray on black, red, silver on black, and white on black mulches) and bare soil. Colored plastic film mulches affected root zone temperature and the accumulation of soil degree-days. Mean daily RZT, maximal daily RZT and degree day accumulation in the soil were highest in dark-colored mulches (blue, black, red, and gray) and lowest in light-colored mulches (silver and white), while minimal daily RZT was highest in silver mulch and lowest in white mulch. Silver mulch showed the smallest diurnal fluctuations in RZT among plastic mulches, with the highest RZT during the night and among the lowest in the afternoon. Colored plastic mulches also affected broccoli plant growth and yield, although the effect of mulches was more dramatic in the spring than in the fall seasons. Broccoli yield was linearly related to both the vegetative top dry weight and root dry weight of mature plants. Broccoli yield was little affected at mean RZT of <21 °C but increased with increasing mean RZTs above 21 °C up to 25 °C. Thus, broccoli plant growth and yield responded more favorably to dark-colored mulches than to light-colored mulches, suggesting that broccoli benefited from increased soil warming. No high RZT stress effects on broccoli plant growth or yield were observed in this study. Thus, this study suggests that plastic film mulches, particularly the dark-colored mulches, may be an option for spring broccoli production in areas with cool conditions early in the spring.     

植物激素对蚕豆离体茎段自体嫁接的影响

植物激素的浓度与配比影响着蚕豆离体嫁接系统中砧木与接穗间维管束桥的形成。植物激素浓度低时，没有维管束桥的分化，且易褐变坏死；浓度适宜（ＩＡＡ：ｌｍｇ／Ｌ，ＫＴ：０２ｍｇ／Ｌ）时，砧木与接穗间的维管束可直接连通；浓度继续增高时，只有３０％的嫁接组合有维管束桥的分化，呈分支状分布于茎的棱角处，而其余７０％的嫁接组合砧穗间没有维管束桥的分化，从而使嫁接亲和力下降。     

The Influence of Simazine or a Straw Mulch on the Establishment of Apple Trees in Grassed Down or Cultivated Soil

The first three years’ growth of Cox’s Orange Pippin on M.26 was compared in a trial in which a four-foot square around the tree received either simazine, or straw mulch, or the same treatment as the surrounding area, which was grass or cultivation. Two rates of Nitrochalk were used.

The treatments influenced leaf area and nutrient composition; shoot number, length and weight; and root size and distribution.

Competition from a partial weed cover in the first year produced a severe growth reduction which persisted in the following years and was not reduced by the higher nitrogen rate.

A four-foot square kept weed-free with simazine enabled trees to be grassed in the year of planting and yet make growth comparable to those kept clean-cultivated. Less than 1% of the applied simazine remained active in the soil at the end of the third year.

Mulching produced the most vigorous trees. It is considered that soil moisture availability was the main factor influencing tree establishment.     

矮砧及乔砧苹果树嫁接口的解剖观察

苹果栽培品种秋富１与Ｍ７、Ｍ２６、八棱海棠３种砧木“Ｔ”形芽接１、２年生苗的嫁接口部位徒手切片显微镜观察，结果表明，砧木、接芽产生的大量愈伤组织，有不同方向、不同程度的分化，沿砧木和接芽的原有形成层逐渐分化产生新的形成层，使砧术与接穗维管组织连通；接口附近及过渡区域内各种组织均表现异常，维管分子及纤维细胞短、粗、弯曲，上下排列不同轴，射线细胞所占比例大，伸长较短，直径大；矮化砧Ｍ２６的嫁接口内愈伤组织细胞层数最多，导管不同轴程度最高；乔化砧八棱海棠的嫁接口内愈伤组织细胞层数最少，导管不同轴程度较轻；半矮化砧Ｍ７介于二者之间。     

Carbohydrate profiles in the graft union of young sweet cherry trees grown on dwarfing and vigorous rootstocks

