复合微生物菌剂对甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响

本试验在青贮甘蔗梢中添加复合微生物菌剂(EM菌剂),旨在研究EM对甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响。试验采用单因子设计,对照组直接青贮,试验组在对照组的基础上添加0.2g/kg EM青贮。青贮90d后测定其pH值、乳酸含量、常规营养成分含量、可溶性糖含量、氨态氮含量和含水量。结果表明:1)直接青贮或添加EM青贮,青贮饲料感官评定均属优质青贮料。2)EM组乳酸含量比对照组上升4.96%,pH值下降了5.97%,添加EM对青贮料有酸化作用。3)与对照组相比较,EM组青贮甘蔗梢的粗水分、粗脂肪和无氮浸出物分别上升了7.00%(P<0.05)、13.69%、1.08%;粗蛋白质、粗纤维、Ca和P分别下降了9.00%、2.74%、2.41%和14.88%。4)添加EM后青贮甘蔗梢中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖的含量比对照组分别高22.83%、28.21%、11.24%,氨态氮含量比对照组下降了16.12%。综上所述,在青贮甘蔗梢过程中添加EM可以改善青贮甘蔗梢品质。     

纤维素酶对甘蔗梢与玉米秆混合青贮品质的影响

为探究纤维素酶对甘蔗梢玉米秆混合青贮品质的影响,将“闽糖69421”甘蔗副产品“甘蔗梢”和烟后种植的“云瑞10号”冬玉米副产物“玉米秆”以3:7的比例混合,采用单因子随机设计,设置4个纤维素酶添加量:0 (CK)、300、600、900mg/kg,青贮60d后取样测定pH值及营养成分,并利用隶属函数综合评价青贮品质。结果表明,添加纤维素酶青贮,能显著降低饲料的中性洗涤纤维含量和增加乳酸含量(P<0.05)。按600mg/kg的比例添加纤维素酶,青贮饲料的干物质、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、可溶性糖等营养成分的含量最高,氨态氮总氮比、中性洗涤纤维含量最低,较CK和其他处理均有显著差异(P <0.05),乳酸、乙酸等发酵成分的含量较CK和其他处理也有显著提高(P <0.05)。隶属函数综合评价显示:添加600mg/kg的纤维素酶,甘蔗梢玉米秆混合青贮的品质最佳,该添加量可在生产中推广应用。     

纤维素酶对青稞秸秆青贮品质的影响

试验旨在研究纤维素酶对青稞秸秆青贮品质的影响.试验采用单因子设计,对照组直接青贮,试验组添加0.2 g/kg纤维素酶进行青贮,青贮90 d后测定其pH值、常规营养成分、氨态氮和水分含量.结果表明：①添加纤维素酶或直接青贮青稞秸秆感官评定均属良级;②添加纤维素酶对青贮青稞秸秆的pH值无显著性影响（P＞0.05）;pH值均在4.0以下;③与对照组相比,通过纤维素酶处理后,青贮饲料干物质和粗灰分含量得到显著提高（P＜0.05）,同时粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量也有所提高,粗纤维含量有所降低,但差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;④添加纤维素酶限制了氨态氮的产生,降低了水分含量,但差异均不显著（P＞0.05）.综上所述,添加纤维素酶可改善青贮青稞秸秆品质.     

