EM技术对肉用仔鸡抗病力及增重的影响

本试验选用２９８４只商品代肉用仔鸡雏于１７日龄开始进行了ＥＭ技术应用试验。试验分三组；对照组，试验１组和试验２组。试验１组鸡饮用ＥＭ稀释液，试验２组鸡饲喂发酵饲料，并隔２天饮用一次ＥＭ稀释液。试验结果表明，总死亡订对照组鸡为６．５９％，试验１组３．４５％，试验２组为２．２２％，试验组与对照组相比差异均显著。     

蛋鸡日粮中使用优质蛋白纤维替代部分玉米的饲养效果试验

试验选用产蛋高峰后期的罗曼蛋鸡1361羽，根据试验条件，分为对照组和试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组。试验期问，对照组采用原来的常规饲料配方，试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别用5％和10％的优质蛋白纤维替代玉米。经31d饲养试验，对照组产蛋率为77．5％，平均蛋重66．6g；试验I组产蛋率76．0％，平均蛋重67．3g；试验Ⅱ组产蛋率76．0％，平均蛋重67．1g；各组差异不显著（P〉0．05）。料蛋比，对照组为2．64：1，试验Ⅰ组为2．52：1，试验Ⅱ组为2．37：1。经济效益分析，试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别比对照组提高16．83％和35．27％。     

关于影响钢筋室温拉伸试验结果因素的探讨

根据GB/T228.1-2010《金属材料拉伸试验第一部分：室温试验方法》，在标准规定拉伸速率试验范围内，设定不同拉伸速度，得到相应的强度试验结果，根据试验结果，分析影响钢筋室温拉伸试验结果因素，找出影响拉伸试验结果的主要原因，并结合本人多年从事钢筋检验的经验，提出如何获取准确检验结果的几点建议。     

正交设计在畜牧试验上的应用

本文通过实例介绍了有重复正交试验设计在畜牧试验上的应用及其统计分析方法。正交设计是一种适用于多因素多水平的高度设计方法，该法采用正交安排试验，处理直观明了，操作简便易行。应用于畜牧试验设计，可用较少的试验组合获得较多的试验数据，通过统计分析找出各因素，水平间的内在规律，达到与全面试验相似的效果，是一种解决多因素多水平问题的理想的畜牧试验设计方法。     

蜂胶片对动物的急性毒性试验与遗传毒性试验的研究

本试验以康思农蜂胶片为材料对动物进行食品安全性毒理学试验，采用霍恩氏法对试验动物小鼠进行急性毒性试验，采用Ames法，对小鼠进行遗传毒性试验。试验结果表明，康思农蜂胶片属实际无毒级。未见任何遗传性毒性作用。     

夏南横交牛不同营养水平育肥效果试验报告

本试验重点探讨夏南横交牛的育肥能力。试验分为两个组，每组各30头，粗饲料采用复合处理秸秆，试验一组精饲料中加入4％牛用预混料，试验二组不添加预混料，试验期90d。试验结果显示：试验组平均日增重1．85kg，试验组平均日增重1．37kg，试验一组与试验二组相比，平均日增重经t检验差异极显著。     

禽霍乱蜂胶灭活疫苗对产蛋鸡产蛋量影响的试验

应用禽霍乱蜂胶灭活苗对产蛋鸡产蛋量的影响进行了试验，第一批试验鸡Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别注射０．５ｍｌ和１ｍｌ疫苗，第二批试验鸡２３只注射１ｍｌ疫苗，第三批试验鸡试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组各３２只分别注射０．５ｍｌ、１ｍｌ疫苗，各批试验分别设实验组。结果，第一批试验鸡与对照鸡产蛋率差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；第二批试验鸡注苗前后产蛋率差异不显著，第三批试验鸡与对照鸡比较产蛋量差异不显著，各试验均未见应激反应，结果认为，注射     

营养和低温对母牛乏情的影响及其机制

选择年龄4－5岁，膘情，体况相当，冬季不发情的健康母牛26头，分为3组，试验1组9头，搭建塑膜暖棚改造传统牛舍，并每头牛每天补充2kg饲料，试验日期从1998年12月1日至1999年6月1日,对3组母牛每月颈静脉采血1次并称重，分离出血清，用放射免疫分析法测定血清中促卵泡素（FSH），促黄体素（LH），雌激素（E2）和孕酮（P4）的含量，结果表明，塑膜暖棚可提高畜舍温度（平均8．2℃），试验结束时，试验1组有6头发情，发情率6／9，试验2组有2头发情，发情率2／7，对照组10头全部未发情，试验初期，FSH，LH和E23组间差异不显著，试验过程中，试验1组有2头发情，发情率2／7，对照组10头全部未发情，试验初期，FSH，LH和E23组间差异不显著，试验过程中，试验1组E2显著高于试验2组和对照组（P＜0．05），试验2组与对照组之间差异不显著，FSH和LH平均含量，3组差间差异不显著。     

肉牛补饲不同精料及添加剂的增重效果观察

选用18头肉牛，3个品种，随机分成对照组，试验1组和试验2组，进行补饲精料和矿物质添加的对比试验。3组精料日添加量分别为1．7、3．0和3．0kg，其中试验2组在精料中添加1％的添加剂，试验期60天，试验结果表明：3组试牛头均日增重分别为521g,755g和847g。试验2组日增重比对照组提高了62．57％，试验1组比对照组提高44．91％。试验2组和试验1组的经济效益显著。     

LTP+大肠杆菌分离鉴定

本试验从荆州周边多个猪场中采集腹泻仔猪粪便，进行细菌的分离培养，通过革兰氏染色、氧化酶试验、葡萄糖发酵试验鉴定为肠杆菌科，再通过吲哚试验、MR实验、VP实验、枸橼酸盐试验等生化试验鉴定为大肠杆菌。通过接种CAYE培养基制备LT及提取，再通过兔皮肤蓝斑试验、乳兔口服试验、兔回肠结扎试验等试验进行LT的鉴定。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -