光强对金丝李幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

【目的】研究岩溶山地的珍稀濒危树种金丝李苗对光照的需求及适应规律,为其引种、迁地保护、种群复壮、规模化栽培和用于岩溶山体生态恢复提供依据。【方法】将3年生金丝李幼苗进行为期2年相对光强10%、25%、50%和100%处理(分别记为RI10%、RI25%、RI50%和RI100%),对其生长和叶片特征、生物量分配、光合特性、叶片光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光参数进行比较,分析其对不同光环境的适应机制。【结果】1)金丝李幼苗在4种光强下均能生长,2年后RI25%和RI50%的地径、株高和冠幅显著大于RI10%和RI100%处理。2) RI25%的单叶面积和叶片厚度显著大于其他处理,生物量、比叶面积和叶面积比随光强增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,RI100%的根生物量比与根冠比最大,显著大于RI10%处理。3)第1年,幼苗的最大净光合速率(P_max)和表观量子效率(AQY)的排序为RI50%>RI25%>RI100%>RI10%,光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)均随着光强的增加而增大;第2年RI50%、RI25%和R...     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对紫茎泽兰生长及氮磷营养的影响

利用西南喀斯特地区常见入侵植物紫茎泽兰进行丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)接种与对照处理试验,研究接种AMF对其形态分化、生物量、光合生理及氮磷营养的影响。结果表明:接种AMF显著提高了紫茎泽兰光合生理,显著影响了紫茎泽兰形态分化(地径、苗高、总叶面积、分蘖数)及生物量;接种AMF显著降低了紫茎泽兰氮浓度,提高了紫茎泽兰磷浓度,氮和磷摄取量均有所提高,磷摄取量达到显著水平;对照条件下紫茎泽兰叶片氮磷比为14.01,接种AMF后降低为8.52,接种AMF使紫茎泽兰的生长更大程度上受氮素限制,而不再受氮素和磷素的共同限制。     

紫茎泽兰和本地两种伴生植物对氮沉降的响应

通过对入侵植物和当地伴生植物模拟氮沉降,研究了土壤氮含量的增加是否会加剧外来植物的入侵。结果表明:三种植物单种时对氮营养变化表现出很高的可塑性,适量氮素增加会促进植物生长。植物的叶生物量在较少的氮添加范围内会随氮的增加而下降。紫茎泽兰和佩兰的竞争关系小,和山蚂蝗的竞争关系激烈。氮沉降对紫茎泽兰的生长有促进作用,表现在植株总生物量上。土壤氮含量的增加会加剧外来植物紫茎泽兰的入侵,同时,紫茎泽兰和山蚂蝗混种时紫茎泽兰的生长受到竞争抑制作用,此试验的研究,为入侵植物紫茎泽兰的治理提供了一定理论依据。     

不同水平光照强度对玉簪生长性状的影响

通过人为控制光强,对盆栽的4个玉簪品种卵叶玉簪、地被大师、安妮和波状玉簪,在自然光照100%、70%、50%条件下的地上部和地下部生物量、叶片叶绿素含量以及叶面积、叶片数、单株总叶面积、花序数/盆、芽数/盆等生长性状进行了研究。结果表明,4个玉簪品种的各项生物量均在光照强度L_(100)或L_(70)时最大,且表现出生物量随着光照强度的减弱(L_(100)~L_(50))而减少,或在L_(100)~L_(70)自然光照处理下表现出生物量上升的趋势;在L_(70)~L_(50)自然光照处理下表现出生物量下降的趋势。卵叶玉簪、安妮叶绿素含量均在L_(50)光强时最高,叶绿素a/b值最低;波状玉簪叶绿素含量在L_(50)光强时最高,叶绿素a/b值最高;地被大师叶绿素含量在L_(70)光强时最高,叶绿素a/b值最高。波状玉簪在L_(70)自然光照条件下,生长状况(观赏性状)最佳,其次是L_(50)自然光照条件(增殖效率)。卵叶玉簪在L_(50)自然光照条件下,生长状况(观赏性状)和增殖效率均最佳。安妮和地被大师在L_(70)自然光照条件下,生长状况(观赏性状)最佳,其次是L_(100)自然光照条件(增殖效率)。     