不同添加剂处理对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

研究探讨6种不同添加剂(甲酸、丙酸钙、双乙酸钠、葡萄糖、纤维素酶、乳酸菌接种剂)对苜蓿青贮的发酵品质及营养成分的影响。结果表明,添加甲酸可以改善苜蓿青贮的发酵品质,青贮pH显著下降(P0.05),乳酸含量增加(P0.05),氨氮含量减少(P0.05),粗蛋白、总糖和淀粉含量增加;丙酸钙组氨态氮和丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),乙酸和乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),粗蛋白、粗纤维及总糖等营养成分与对照相比变化不显著;添加双乙酸钠对青贮的营养成分及青贮品质影响不大;添加酶制剂组,pH显著下降(P0.05),氨态氮含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),乙酸、丁酸和乳酸含量低于对照组但差异不显著,粗蛋白含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);添加乳酸菌组,氨态氮及乳酸含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),粗纤维高于对照组,粗蛋白低于对照组;添加葡萄糖组,pH显著下降(P0.05),乳酸含量增加(P0.05),氨态氮及丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P0.05),干物质、粗蛋白及总糖含量低于对照组,水分、粗纤维、总能及淀粉的含量高于对照组,但差异不显著。在上述6种添加剂中,甲酸青贮效果最佳,发酵品质好、蛋白质损失小。     

添加剂对羊草青贮发酵品质和体外消化率的影响

研究乳酸菌制剂、纤维素酶和甲酸对羊草(Leymus chinensis)青贮发酵品质和体外消化率的影响。结果表明:添加乳酸菌制剂、纤维素酶、乳酸菌制剂+纤维素酶均显著降低了青贮饲料pH值,提高了乳酸含量(P<0.05);添加甲酸显著降低了青贮料pH值、乳酸和氨态氮含量(P<0.05);添加乳酸菌制剂或甲酸显著提高了干物质体外消化率(P<0.05),乳酸菌制剂与纤维素酶混合添加显著提高了干物质和粗蛋白质体外消化率(P<0.05)。     

绿汁发酵液和纤维素酶对稻草青贮及稻草、甘蔗梢混合青贮品质的影响

本研究以稻草和甘蔗梢为青贮原料,调制稻草青贮及稻草与甘蔗梢混合青贮（混合比例为6：4（m/m））。在稻草青贮及稻草、甘蔗梢混合青贮中均设计添加2 mL/kg的绿汁发酵液组（FGJ）、3 mL/kg的纤维素酶组（CEL）、2 mL/kg绿汁发酵液+3 mL/kg纤维素酶的复合组（MIX）和对照组（CON）,每个处理重复3次,室温条件下贮存60 d后开封,测定青贮的发酵品质和化学成分。结果显示,青贮原料稻草干物质中的可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）和粗蛋白质（CP）含量均低于甘蔗梢,而中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量均高于甘蔗梢。稻草单独青贮后,与CON组相比,FGJ组的NDF、ADF、pH和氨态氮均极显著降低（P<0.01）,WSC极显著增加（P<0.01）,干物质回收率（DMR）升高;MIX组的NDF、ADF、pH、气体损失率（GLR）和氨态氮均极显著降低（P<0.01）,乳酸、WSC及DMR升高;CEL组中除ADF显著降低外,其他指标也有不同程度的改善。与稻草青贮相比,稻草、甘蔗梢混合青贮的pH、氨态氮、NDF和半纤维素（HC）均降低,而DMR和WSC均明显升高。综上所述,绿汁发酵液及其与纤维素酶的复合添加剂对改善稻草青贮及稻草、甘蔗梢混合青贮品质的效果相近,且优于纤维素酶;稻草、甘蔗梢混合青贮的品质优于稻草青贮。     

不同添加剂对青贮燕麦发酵品质和营养成分的影响

本研究在燕麦中添加乳酸菌、蔗糖和纤维素酶进行青贮,分析不同添加剂及添加量对青贮燕麦发酵品质和营养成分的影响。结果表明：三种添加剂均能改善青贮燕麦的发酵品质和营养成分。各浓度处理组的pH、氨态氮比总氮值显著低于对照组（P <0.05）,乳酸、乙酸含量显著高于对照组（P <0.05）。添加0.005 g/kg乳酸菌组燕麦青贮的感官品质显著提高,粗蛋白质、可溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量与对照组差异性不显著（P> 0.05）;添加2%蔗糖组与0.15 g/kg纤维素酶组燕麦青贮的感官品质均显著提高,干物质、粗蛋白质和可溶性碳水化合物显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于对照组（P <0.05）,酸性洗涤纤维含量与对照组差异不显著（P> 0.05）。综合考虑,添加0.005 g/kg乳酸菌、2%蔗糖和0.15 g/kg纤维素酶获得的青贮料品质较好。     

