黑龙江省绿色水稻生产存在的问题及对策

介绍了黑龙江省绿色水稻生产现状,指出黑龙江省目前存在的农业生态环境日趋恶化、绿色食品水稻生产规模小而分散、农业生产资料市场混乱、绿色优质水稻难优价等问题,并根据问题提出了黑龙江省绿色水稻生产的对策。     

黑龙江省绿色水稻生产存在的问题及对策

介绍了黑龙江省绿色水稻生产现状，指出黑龙江省目前存在的农业生态环境日趋恶化、绿色食品水稻生产规模小而分散、农业生产资料市场混乱、绿色优质水稻难优价等问题，并根据问题提出了黑龙江省绿色水稻生产的对策。     

黑龙江水稻生产发展及品种推广

黑龙江省是我国水稻主产区,其水稻生产直接关系到我国的粮食安全。本文介绍了黑龙江省水稻生产的特色,并通过分析黑龙江省1980～2009年水稻生产情况和存在问题,提出了黑龙江省水稻发展的对策。     

黑龙江省水稻生产现状及其发展趋势

重点分析了黑龙江省水稻生产条件．水稻再发展的优势、潜力及黑龙江省水稻区域发展战略目标与特点．提出了黑龙江省区域水稻规划的发展思路、发展战略目标和战略重点．为提高北方稻作区在全国水稻生产中的地位．同时为解决粮食安全奠定基础．     

第十三届粳稻发展论坛隆重召开

<正>2015年8月6?8日,由北方稻作科学技术协会主办、黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所协办,以"水稻绿色生产’’为主题的第十三届粳稻发展论坛在黑龙江省哈尔滨市隆重召开。北方稻作科学技术协会姜存松理事长致开幕词,黑龙江省农业科学院耕作栽培研究所来永才所长致欢迎词。     

浅析黑龙江省水稻生产限制因素及高产途径

详细阐述了制约黑龙江省水稻生产发展的主要因素,并提出了实现黑龙江省水稻高产的产要途径,为黑龙江省粮食生产"千亿斤工程"的顺利实施提供参考.     

浅谈水稻优质米品种配套栽培技术

生产水稻优质米,首先要选择优质、高产、抗逆性强的水稻品种。根据黑龙江省桦川县水稻生产实际,提出了可选用的优质米品种如龙粳14、垦稻12等,并从培育壮秧、适时摆插秧、测土配方施肥、合理灌溉、综合防治病虫草害等方面介绍了优质米品种的配套栽培技术,以减少环境污染,生产出绿色、优质的稻米。     

浙江省“水稻+”绿色高效模式的实践与探讨

"水稻+"模式在稳定水稻生产的基础上,实现了提质增效和绿色生产,是农业供给侧结构性改革的一个范本。本文从模式创新、农产品优质化、综合效益提高、产业发展加快等方面论述了浙江省"水稻+"绿色高效模式应用现状与特点,指出了水稻生产薄弱、品牌化优势发挥不充分、标准化和规模化及产业化发展不够等问题,并提出因地制宜确立"水稻+"产业化发展主导模式、集成水稻优质稳产技术、大力打造绿色优质品牌等对策措施,促进浙江省"水稻+"产业的绿色高效发展。     

寒地水稻品种应用现状与育种对策

改革开放以来,黑龙江省的水稻生产发展极快,1980年黑龙江省水稻种植面积还只有1783万hm’,到1998年达到156．67万hm’。1976～1980年的5年间,全省水稻平均单产只有2980．5kg／hm’,到1991～1995年的5年间全省水稻平均单产达到5250kg／hm‘,提高76．6％,年递增3．88％。全省稻米生产的迅速发展主要得益于水稻科技进步,其中新品种的应用起了很大的作用。（－）黑龙江省水稻新品种应用现状黑龙江省1949～1996年间育成经审定推广并有一定种植面积的水稻品种有119个。这些品种对黑龙江省特定的寒冷地生态环境均有较强的适应能力,在生产…     

浙江省水稻生产现状及绿色生产发展措施建议

水稻是浙江省的主要粮食作物,也是最主要的口粮,在粮食生产中具有举足轻重的地位。近年来,浙江省水稻生产基本保持稳定,但水稻生产中依然存在比较效益偏低、规模经营比例偏小等问题。面对新形势,浙江省水稻生产需要走绿色发展的道路。本文通过分析浙江省水稻生产现状及当前的工作措施,探讨了下一步水稻绿色生产发展的措施。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).