紫茎泽兰水浸提液对慈竹种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以浓度为0(对照)、0.25%、1.00%、2.00%、3.00%的紫茎泽兰水浸提液处理慈竹种子,研究其水浸提液对慈竹种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。研究结果表明,紫茎泽兰水浸提液对慈竹种子的萌发和生长都起到显著影响。在低浓度处理下,浸提液具有低剂量刺激效应,可提高慈竹种子的发芽率、发芽势;随着浓度的升高,慈竹种子发芽率、发芽势显著降低,同时,幼苗的鲜重、根冠比先增加后降低;丙二醛含量、SOD酶活性与浸提液的浓度呈正相关;POD酶活性则先上升,后下降,但均高于对照组。这说明较高浓度的紫茎泽兰水浸提液可显著抑制慈竹种子萌发和幼苗的生长,其入侵林地后对竹林的生产和经营存在潜在威胁。     

峨眉山景区预防紫茎泽兰入侵的生态评估及调查报告

本文采用多种方式结合,调查了紫茎泽兰在乐山峨眉山景区的生长可能性及结果。报道了乐山城区目前紫茎泽兰的生长情况及传播可能,结合紫茎泽兰的生物学特性及峨眉山景区的生态气候特征,对峨眉山景区预防紫茎泽兰入侵的生态条件及风险进行了评估,提出应加强紫茎泽兰的宣传及动态监控。     

紫茎泽兰入侵地土壤对替代植物竞争力的影响

采用复合取代试验设计研究了拉巴豆、宽叶雀稗与紫茎泽兰的竞争。结果表明,入侵地土壤显著降低了拉巴豆和宽叶雀稗的生物量,但对紫茎泽兰的生物量无显著影响;入侵地土壤也显著降低拉巴豆的竞争攻击力系数(A),但是对宽叶雀稗的A值无显著影响。这说明入侵地土壤对不同的替代植物有不同的影响,对拉巴豆的负面影响大于宽叶雀稗,在替代控制中选择宽叶雀稗可以更好地抑制紫茎泽兰生长。     

贵州乌江洪家渡水电站植物的新记录——紫茎泽兰

2007年7月3日～7月8日,我们对贵州乌江洪家渡水电站库区林家寨(26°55′51.6″N;105°46′55.9″E,海拔1146m)、洪家渡水电站坝下水文站(26°51′56.2″N;105°51′46.1″E,海拔1026m)进行生态调查时,发现外来入侵种紫茎泽兰(Eupa-toriumadenophorumSprengel)的分布。紫茎泽兰,     

滇中生土隔离带上紫茎泽兰茎的热解特性研究

滇中林区防火生土隔离带上有大量的紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵,在防火期内,这些紫茎泽兰茎干枯易燃。为了解生土隔离带上紫茎泽兰茎的热解特性,选取当年生长、前1年干枯和前几年干枯紫茎泽兰的3种不同茎,分别进行热解试验。采用热重分析法,在25℃~800℃的温度下、流量为20mL/min的氮气作为保护性气体、升温速率为20℃/min的条件下进行热解实验,利用Coats-Redfern公式计算得出了相应的活化能和指前因子,分别建立了紫茎泽兰茎的3个动力学方程。分析表明,当年生长、前1年干枯和前几年干枯的紫茎泽兰茎的着火点分别为241℃、277℃、271℃;活化能从大到小排序为:当年生长的紫茎泽兰茎前几年干枯的紫茎泽兰茎前1年干枯的紫茎泽兰茎。     

氮素及光氮互作对花叶类型玉簪生理特性和生长的影响

该文以花叶类型玉簪“法兰西”(Hosta‘Francee’)为材料,研究了4种光强(全光照的100%、50%、30%、10%)和4种氮素水平(0、0.5、1.5、2.5g/kg)对玉簪生理特性和生长的影响。结果表明:花叶类型玉簪的生理特性及生长均受到氮素水平及光氮互作的影响。在同一氮素不同光强生长条件下,随着光照强度的减弱,玉簪的生物量、叶面积、叶片数、花序数、光合色素及可溶性蛋白均表现先上升后下降的趋势,在50%生长条件较好;全氮的含量则基本上随光强的减弱而增加。在同一光强不同氮素水平下,随着氮素浓度的升高,玉簪的生物量、叶面积、叶片数、及可溶性蛋白含量呈上升后下降的趋势,在0.5g/kg氮素水平下达到最优而光合色素在0.5g/kg和1.5g/kg达到最优;全氮则大体上随氮素的增加而升高。     

