白三叶草黄酮含量及其抑菌活性研究

测定了白三叶草提取物的石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和水相的黄酮含量,并以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、普通变形杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌5种细菌及可可葡萄座腔菌、尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰刀菌、多主棒孢霉和尖孢炭疽菌5种真菌为供试菌,采用抑菌圈法和抑制菌丝生长速率法测定了其抑菌活性。结果表明:石油醚相的黄酮含量为12.98 mg/g(12.98%),氯仿相的黄酮含量为13.89 mg/g(13.89%),乙酸乙酯相的黄酮含量为7.4 mg/g(7.4%),水相的黄酮含量为1.5 mg/g(1.5%);石油醚相对5种细菌无明显的抑制作用,氯仿相对普通变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌有抑制作用,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为2 mg/m L和8 mg/m L;乙酸乙酯相对枯草芽孢杆菌、普通变形杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌的有抑制作用,其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为4,4和8mg/m L,仅水相对5种供试菌株有不同程度的抑制作用。氯仿相和乙酸乙酯相对5种真菌均具有抑制作用,氯仿相对5种供试真菌的抑制作用没有明显差异,其EC50分别为3.54、6.42、8.45、3.63和5.90 mg/m L;乙酸乙酯相对多主棒孢霉的抑制抑制作用最强,EC50为2.51 mg/m L,对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用最弱,EC50为165.43mg/m L,石油醚相和水相对5种真菌均无抑制作用。     

8种杀菌剂对桉树枝枯病病原菌室内毒力测定

选择8种不同的杀菌剂,用菌落生长速度法对桉树枝枯病主要病原菌可可毛色二孢、拟隐孢壳菌进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明:对可可毛色二孢抑菌效果最好的是25%咪鲜胺,EC50值为0.03 mg/L,效果最差的是50%异菌脲,EC50值为11.49 mg/L;对拟隐孢壳菌抑菌效果最好的是25%咪鲜胺,EC50值0.23 mg/L,效果最差的是25%苯醚甲环唑,EC50值为6.65 mg/L。     

腐皮镰孢菌和可可毛色二孢菌对白木香结香木质部化学成分的影响研究

研究腐皮镰孢菌和可可毛色二孢菌对白木香的浸染结香效果,采用单一菌处理(1g/L、3 g/L)、混合菌处理(每个菌0.5 g/L、1 g/L、1.5 g/L),以输液方式浸染5个月后,对其木质部采用GC-MS联用仪开展化学成分分析。结果表明,检测出的77种化学成分含有芳香族化合物、倍半萜类化合物、脂肪酸和其他物质;与单菌侵染相比,混合菌侵染白木香树更能促使沉香特征性成分产生,接菌量为3 g时效果最佳;可可毛色二孢菌结香效果稍好于腐皮镰孢菌;结香效果与侵染菌的量存在一定关系。     

桉树小新壳梭孢梢枯病菌室内药剂毒力测定

在室内培养条件下,采用生长速率法测定了10种常用杀菌剂对桉树小新壳梭孢枝枯病菌Neofusicoccum parvum (Penny Cook & Samuels)的抑制效果,结果表明:25％苯醚甲环唑和25％丙环唑对N.parvum抑制效果最好,EC50值分别是0.0312和0.0330 mg/L;18.7％丙环·嘧菌酯、25％咪鲜胺、50％甲基硫菌灵、50％异菌脲、50％多菌灵、40％腈菌唑和75％百菌清抑菌效果次之,EC50值分别为0.0499,0.0681,0.1462,0.1672,0.2720,0.3454和4.6199 mg/L;25％嘧菌酯抑菌效果最差,EC50值是16.1451 mg/L.     

