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饲料蛋白质在反刍动物瘤胃的降解及其影响因素 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
由于瘤胃细菌和原虫的作用,反刍动物利用蛋白质明显不同于单胃动物。饲料蛋白质进入瘤胃后,一部分被微生物降解为非蛋白氮,与饲料中原有的以及唾液中的非蛋白氮最终一起转变为氨。瘤胃微生物利用发酵生成的挥发性脂肪酸等作为碳架,并利用瘤胃发酵释放的能量(ATP)将氨合成微生物蛋白。微生物蛋白连同饲料蛋白质中的未降解部分(过瘤胃蛋白质),随着食糜流动进入真胃和小肠,被动物分泌的消化液(酶)分解为氨基酸,为动物体吸收和利用。大量研究表明,优质饲料蛋白质经过保护后,就能够满足高产反刍动物对过瘤胃蛋白质的需要,提高优质植物性蛋白质利用效率,动物的氮沉积及生产性能得到明显改善,同时根据瘤胃能氮平衡理论为在日粮中利用更多的非蛋白氮提供了可能。了解饲料蛋白质在反刍动物瘤胃的降解及其影响因素,可为制定过瘤胃蛋白质、氨基酸的技术措施提供依据。 相似文献
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过瘤胃蛋白是反刍动物吸收氨基酸的重要来源,降低蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率能提高动物的生产性能,改善氮的利用,增加氮的沉积,从而提高优质蛋白质饲料的利用率。国内外对过瘤胃蛋白做了大量的研究,包括各种化学方法、热处理方法和物理包被,以及最有推广应用价值的戊糖加热复合保护处理法。 相似文献
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数量充足和配比合理的营养对家畜生产性能起着决定性作用,其中蛋白质是动物生长发育、繁殖性能的主要限制因素之一。蛋白质的种类和水平决定着动物机体组成及日粮中必需氨基酸的供应。对反刍动物来说,蛋白质的作用是双方面,既要满足瘤胃厌氧微生物发酵的需要,又要满足动物成长的营养需要。然而,由于瘤胃的发酵作用,日粮中绝大多数蛋白质在瘤胃内被降解(称为瘤胃降解蛋白,RDP),只有小部分能通过瘤胃在小肠内吸收(称为非瘤胃降解蛋白,RUP),因此用于厌氧合成微生物蛋白的RDP以及RUP的种类决定了反刍动物日粮和机体必需氨基酸的利用率。微生物蛋白和过瘤胃蛋白决定了高产动物日粮中必需氨基酸的供应。因此,饲喂过瘤胃蛋白和氨基酸被认为是满足反刍动物生理以及生产需要的有效方法。文章综述了过瘤胃蛋白、过瘤胃赖氨酸和过瘤胃蛋氨酸在反刍动物上的应用,以及对奶牛、绵羊干物质采食量、消化率、生产性能影响的研究。蛋白质是反刍动物重要的限制性营养,由RDP和RUP组成。瘤胃微生物通过将RDP降解成小肽、氨基酸和氨等来合成微生物蛋白,其数量主要受日粮中瘤胃发酵率的制约。因此,RDP和RUP或氨基酸的供应对于满足反刍动物营养需要非常重要,尤其是对于饲喂低水平日粮的反刍动物。添加瘤胃保护蛋白和瘤胃保护氨基酸(特别是赖氨酸和蛋氨酸)能提高奶牛、绵羊的干物质采食量和消化率。同时,还能够提高生长性能、繁殖效率和产奶量。不管是单独添加,还是与赖氨酸同时添加,如果蛋氨酸的添加量大于肠道的可消化吸收量时,则有可能会产生负面影响。在奶牛泌乳早期的低蛋白水平日粮中添加蛋氨酸,能避免奶牛长期的不良反应。总而言之,反刍动物在低营养水平下添加瘤胃保护蛋白质和氨基酸,能提高饲料采食量、消化率以及生长性能。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献