In composite (scion–rootstock) dwarfing fruit trees, an overgrowth at the graft union is often observed, the severity of which is correlated with degree of dwarfing. The graft union of dwarfing sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) rootstocks may limit soluble sugar transport or starch mobilization, leading to localized accumulation. Soluble sugars and starch were measured in the tissues surrounding the graft union of young ‘Rainier’ (2002) and ‘Lapins’ (2003) sweet cherry trees on ‘Gisela 5’ (‘Gi 5’; dwarfing) and ‘Colt’ (vigorous) rootstocks. Separate rootstock shank, rootstock, graft union, and scion tissues were analyzed for both starch and soluble sugar content throughout the growing season in both years. Starch concentrations did not vary among locations within the graft union for ‘Rainier’ on either the dwarfing or vigorous rootstock, or for ‘Lapins’ on the dwarfing stock. However, for ‘Lapins’ on ‘Colt’, starch was highest in the rootstock shank and declined vertically (rootstock shank ? rootstock > union > scion). Soluble sugar concentrations were generally similar to or higher in scions on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’, and were similar to or lower in the rootstock and rootstock shank on ‘Gi 5’ than on ‘Colt’. Results suggest that rootstock has a significant effect of localized accumulations of carbohydrates above and within the graft union of ‘Gi 5’ and below the graft union of ‘Colt’.     

Graft union characteristics of M.26 apple rootstock combined with ‘Red Delicious’ strains — Morphological and anatomical development

This investigation records initial callus development within the graft union and the formation of vascular tissues during the first year's growth of two strains of spur types of ‘Red Delicious’ when combined with the M.26 rootstock. The differing components of stock and scion initiated a meristem at the union of tissues. This was accompanied by swirling of vascular elements continuing from a horizontal into a longitudinal orientation from the original disorganized cambium.Areas within the graft union have been designated as to callus formation, starch-grain accumulation and xylem-ray proliferation by light and scanning electron microscopy.     

不同葡萄砧穗组合根系构型研究

为探讨砧木根系组成的差异,以田间生长的6种葡萄嫁接植株为试材,挖根测定不同砧穗组合的根系构型,结果表明,以1103P为砧木的根系为深根性,3个品种组合分支角度为20°～40°,根系垂直分布为0～80cm土层,其中以20～40cm土层根量最大;而SO4砧木的根系为浅根性,分支角度为70°～90°,水平延伸为主,根系58.7%～67.5%集中分布于0～20cm土层内,60cm以下土层没有根系。地上部嫁接品种对同一砧木的根构型,特别是根系分布和根系数量有一定影响,但对分支角度影响不大。均以1103P为砧木,黑乌拉的根系分布深于桑乔维赛和法国兰;以SO4为砧木,维帝朝的表层根系明显多于波斯克,而桑乔维赛的根系数量明显少于维帝朝和波斯克。由此可见,品种对砧木有一定的反馈调节作用,但2种砧木根系构型差异明显,生产上应该根据生态条件选择深根或浅根性砧木。     

Bud-grafting success in Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King‘ related to root growth

Summary

Summer bud-grafting (budding) of the red-leaved scion ‘Crimson King’ onto Acer platanoides rootstocks is unreliable. Typically, the rootstock produces copious callus from the incision in the stem, but the scion bud-chip fails to survive and complete the union. Percentage bud-take was consistently low when rootstocks were grown and budded in 2 litre containers (e.g. 33%), moderately high, but below commercially acceptable levels, when grown in a light sandy loam soil in the field (e.g. 77%), and often very high when grown in deep sand beds (e.g. 100%). The growth of larger structural roots was in the order pot < field soil < sand beds, and confining the roots of field-grown rootstocks in porous mesh bags reduced bud-take from 79 to 13% averaged over three sites. Increasing shoot growth by growing rootstocks in a polythene house did not improve bud-take, but increasing the pot size from 2.0 to 7.5 litres did so. Extensive root growth appears to be one of a number of factors determining bud-take, which was increased further by treating the scionwood and rootstocks with a mixture of Benlate and Rovral fungicides prior to budding. These results are discussed in terms of the need to maintain the bud-chip in a viable condition during the union forming process.     

The relationship between graft incompatibility and phenols in Uapaca kirkiana Müell Arg.

The objective of the study was to determine the relationship between phenols and graft incompatibility in Uapaca kirkiana. Phenol quantification and identification were carried out using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent procedure, fluorescence microscopy and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC) above, below and at the graft union. Results showed no vascular cambium continuity above the scion/stock unions. Significant differences in total soluble phenols and cell wall bound phenols were obtained. Fluorescence microscope indicated the presence of flavonoids and other polymers above the union. The RP-HPLC identified ferulic acid as a major phenol component found in U. kirkiana plant cells and responsible for wood discolouration. High phenol concentrations were obtained in less compatible combinations than in compatible combinations. High peaks of ρ-coumaric acid were obtained above the union. It is concluded that phenols, especially ρ-coumaric acids and flavonoids caused poor callus formation at the union, and hence implicated in graft incompatibility.     

In vitro micrografting of apical and axillary buds of cacao

This study aimed to evaluate in vitro grafting of Theobroma cacao where seedlings of the UF 677 genotype were used as the rootstock and apices or axillary buds of a Trinitarian genotype were used as scion. Three methods of grafting using scions from seedlings were evaluated. Apical grafts using apex and side grafts using apex displayed better graft success (95 and 80%, respectively). However, side grafts using axillary buds reached a greater height on average and a higher number of leaves per plant (1.76 cm and 3.72, respectively). Histological studies revealed new vascular elements at the graft union area. Side grafts with axillary buds provided the highest survival rate (82%) after the acclimatization step. A shoot of at least 1 cm with two leaves is required for plant survival after transfer to ex vitro conditions. Side grafting was carried out with axillary buds from adult trees and nursery plants. Only the grafts with buds from nursery grafted plants were successful, with a rate of 26%. Overall, side grafting with axillary buds is the most appropriate method for cacao micrografting. This method can be used for clonal propagation and for the establishment of in vivo and/or in vitro cacao germplasm collection.     

Grafting eggplants

Several types of grafts were used. The cleft graft was found to be the most efficient and successful. The union was strong and the plants grew normally in the field. Indolebutyric acid (100 p.p.m.) hastened callus formation and graft union. The effect of resistant root stock on the scion is discussed.     

Soft Wood Grafting in Mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco)

ABSTRACT

Studies were carried out at ICAR Research complex for NEH Region Umiam, Meghalaya, India on soft wood grafting using Khasi mandarin under poly-house, net-house and open field conditions at 15-day intervals from 15 June to 15 October. Early sprouting, graft success and scion growth were found to be best under poly-house conditions. Similarly, maximum graft success rate and early sprouting were observed under the open field condition compared to the net-house but growth performance of the plants was better under the net-house. Grafting from 30 June to 15 August gave the maximum graft success, plant height, scion diameter, leaves, branches/plant and minimum days for sprouting under all three conditions. A gradual decrease in graft success and increased in days to sprouting were noticed after 15 August. Soft wood grafting of Khasi mandarin was also performed on different rootstocks (C. jambhiri, C. karna, C. reshni, C. latipes, C. taiwanica, Tanzelo dancy, C. grandis, Naity jamir and Karun jamir). Maximum graft success, plant survival, plant height, branches/plant and the minimum time to sprouting the graft were recorded in C. Jambhiri, while, leaves/plant, rootstock and scion diameter were best using Karun jamir rootstock.     

Isoelectric focusing of proteins and some enzymes from secondary phloem of cherry grafting-combinations. II. Proteins in spring

Buffer-soluble proteins in secondary phloem surrounding the xylem in grafting-unions of P. avium/P. avium, P. avium/P. cerasus and P. avium/P. fruticosa combinations were extracted and isoelectric-focused in spring. The total number of proteins as well as their concentrations were found to be generally lower in spring than in winter. In all graft combinations, except Hed./(F 12/1) and Hed./Cer. W 11, the number of proteins in the sections adjacent to the graft union was reduced. However, Hed./(F12/1) showed a rise to a maximum in the section below the union. The proteins of rootstock sections located at a greater distance from the union were relatively high in 3 combinations (Hed. on Frut., Cer. W 10 and F 12/1) as compared to those of the scion, whereas the other combinations did not show marked differences in this respect.     