杨树壳梭孢溃疡病菌的室内毒力测定

在室内培养条件下,采用生长速率法测定了6种常用杀菌剂对杨树壳梭孢溃疡病菌Fusicco-cum fesculi的抑制效果,结果表明:80%代森锰锌WP和50%异菌脲WP对F.fesculi抑制效果最好,EC50值分别是38.175,41.947 mg/L;70%甲基硫菌灵WP2,5%三唑酮WP和75%百菌清WP抑菌效果次之,EC50值分别是137.43,149.90,205.98 mg/L;60%多菌灵WP抑菌效果最差,EC50值是419.91 mg/L。     

不同植物材料浸出液对双孢蘑菇生长的影响

采用平板培养和摇瓶发酵培养的方法,通过在加入不同浓度的银杏叶、竹叶、板栗壳、蒜汁、生姜汁和橘子皮等6种植物材料的浸出液培养观察双孢蘑菇生长试验,初步研究和探讨了含这6种浸出液的培养基对双孢蘑菇菌丝生长势、胞外蛋白含量、胞内多糖及过氧化物酶活性等生长参数的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,双孢蘑菇在添加上述6种浓度为1-3g/L浸出液中生长时,6种水浸出液对菌丝生长势、菌落直径和过氧化物酶活性都有促进作用,且加入的浸出液浓度不同促进程度也不同。加入银杏叶浸出液促进菌丝生长效果最明显,使菌丝干重高达432mg/100mL;加入1g/L生姜浸出液使胞内多糖和过氧化物酶活性都达到最高值,分别为12.38mg/mL和40.9U,是对照中胞内多糖含量和过氧化物酶活性的3倍和40倍。从生产成本和经济效益方面考虑,水浸提物优于乙醇浸提物,可采用在常规培养基中添加2g/L银杏叶水浸出液将有利于双孢蘑菇的菌丝生长。     

绿色木霉代谢产物抗菌活性研究

对绿色木霉产生的代谢产物进行了抑菌活性的初步研究,生测结果表明：离体条件下发酵液对尖孢镰刀菌、棒盘孢、茄链格孢、出芽短梗霉、灰葡萄孢均有较强的抑制作用,其对以上不同病原菌的抑制率分别为76．6％、86．5％、94．8％、91．4％、86．3％,抑菌活性成分在80℃以下较为稳定,pH值在6-7之间抑菌效果最好。     

植物提取物对香榧病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

为筛选抑菌活性较强的植物提取物，采用生长速率法测定8种植物提取物对香榧Torreya grandis‘Merrillii’病果上葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria fusispora、胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、链格孢Alternaria alternata和尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum的抑菌率，并对抑制率较高的提取物进行室内毒力测定。结果表明：质量浓度40 mg/mL时，山鸡椒Litsea cubeba茎叶和果实提取物对4种真菌抑制效果最佳，EC₅₀在茎叶和果实提取物之间无显著差异，但均显著高于多菌灵的EC₅₀。山鸡椒粗提物虽不能完全替代化学药剂，但仍具有开发潜力，可为探索香榧病害的绿色防控提供技术支持。     

4种生长调节剂对三角梅扦插生根的影响

2009年在昆明市松花坝苗圃地,以三角梅4年生健壮母树上1年生枝条为插穗,利用不同浓度（50 mg/L、100 mg/L、150 mg/L、200 mg/L）的4种生长调节剂（ IAA、 IBA、 ABT1、 NAA）分别处理三角梅插穗后进行随机区组扦插试验,调查各生长指标,并进行方差分析。结果表明,相同条件下,不同生长调节剂的不同浓度水平对三角梅插穗的影响不同,以IAA 50 mg/L浸泡24 h的插穗,扦插生根效果最好,平均生根数为18根,平均根长为3.95 cm,生根率为91.67％;用100 mg/L的IAA处理的插穗,扦插生根效果次之。4种生长调节剂处理插穗的生根效果依次为IAA、 IBA、 ABT1、 NAA,均显著优于对照。     

莰烯醛肟及其烃基醚衍生物的合成与抑菌活性研究

由莰烯醛(1)与羟胺盐酸盐反应合成了莰烯醛肟(2),继而与卤代烃反应合成了5种莰烯醛肟烃基醚衍生物,分别为:莰烯醛肟乙基醚(3a)、莰烯醛肟正丙基醚(3b)、莰烯醛肟正丁基醚(3c)、莰烯醛肟正戊基醚(3d)和莰烯醛肟苄基醚(3e)。通过红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振等仪器分析手段对产物结构进行了确认。在此基础上,采用菌丝生长速率法,评价了莰烯醛肟及其烃基醚衍生物对12种植物病原真菌的生长抑制作用,结果表明:产物对12种植物病原真菌皆有一定抑制作用,其中莰烯醛肟的抑菌活性最优,并且对油茶炭疽病的抑制效果最好,EC 50为39.25 mg/L,对水稻纹枯病菌、猕猴桃果实拟茎点霉、玉米赤霉病菌和毛竹枯梢病病原菌的EC 50为40~50 mg/L;在质量浓度为500 mg/L时,莰烯醛肟对水稻纹枯病菌等9种植物病原真菌完全抑制,对松枯梢病菌和七叶树壳孢菌的抑制率达97%以上,当药液浓度降低时,莰烯醛肟对大部分病原菌的抑制率仍然超过百菌清500 mg/L时的抑制率。虽然莰烯醛肟烃基醚衍生物的抑菌活性较莰烯醛肟有所降低,但对毛竹枯梢病菌、梨链格孢菌和玉米赤霉病菌的抑制率皆高于(或等于)百菌清。     

Der Einfluß von Fungiziden auf den insektenpathogenen PilzBeauveria brongniartii (SACC.) PETCH

Zusammenfassung Zur Prüfung der Frage, ob Obstbaufungizide den zur Engerlingsbekämpfung eingesetzten PilzBeauveria brongniartii beeinträchtigen, untersuchten wir 17 Fungizide. In Versuchen auf Nährmedien hemmten Funginex (Triforin), Recop (Kupferoxichlorid), Rondo (Captan + Pyrifenox), Systhane (Captan + Myclobutanil) und Topas (Captan + Penconazol) bei empfohlener Anwendungskonzentration das Pilzwachstum vollständig. Bei 10facher Verdünnung war dies einzig noch bei Rondo der Fall. Die Keimung von Konidien war verhindert, wenn sie auf Nährböden gebildet wurden, die Baycor (Captan + Bitertanol), Captan, Euparene (Dichlofluanid), Nustar + Delan (Flusilazol + Dithianon), Ridomil F (Mancozeb + Metalaxyl) in empfohlener Konzentration enthielten oder Systhane 10fach verdünnt. Das Wachstum des Pilzes auf Erde, die mit Fungiziden besprüht war, zeigte nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen den Verfahren. Auf nativer Erde waren sie deutlicher als auf steriler. Auf beiden Erden hemmten Baycor und Rondo das Pilzwachstum am stärksten. Das aus den Erdversuchen stammende Pilzmaterial erzeugte im Biotest mit Engerlingen Mortalitäten zwischen 70 und 100%. Baycor, Captan, Nustar + Delan, Rondo und Topas verursachten die geringsten Mortalitäten. Die Nebenwirkungen bei den naturnahen Testmethoden (Erd- und Biotest) werden als gering eingestuft. In den Obstanlagen ist die Situation für den Pilz noch wesentlich günstiger. Es wird daraus geschlossen, daß die geprüften Fungizide in der Praxis keine wesentlichen Nebenwirkungen aufB. brongniartii haben können. Vorbehalte sind angebracht, wo schwer abbaubare Triazole relativ häufig eingesetzt werden oder wo eine Anreicherung mit Kupfer stattgefunden hat.

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Influence of fungicides on the insect pathogenic fungusBeauveria brongniartii (SACC.). PETCH

We tested 17 fungicides to check the hypothesis whether they could interfere withB. brongniartii applied in orchards to control the larvae of the cockchaferMelolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Incorporated into Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) at the recommended concentration the fungicides Funginex (Triforin), Recop (Cu-oxychlorid), Rondo (Captan + Pyrifenox), Systhane (Captan + Myclobutanil) and Topas (Captan + Penconazol) completely inhibited mycelical growth, Rondo even at a 10 fold dilution. Germination of conidia did not take place when they were produced on SDA incorporated with Baycor (Captan + Bitertanol), Captan, Euparene (Dichlofluanid), Nustar + Delan (Flusilazol + Dithianon), Ridomil F (Mancozeb + Metalaxyl) at the recommended rate or Systhane (10 fold diluted). Growth of the fungus on barley kernels (commercial preparation) on soils sprayed with fungicides showed smaller differences. They were more marked on native soil than on sterile one. On both soils, Baycor and Rondo reduced fungal growth more than the other fungicides. The fungal material from these soil tests was used in bioassays where they caused mortalities between 70 and 100%. Baycor, Captan, Nustar + Delan, Rondo and Topas induced the lowest mortalities. These side effects on semi-field tests are considered as insignificant. In orchards the situation for the fungus is much more favourable, because it is applied at a soil depth of some centimeters and direct contact with the fungicides is excluded. It is therefore concluded that the tested fungicides have no significant side effects onB. brongniartii under practical conditions. Exceptions might, however, are indicated where slowly degradable triazoles are applied repeatedly or in soils accumulated with copper.