不同水平复合酶对稻草青贮品质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同水平复合酶（含有纤维素酶和木聚糖酶）对稻草青贮品质的影响。在常规水分稻草青贮（MC1）和低水分稻草青贮（MC2）中分别添加0（对照组）、25、50、100 mg/kg复合酶,每个处理组3个重复。常温下贮存60 d开封。结果表明,MC2青贮中pH、干物质回收率和可溶性碳水化合物含量均极显著高于MC1青贮（P＜0.01）,而乳酸和氨态氮含量均极显著低于MC1青贮（P＜0.01）;与对照组相比,MC1青贮中各组氨态氮、中性洗涤纤维含量分别极显著（P＜0.01）和显著（P＜0.05）减少,MC2青贮中各组pH均极显著降低（P＜0.01）,MC1和MC2青贮中100 mg/kg组干物质回收率、氨态氮含量分别极显著升高和降低（P＜0.01）、可溶性碳水化合物显著增加（P＜0.05）。提示,添加3个复合酶水平对稻草青贮品质都有显著效果,MC2青贮中以添加100 mg/kg复合酶效果最佳。     

酶制剂和绿汁发酵液对巨菌草青贮品质的影响

为了大规模开发利用巨菌草(Pennisetum sp.),设置6个青贮处理,分别为无添加(对照)组、添加纤维素酶组、添加绿汁发酵液组、添加纤维素酶+绿汁发酵液(复合1)组、添加木聚糖酶组以及添加木聚糖酶+绿汁发酵液(复合2)组。室温条件下贮存60d后开封,对青贮品质进行分析测定。结果表明,与对照组相比,纤维素酶组的半纤维素含量降低、干物质回收率升高;木聚糖酶组的乳酸、乙酸、丙酸、可溶性碳水化合物含量降低;绿汁发酵液组的pH、气体损失率、氨态氮含量极显著降低(P0.01),乳酸、干物质回收率和可溶性碳水化合物均增加;复合1组的乳酸和乙酸含量增加,pH、半纤维素、干物质回收率和氨态氮含量降低;复合2组的pH、干物质回收率、乙酸、丙酸、氨态氮含量降低,乳酸增加。较纤维素酶组和绿汁发酵液组,复合1组的青贮效果更优。较木聚糖酶组和绿汁发酵液组,复合2组的青贮效果更优。同时,证实巨菌草是适于作青贮原料。     

不同类型添加剂对甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响

为了探讨不同浓度的营养型添加剂(尿素)、发酵抑制型添加剂(乙酸)、发酵促进型添加剂(纤维素酶)对新鲜甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响,试验设对照组、3个浓度尿素添加组(0.3%、0.6%、0.9%)、3个浓度乙酸添加组(0.6%、1.0%、1.4%)和3个浓度纤维素酶添加组(0.2%、0.6%、1.0%)在室温下进行甘蔗梢青贮60 d。结果表明:适宜浓度的添加剂能够提高甘蔗梢的感官品质。在尿素添加组中,0.6%添加组pH值显著降低(P0.05),添加不同浓度的尿素可显著降低甘蔗梢青贮料酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量(P0.05)。在乙酸添加组中,1.4%添加组pH值显著降低(P0.05),粗蛋白含量高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05);1.0%添加组酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低(P0.05)。在纤维素酶添加组中,1.0%添加组pH值、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低(P0.05),干物质、粗蛋白含量均高于对照组。说明在本试验条件下,在甘蔗梢青贮过程中添加0.6%尿素、1.4%乙酸和1.0%纤维素酶获得的青贮料品质较好。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.