Determining the Internal Connection Ratios by MRI and Their Effects on Grafted Rooted Vine Growing Features of cvs. Merlot and Syrah

This experiment was carried out to determine the percentage of internal connection between rootstock and scion in graft union with nondestructive and noninvasive MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) method and to follow performance status according to internal connection ratios of the grafted rooted vines after planting to vineyard field. Research was established in a factorial randomized block design and carried out with cvs. Merlot and Syrah grafted onto 110?R rootstock and 4 different internal (MRI) connection levels in 3 replications. The percentages of grafted rooted vine internal determination by MRI by four sides (13.75%) in graft union were found to be very low than others at the pre-planting stage. An increase in the internal connection ratio in the majority of the grafted rooted vines was determined after the vegetative growth phase. Therefore, the internal connection ratios of the graft union of rooted vines of cvs. Merlot and Syrah varieties showed a tendency to increase during the second year of development. Again in both cultivars, loss rate of grafted rooted vines showed a decreasing tendency depending on increase of internal connection ratio of graft union. As a result, in case of decrease of MRI costs, it is thought that grafted rooted vine producers may have the opportunity to supply better quality seedlings to vine growers using MRI techniques.     

Investigations into inconsistent and low bud-grafting success in Acer platanoides ‘Crimson King’

Causes of variable and inconsistent bud-grafting success in chip-budded Norway maple (Acer platanoides) were investigated using the red-leaved scion ‘Crimson King’. Large differences in bud-take were associated with the year of budding, which over a 14 year period ranged from 22 to 94%. The ‘year effect’ could not be explained by weather, or by differences in budding success found between commercial sources of red-leaved scions. Neither was incompatibility between the ‘Crimson King’ scion and individual genotypes among the seedling rootstocks implicated, although there were reasons why at first sight incompatibility was thought to be present. The size of rootstock when planted was not correlated with subsequent budding success, although large differences in the quality of rootstock growth at budding were associated with large differences in bud-take, but these were confounded with year and with the fields used for the experiments. The ‘year effect’ was best explained by the field in which budding took place. One field gave consistently poor results, associated with a readily compacting soil, pointing to the strong possibility that bud-take is determined by conditions which affect shoot and/or root growth during the budding season or specifically while the union is forming in late summer. It was shown also that the presence of the scion bud on the chip-graft contributed to union formation, and that infection of the rootstock with the soil-borne verticillium wilt disease depressed bud-take, but this did not explain the ‘field effect’.     

Effects of different mulches and irrigation methods on root growth,nutrient uptake,water-use efficiency and yield of strawberry

Field studies were conducted for two consecutive years under sub-temperate climatic conditions at Nauni in district Solan of Himachal Pradesh (30°52′N, 77°11′E 1175 asl) on loamy sand Inceptisols to investigate the effect of different mulches (hay: HM, black polyethylene: BP) on root growth, nutrient uptake, water-use efficiency (WUE) and yield of strawberry cv. Chandler under drip (DI) and surface irrigation (SI) systems. Unmulch (UM) and rainfed treatments were kept as control. Higher soil moisture content was registered under both the mulch materials during entire crop growth period. However, it was greater under BP mulch as compare to HM. The moisture conservation increased by 2.80–12.80% under BP mulch as compared to UM. HM treatment, irrespective of irrigation method increased the minimum soil temperature (2.8–5.2 °C) and reduced the maximum soil temperature (2.7–5.8 °C) as compared to UM. BP mulch increased the minimum soil temperature from 0.4 to 2.5 °C. Application of irrigation moderated the soil (minimum 2.6 and maximum 1.4 °C) temperature. Both the mulch materials were effective in enhancing root growth, nutrient uptake, WUE and yield. Application of mulch enhanced the root growth (63%), nutrient uptake (179.20%), WUE (84.40%) and yield (343%) under DI. However, respective increase under SI was 23.60, 83.80, 109.40 and 219.20%. Under DI, 51% of irrigation water was saved and about 19% higher fruit yield was obtained as compared with SI treatment. Linear regression model could significantly describe the variations in nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and WUE of strawberry under sub-temperate climatic conditions, root mass density was better indicator for estimating nutrient uptake of strawberry.