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Mit 6 Tabellen     

Studies on leaf spot and shoot blight of Eucalyptus caused by Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum

In glasshouse experiments, Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum, which was associated with outbreaks of leaf spot and shoot blight in a young plantation of Eucalpytus microcorys in north Queensland during the 1982 and 1983 autumns, was pathogenic on seedlings of E. microcorys and caused varying degrees of leaf spot and shoot blight in ten species of Eucalyptus from major taxonomic groupings of the genus, When the outbreaks occurred, the weather was unusually showery with minimum temperatures above 16°C. In vitro studies showed that free water was essential for conidial germination, which occurred between 14–32°C. The optimum for mycelial growth was 28.5°C. In vivo studies showed that leaf penetration. by germinated conidia was via the stomata. Mancozeb was more effective at controlling the disease than benomyl, captan or copper oxychloride. The potential importance of C. quinqueseptatum and options for control in young Eucalyptus plantations are discussed.     

几种低毒杀菌剂对阳春砂仁叶枯病的防治试验

砂仁叶枯病杀菌剂1号(GF2)、2号(427)、多菌灵和代森锰锌500和1 000倍液处理的抑菌率分别为79.23%和84.94%、89.30%和87.07%、96.40%和88.91%、100%;田间小区相对防效均低于15%,达不到实际应用的要求。     

切花月季黑斑病发生规律与药剂防治研究

通过对月季黑斑病Actinonema rosae(Lib.)Fr.的发生规律及防治效果研究,证实病害的发生与切花月季的品种、栽培设施及气象因素密切相关,控制该病害的理想药剂为世高、阿米西达,其次为可杀得、炭疽福美、波尔多液、甲基托布津;百菌清、代森锰锌、多菌灵效果较差。     

A study on Xingkai Lake pine gall rust

The Xingkai Lake pine (Pinus takahasii Nakai) gall rust caused byCronartium quercuum(Berk.) Miyabc: Shirai is a serious stem rust in the northeast region of China. The alternate host is oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch). Germination of both acciospores and urediospores was optimal at 12°C and occurred over a range of temperatures, from 4°C to 32°C. Teliospores germinated optimally at 16–18°C and over a range of 8–28°C. All spores germinated best under natural light and dark conditions. Direct light inhibited germination even when followed by darkness. The incubation periods of urediospores and teliospores in inoculation experiments were 6–16 days and 3–33 days respectively. Anatomical studies ofCronartium quercuum galls showed that rust hyphae freely ramify through the intercellular spaces within parenchymatous tissues of the cortex, phloem, cambium and xylem. Hyphae are perennial; large haustoria arc cylindrical with rounded or blunt ends. Among the 12 fungicides tested for control of the rust, pine-tar, pine-tar: diesel oil (1:1, 1:3, 1:5), 75% Bravo emulsion and 70% Mancozeb emulsion applied to the galls produced satisfactory results.     

利用三种梢栖真菌生物防治落叶松枯梢病的研究

从落叶松梢栖真菌筛选出对落叶松枯梢病病原菌有抑制作用的菌株,对落叶松枯梢病进行生物防治。将自落叶松梢部分离到的11种梢栖真菌与落叶松枯梢病病原菌进行对峙培养,根据被覆盖程度、抑菌率、拮抗系数和防治预试验的结果,综合评价后发现:粪生粪壳、深绿木霉和球毛壳3种梢栖真菌对落叶松枯梢病有良好的拮抗作用。利用这3个菌株在黑龙江省勃利县通天一林场国富沟进行林间防治试验,结果表明:防治效果为粪生粪壳>代森锰锌400倍液>深绿木霉>球毛壳;深绿木霉和粪生粪壳喷洒浓度50%和球毛壳喷洒浓度75%时,真菌多样性最多,梢栖真菌系统较其他浓度更为稳定,与化学防治相比,既达到了防治目的又具有不污染环境的优势。     

