黄花菜多酚提取工艺及抗氧化作用的研究

探讨黄花菜多酚最佳提取工艺及抗氧化作用。结果表明,黄花菜多酚最佳提取工艺为:提取时间60min、乙醇浓度55%、料液比1∶15、提取温度35℃;在此条件下,多酚得率为28.89%。抗氧化试验表明黄花菜多酚对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基均具有一定的清除作用,其半抑制率(IC50)分别为0.1176mg/mL、0.1638mg/mL和0.1593mg/mL,且清除率与黄花菜多酚浓度成量效关系。     

菊芋叶多酚的超声辅助提取及抗氧化活性研究

以菊芋叶为原料,以料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率为考察因素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面设计优化菊芋叶多酚的提取工艺,并探究菊芋叶多酚的体外抗氧化活性.结果表明,菊芋叶多酚的最佳提取条件为:料液比1:20(g/mL),乙醇浓度50％,超声时间50 min,超声波功率500 W,在该条件下多酚得率为31.923 mg/g.抗氧化试验表明:菊芋叶多酚具有明显的抗氧化活性,对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)、羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)有较好的清除能力;与VC的抗氧化活性相比,菊芋叶多酚对O2·的清除作用明显高于VC.     

核桃青皮多酚的抗氧化性研究

通过体外抗氧化体系对核桃青皮多酚的抗氧化能力进行研究。结果表明,核桃青皮多酚在各体系中均有一定的抗氧化性能,并且其抗氧化能力随着浓度的增加而增强;在所选浓度下,核桃青皮多酚对DPPH自由基和过氧化氢的清除能力、对三价铁离子的还原能力均明显强于VC。当其质量浓度高于10 mg/L时,核桃青皮多酚对羟基自由基的清除作用强于VC对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用;当其质量浓度低于22.3 mg/L时,核桃青皮多酚对超氧阴离子自由基的清除力强于VC对超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用。     

不同提取温度对蛤蒌叶粗多糖抗氧化作用的影响研究

采用热水浸提法分别在不同提取温度(40,60,80,100℃)下提取得到4种蛤蒌叶粗多糖,并测定其总多酚和蛋白质的含量。然后测定4种粗多糖对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力,以及粗多糖的还原能力来评价提取温度对其抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示,蛤蒌叶粗多糖中总多酚和蛋白质的含量随着提取温度的升高而下降。提取温度在40~100℃内,随着提取温度的升高,蛤蒌叶粗多糖对羟基自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力均呈下降趋势,而提取温度对其还原能力的影响没有明显差别。结果表明,提取温度对于蛤篓叶粗多糖的抗氧化活性有显著影响,主要是通过影响粗多糖中的总多酚和蛋白质含量来影响其抗氧化活性。     

白骨壤叶水提液清除自由基作用的研究

研究了白骨壤叶的水浸提工艺,并采用邻苯三酚自氧化法、水杨酸法、DPPH法,分别测定了白骨壤叶水提液清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH自由基的能力。结果表明,水浸提白骨壤叶的最适工艺条件为:料液比1∶25(g∶mL),温度50℃,时间120min,提取率8.14%。白骨壤叶水提液对超氧阴离子(·O2)-、羟基自由基(·OH)及DPPH·自由基均有一定的清除活性,且与其浓度呈正相关,其IC50分别为1.16,1.42,2.27mg/mL,因此白骨壤叶水提液具有一定的体外抗氧化活性。     

果胶酶辅助提取蓝莓多糖的工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以蓝莓为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验优化果胶酶辅助提取蓝莓多糖工艺,并研究了所提取蓝莓多糖的抗氧化能力。结果表明,正交试验优化蓝莓多糖最佳提取工艺为:果胶酶添加量0.5%,pH 4.0,提取温度60℃,提取时间1.5 h,获得的多糖得率为2.721%;采用果胶酶辅助提取的蓝莓多糖具有抗氧化活性,清除超氧阴离子、羟自由基的能力较强,清除率分别为52.54%和42.60%,对DPPH自由基也有一定的清除力,清除率为13.49%。     

杏干多酚的提取工艺及体外抗氧化活性研究

新疆地区杏资源丰富,杏含有多酚类物质等多种生物活性成分,研究杏干多酚的提取工艺可为进一步利用杏资源开发健康产品奠定基础。以新疆赛买提杏干为原料,采用水浴浸提法提取杏干多酚,并采用响应面试验优化杏干多酚提取工艺,同时考察杏干多酚体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,杏干多酚提取最佳工艺为：乙醇溶液体积分数70%,液料比21∶1(mL/g),浸提时间2.6 h,浸提温度51℃,在此条件下杏干多酚提取量为（4.118 9±0.020 1）mg/g;各因素对杏干多酚提取量的影响大小顺序为：液料比>乙醇体积分数>浸提温度>浸提时间;抗氧化试验结果表明,杏干多酚对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基和羟基自由基的清除能力较强,对2,2-联氨-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS）阳离子自由基和超氧阴离子表现出一定的清除能力。最佳提取工艺制备的杏干多酚具有一定的体外抗氧化活性。     

枳椇子总黄酮提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以枳椇子为原料,采用乙醇浸提法提取枳椇子总黄酮,并考察其抗氧化活性.通过单因素试验和正交试验优化的枳椇子总黄酮提取工艺为:乙醇体积分数40％,料液比1:50(g/mL),浸提温度40℃,浸提时间15 min,枳椇子总黄酮提取率为4.52％±0.043％.枳椇子总黄酮抗氧化性能试验结果表明:枳椇子总黄酮对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基均具有清除效果,具有较强的抗氧化能力,不同浓度枳椇子总黄酮的抗氧化能力差异较大,且呈现明显的剂量效应.     

菜籽饼中植酸粗提液的体外抗氧化能力初探

研究了3种不同溶剂体系提取菜籽饼中植酸粗提液的体外抗氧化性能力。通过Fenton反应体系产生羟自由基(.OH),由连苯三酚在碱性溶液中自氧化反应产生超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.);用分光光度法检测3种植酸粗提液的还原能力及对.OH、O2-.和DPPH.的清除作用。结果表明,3种溶剂提取得到的植酸粗提液都具有还原能力;对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基也有一定的清除能力。     

发芽糙米抗氧化性质的研究

以超声波—微波辅助乙醇提取法和乙醇提取法比较糙米发芽前后总多酚的变化。并对糙米和发芽糙米的多酚提取物进行羟基自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子清除能力、总还原力及油脂的抗氧化性质进行研究。结果表明,超声波—微波辅助乙醇提取法优于单纯的乙醇提取法,总多酚提取率提高了1.43倍。发芽糙米清除羟基自由基效果比糙米原料高40%;超氧阴离子清除能力比糙米原料高24.34%;还原能力比原料糙米高1.84倍,对延缓植物油脂的酸败效果明显好于原料糙米。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.