老鼠簕幼苗在潮汐环境下对不同光强的生理生态响应

采用自制潮汐模拟系统培养红树植物老鼠簕幼苗,设置7个相对于自然光5％、15％、20％、45％、60％、75％、100％的光照强度,研究了不同光强对老鼠簕幼苗从发芽至生长10个月的生理生态影响.随着光照强度的升高,幼苗的保存率、苗高、地径、根干质量、茎干质量、叶干质量、单株生物量、根冠比、根系活力、叶面积、叶绿素a、b含量均是先升后降;可溶性糖含量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、最大净光合速率随光强增大而增加.在淹浸30 min内,不同光照强度的净光合速率均有增大的表现,而气孔导度均降低,且最终均稳定在初始值以下.试验表明:光照强度为45％时,多数生理生态指标表现为促进植物的生长;当光照强度为20％时,老鼠簕幼苗通过降低根冠比、光补偿点,增加苗高、叶绿素含量、叶面积和表观量子利用效率来提高自身光能获取的效率;当光照强度为5％时,光照会显著抑制幼苗的生长,但保存率依然在60％以上.可以认为,极低的光照强度致使幼苗生长缓慢,但并不影响其自然定居的密度;同时,在不同光强下,老鼠簕光饱和点和光补偿点均很低.以上可以解释淇澳岛红树林林下存在高密度老鼠簕的原因是由于其自身拥有高的耐阴能力,同时对光照减弱有极强的适应能力.     

Effects of soil moisture and light intensity on ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings

We investigated the combined effects of soil moisture and light intensity on the growth, development and ecophysiological characteristics of one-year old Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture and light intensity influenced the ecophysiological characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings. Soil moisture resulted in the decreases of growth rate, individual size, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, leaf water loss rate (WLR), and biomass accumulation of plant parts, and led to increased leaf water saturation deficit (WSD). Under water stress, more photosynthetic products were allocated to root growth. With decreasing light intensity, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, chla/b, water saturation deficit, water use efficiency, water loss rate and biomass accumulation declined, while Chla, Chlb, Chla+b and carotenoids (Car) increased and more photosynthetic products were allocated to stem and leaf growth. Maximum growth vigor, net photosynthetic rate and total biomass accumulation in Amorpha fruticosa seedlings was recorded at 75 80% soil water-holding capacity and 100% light density in greenhouse environments.     

Seedling biomass allocation and vital rates of cloud forest tree species: Responses to light in shade house conditions

Patterns of above- and below-ground biomass allocation in seedlings of nine common cloud forest (CF) tree species of western Mexico were examined under varying controlled light conditions using artificial shade houses. We analysed the relationships between vital rates (growth and survival) and four morphological traits (SLA, biomass allocation to stems, leaves and roots). We hypothesised that these traits represent differentiation axes in the way seedlings face the heterogeneous light regime typical of the CF understorey. For all species, traits between the different light levels, i.e. allocation to leaves, roots and stems differed among light levels. Five species had the largest SLA in the lowest light levels at the end of the experiment (Citharexylum, Dendropanax, Fraxinus, Quercus and Magnolia). Juglans was the only species with a large SLA at the highest light level (377.47 cm² g⁻¹). In contrast, light levels did not cause any significant variation in SLA of Persea and Simplococarpon at the end of the experiment. The relative height growth rates (RHGR) of the seedlings of five species were significantly different between light levels (P < 0.05). Overall, all species grew better in the highest light levels. The RHGR of three species were correlated positively with SLA. In turn, allocation to stem, leaves and root biomass were strongly correlated with the RHGR of five species (e.g. Citharexylum, Dendropanax and Fraxinus). Survival did not vary significantly between treatments in any species, only in the case of Simplococarpon (P < 0.05) and was correlated with all morphological variables. For this species, Peto and Peto's test showed a significantly larger survival of seedlings in the highest light level. The mean responses of these species based on all traits to the controlled light variation did not differed significantly. Our results show that these species display a wide range of resource allocation patterns when exposed to the varying light conditions that may be found in the forest understorey and highlight the role of morphological traits in this variation.     

Effects of Light Intensity and Regeneration Mode on Stem Form and Growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata Saplings

ABSTRACT

Regeneration plays an essential role in the restructuring of plant communities, with seedlings and sprouts representing two different regeneration strategies. As an important timber species, Cunninghamia lanceolata is widely distributed throughout southern and eastern China. However, the morphology and growth of its sprouts and seedlings under natural environments have not been examined in detail. Our study quantified the morphology and growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata during its early regeneration phase. We selected a secondary mixed coniferous forest in the Huangshan region of China as the research location, and examined sapling height, basal stem diameter, lateral branch length, as well as the relationships between main stem and lateral branch elongation, and between sapling basal stem diameter and height. The results showed that high light intensity promoted the extension growth of main stems and the elongation of lateral branches of seedlings. Meanwhile, sprouts generally had shorter height growth than seedlings with the same basal stem diameter, and the growth allocation of seedlings was generally more dependent on light intensity. Our findings suggest that the morphology and growth of C. lanceolata might vary depending on the interaction of regeneration mode (plants originating from sprouts or seedlings) and light intensity.     

Dry matter production and allocation in Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia seedlings in response to soil water deficits

Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions.     

Transplantation of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. and Picea meyeri Rehd. seedlings to low altitude and two contrasting light environments reveals climate warming effects on early seedling performance

By using altitude as a surrogate of warming treatment, we transplanted seedlings of Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. and Picea meyeri Rehd. Et Wils. from their original altitude (2000?m a.s.l.) to a lower altitude (1500?m a.s.l.) and grown in two light environments (full and low) at both altitudes for two years in north-central China, to determine the effects of warming and light on seedling survival and growth performance. The results showed that altitude and light did not affect survival rates of both species, but had significant interactions on their growth performance. Although both species had greater heights, root collar diameters and biomass accumulations in full than in low light at high altitude, such growth advantage disappeared or even reversed at low altitude, especially for L. principis-rupprechtii. Moreover, L. principis-rupprechtii seedlings increased specific leaf area, leaf area ratio and shoot:root ratio at low altitude. Despite this study is relatively short termed, such results demonstrated the importance of shade tolerance in species responses to warming and may imply an altered regeneration pattern of L. principis-rupprechtii if the current warming trend remains in the future.     

Differences in biomass allocation patterns between saplings of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks as reflecting different strategies in the use of light and water

Production and biomass allocation patterns, the growth rates of aboveground biomass, and crown traits were examined in saplings of the deciduous Quercus faginea and the evergreen Q. ilex to determine whether differences in these traits might account for the greater mortality during periods of drought undergone by Q. faginea. Strong differences were observed in almost all the traits analyzed, which suggests that the two species use different strategies to cope with the main limiting factors for woody seedling establishment in Mediterranean environments: excess light and low water availability. In Q. faginea, sapling design seems to be oriented to maximize light capture and, hence, leaf productivity during the short life span of the leaf biomass. Thus, the seedlings of Q. faginea showed crown traits that permit self-shading to be minimized: longer shoots with more spaced leaves that result in lower leaf area index than in Q. ilex. In addition, the larger area per unit leaf biomass in Q. faginea leads to a larger interceptive leaf area per unit plant mass and to higher light capture. These characteristics imply higher investments in woody tissues (SWR) that permit the plants to support a wide canopy and facilitate water transport to meet the strong transpiratory demands of a canopy with such characteristics. By contrast, in Q. ilex, saplings are apparently designed to guarantee leaf survival against temperature extremes and photoinhibition through avoidance of excessive radiation.     