松落针病药剂防治试验

通过测试多菌灵、百菌清、炭疽福美、福美双、代森锌、代森锰锌、甲基托布津、代森铵、苯菌灵、退菌灵、炭特灵、克菌丹等12种不同杀菌剂对松针散斑壳菌(Lophodermiumpinastri(Schrad )Cher )孢子萌发的抑制作用,认为不同杀菌剂对松针散斑壳菌作用效果不同,药剂筛选结果表明代森铵、多菌灵、百菌清和退菌特等杀菌剂对松针散斑壳菌有较好的抑制作用。对马尾松幼林的松落针病作小区和林间防治试验,结果表明,林间应用45%代森铵水剂防治效果最佳,平均防效达81 2%。     

4种药剂防治美国山核桃黑斑病林间药效试验

为有效防治美国山核桃黑斑病的发生,2017年在浙江省建德市美国山核桃Carya illinoensis林病害始发期和盛发期通过林间试验比较了75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂4 000倍液、苯甲·嘧菌脂悬浮剂1 500倍液、苯甲·丙环唑乳油2000倍液、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂400倍液4种不同杀菌剂对美国山核桃黑斑病病原菌小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis microspore的防治试验。结果表明:除80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂(保护性杀菌剂)400倍液防治效果略差外,其他3种杀菌剂(治疗性杀菌剂)对美国山核桃叶片和果实黑斑病均有较好的防治效果,落叶期推迟时间和产量增量均显著高于对照组。其中施用75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂4 000倍液对美国山核桃病叶、病果防治效果最好,分别为97.06%和98.16%;落叶期推迟时间最长,比对照推迟98 d;产量增加最大,为对照的362.86%;其次为苯甲·嘧菌脂悬浮剂1 500倍液。研究结果表明,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂4 000倍液、苯甲·嘧菌脂悬浮剂1 500倍液、苯甲·丙环唑乳油2 000倍液3种治疗性防治药剂能有效防治美国山核桃黑斑病。     

Triazole induced drought tolerance in horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)

We determined the influence of the triazole derivatives paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole, propiconazole and myclobutanil on the drought tolerance and post drought recovery of container-grown horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) saplings. Myclobutanil neither conferred drought resistance, as assessed by its effects on a number of physiological and biochemical parameters, nor affected growth parameters measured after recovery from drought. Chlorophyll fluorescence (F(v)/F(m)), photosynthetic rates, total foliar chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, foliar proline concentration and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were consistently higher and leaf necrosis and cellular electrolyte leakage was lower at the end of a 3-week drought in trees treated with paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole or propiconazole than in control trees. Twelve weeks after drought treatment, leaf area and shoot, root and total plant dry masses were greater in triazole-treated trees than in control trees with the exception of those treated with myclobutanil. In a separate study, trees were subjected to a 2-week drought and then sprayed with paclobutrazol, penconazole, epixiconazole, propiconazole or myclobutanil. Chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rate, foliar chlorophyll concentration and catalase activity over the following 12 weeks were 20 to 50% higher in triazole-treated trees than in control trees. At the end of the 12-week recovery period, leaf area and shoot, root and total plant dry masses were higher in triazole-treated trees than in control trees, with the exception of trees treated with myclobutanil. Application of triazole derivatives, with the exception of myclobutanil, enhanced tolerance to prolonged drought and, when applied after a 2-week drought, hastened recovery from drought. The magnitude of treatment effects was in the order epixiconazole approximately propiconazole > penconazole > paclobutrazol > myclobutanil.     

Freezing temperatures in the root zone—effects on growth of containerized Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings

Roots of 1‐year‐old containerized seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were experimentally frozen in December. The seedlings were then grown for 3 weeks in a growth chamber and evaluated with regard to root growth capacity (RGC) and shoot elongation. The subsequent RGC of Scots pine declined as root zone temperatures were lowered from ‐6°C to ‐11°C and from ‐11°C to ‐16°C. Almost no root growth was observed after exposure to ‐20°C. Shoot growth was also negatively affected by low root temperatures but less than root growth. Low root temperatures did not affect Norway spruce as much as Scots pine, although root and shoot growth of Norway spruce were reduced after exposure to the lowest test temperatures (‐16°C and ‐20°C). The length of exposure, ranging between 1 and 8 hours had no effect on subsequent growth.