Effects of water stress on growth,dry matter allocation and water-use efficiency of a leguminous species, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sophora davidii</Emphasis>

The adaptation responses to different water conditions and the drought tolerance of Sophora davidii seedlings were assessed in a greenhouse experiment. Two-month-old seedlings were subjected to the following water supplies for 95 days: 100, 80, 60, 40 and 20% of field water capacity. The seedlings at 100% FC had the greatest productivity, height, basal diameter, branch number, leaf number and leaf area. Water supply <80% FC was the threshold of drought-initiated negative effects on seedling growth, yield and physiological processes; these parameters were severely reduced at 20% FC, however, there was no plant death during the experiment. Moreover, water stress decreased leaf relative water content, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and water-use efficiency (WUE), whereas it increased the biomass allocation to roots, which resulted in a higher root:stem mass ratio under drought. The S. davidii seedlings tolerated drought by maintaining high leaf relative water content and by reducing branching and leaf expansion. However, low productivity and WUE at 20% FC suggested that seedlings did not produce high biomass under severe drought. Therefore, prior to introducing S. davidii in forestation efforts, a water supply >40% FC is recommended for seedlings to maintain growth and productivity. These results provide insights into limitations and opportunities for establishment of S. davidii in arid regions.     

Effects of complete submergence on seedling growth and survival of five riparian tree species in the warm-temperate regions of Japan

To reveal the relationship between tolerance to submergence and the distribution ranges of riparian tree species in the floodplains of the warm-temperate regions in Japan, we assessed the response and tolerance of current-year seedlings of two Salix and three Ulmaceae species to submergence treatments for 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. We investigated shoot elongation, number of leaves, and survival rate of seedlings during the experiment, and biomass allocation was determined at the end of the experiment. Shoot elongation and leaf production of seedlings were suppressed in all the species during the submergence treatments. However, the seedlings of Salix chaenomeloides and S. pierotii elongated shoots rapidly and produced leaves after the treatments. All the underground biomass in these two species was larger than aboveground biomass. These results are considered as typical responses of flood-tolerant species. In contrast, the underground biomass of Ulmaceae seedlings (Celtis sinensis var. japonica, Aphananthe aspera, and Ulmus parvifolia) decreased more rapidly than aboveground biomass during prolonged submergence. Furthermore, A. aspera seedlings also showed suppression of shoot elongation and leaf production after the treatments. Our results indicate that the three Ulmaceae species are less tolerant to submergence than the two Salix species. In conclusion, we suggest that submergence stress is one of the important factors determining the distribution of tree species in the floodplains of lowlands in the warm-temperate regions of Japan.     

Relative importance of photosynthetic physiology and biomass allocation for tree seedling growth across a broad light gradient

Studies of tree seedling physiology and growth under field conditions provide information on the mechanisms underlying inter- and intraspecific differences in growth and survival at a critical period during forest regeneration. I compared photosynthetic physiology, growth and biomass allocation in seedlings of three shade-tolerant tree species, Virola koschynii Warb., Dipteryx panamensis (Pittier) Record & Mell and Brosimum alicastrum Swartz., growing across a light gradient created by a forest-pasture edge (0.5 to 67% diffuse transmittance (%T)). Most growth and physiological traits showed nonlinear responses to light availability, with the greatest changes occurring between 0.5 and 20 %T. Specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen per unit leaf mass (N mass) decreased, maximum assimilation per unit leaf area (A area) and area-based leaf N concentration (N area) increased, and maximum assimilation per unit leaf mass (A mass) did not change with increasing irradiance. Plastic responses in SLA were important determinants of leaf N and A area across the gradient. Species differed in magnitude and plasticity of growth; B. alicastrum had the lowest relative growth rates (RGR) and low plasticity. Its final biomass varied only 10-fold across the light gradient. In contrast, the final biomass of D. panamensis and V. koschynii varied by 100- and 50-fold, respectively, and both had higher RGR than B. alicastrum. As light availability increased, all species decreased biomass allocation to leaf tissue (mass and area) and showed a trade-off between allocation to leaf area at a given plant mass (LAR) and net gain in mass per unit leaf area (net assimilation rate, NAR). This trade-off largely reflected declines in SLA with increasing light. Finally, A area was correlated with NAR and both were major determinants of intraspecific variation in RGR. These data indicate the importance of plasticity in photosynthetic physiology and allocation for variation in tree seedling growth among habitats that vary in light availability.