鲜食葡萄杂交后代果肉质地表型遗传分析

为得到参试品种果肉脆度的遗传传递力指数和估算组合传递力及狭义遗传力,用‘瑰宝’作测试品种,计算每个参试品种的遗传传递力指数,用亲子回归系数估算法,计算不同组合脆肉性状的组合传递力和狭义遗传力。统计分析结果表明：‘瑰宝’作父本时,3个品种的脆肉性状遗传传递力指数为‘秋红’最大,‘奥山红宝石’次之,‘玫瑰香’最小;‘瑰宝’作母本时,其后代果肉脆度与父本关系较大,7个品种的脆肉性状遗传传递力指数从大到小依次为‘秋红’、‘皇家秋天’、‘粉红太妃’、‘粉红葡萄’、‘无核白鸡心’、‘达米娜’、‘玫瑰香’;通过不同杂交组合的组合传递力比较发现,软肉品种和特脆品种杂交＞脆肉品种和较脆品种杂交＞较脆品种和软肉品种杂交,亲子回归系数估算,葡萄脆肉质地的狭义遗传力h²＝0.9816,说明脆肉性状遗传能力较强。葡萄品种脆肉性状的遗传力和杂交组合传递力的估算对葡萄育种选择选配亲本有指导意义。     

枇杷果实育种目标性状在杂种后代中的表现

对黄金块与解放钟为亲本的有性正反交后代的果实进行分析,研究了育种目标性状：单果重（60g以上）、果皮色泽（橙红色）、可溶性固形物含量（12%以上）、可食率（72%以上）在杂种后代中的表现。结果表明：杂种后代单果重、果皮色泽、可溶性固形物含量、可食率达到育种目标后代分别占总数14.93%、53.73%、20.90%、47.76%;同时达到四个育种目标性状的杂种后代数量为1株。     

利用SCAR标记SCF27对葡萄无核性状的鉴定研究

本研究以14份葡萄种质资源和火州黑玉葡萄3个杂交组合共116株胚挽救后代为试材,研究葡萄无核性状的鉴定方法,以期在苗期实现杂交单株无核性状鉴定,提高无核葡萄育种效率。利用SCAR标记SCF27对材料进行无核性状分子检测,通过田间鉴定对检测结果进行验证和评价。结果表明,SCF27标记在‘无核白’、‘火州黑玉’、‘火焰无核’、‘红宝石无核’、‘美丽无核’,‘火州红玉’、‘火州紫玉’、‘无核紫’、‘无核白鸡心’、‘昆香无核’、‘底来特’等11个无核品种植株中均检测到目的无核性状基因片段,而在‘红地球’、‘贵妃玫瑰’和‘早艳’等3个有核品种植株中均未检测到,在116株后代中检测出84株携带目的基因片段,其中81株与田间鉴定结果吻合,吻合率为96.4%。本研究认为,SCF27标记是一个显性或主效基因标记,其检测结果与植株表现型的吻合率很高,可以用来进行葡萄杂交后代无核单株的早期筛选,但鉴定结果可能存在一定误差。     

白肉火龙果优良单株评价筛选初报

为选育出丰产高质的白肉火龙果优株,通过对‘从化之星’火龙果112个实生后代中所有果肉颜色为白色的单株进行栽培试验,对所有白肉单株生长习性、丰产性及果实经济性状和内在品质等进行分析比较。结果表明,单株184-4综合品质最好。该白肉火龙果平均单果重为301.48g,最高单果重可达约500g,可溶性固形物14.8%,果实外观靓丽,商品性高,具有丰产稳产的特点。     

钙硼营养对龙眼果实品质及耐贮性的影响

果园土壤低硼条件下,于龙眼假种皮发育期间,树冠分别喷施1%CaCl2、0.2%H3BO3、1%CaCl2+0.2%H3BO3溶液及清水3次,探讨Ca、B营养对龙眼果实品质及采后耐贮性的影响。结果表明,0.2%H3BO3、1%CaCl2+0.2%H3BO3处理显著提高了果实组织B含量,对增大龙眼果型、提高单果重、增加果实的可食率和果肉糖含量有明显效应,但0.2%H3BO3处理的效果优于1%CaCl2+0.2%H3BO3处理,两处理均降低了贮藏期间果实失重率、提高好果率,减缓了果肉营养成分的变化;1%CaCl2处理显著提高了果实组织Ca含量,也提高了龙眼果实的耐贮藏性,但对果实品质的影响不明显。     

甘蔗品种‘粤糖09-13’(海蔗22号)杂交育种潜力分析

为了分析甘蔗新品种‘粤糖09-13’(海蔗22号)作为亲本材料配制组合进行杂交育种的潜力,以‘粤糖019-3’分别作为母本和父本与其它品种配制10个杂交组合,对后代群体的株高、茎径、丛有效茎、锤度、丛重和锤重这6个性状进行表型变异、方差、遗传力、相关性和配合力等遗传分析。结果表明,10个杂交组合锤重平均变异系数(40.692%)最大,最小的是株高(7.87%);‘粤糖09-13’做母本时,6个性状都表现出极显著差异,对杂交后代群体性状的平均遗传力(58.63%)最大。配合力分析结果表明,‘粤糖09-13’作为母本时除有效茎效应值为负值外,其余5个主要农艺性状的效应值都为正值。在甘蔗杂交育种中,选择‘粤糖09-13’做母本,杂交后代群体分离大,适合选择优良的后代。本研究结果为‘粤糖09-13’在配制杂交组合时提供了参考。     

‘署脆红’桃果实质地性状分析

比较不同货架期‘署脆红’桃的果实质地变化,为货架期果实品质提供依据。采用物性分析仪,对不同货架期的桃果实质地参数包括果皮穿刺强度(果皮硬度)、果皮破裂距离(果皮脆性)、果皮韧性、跌落脆性、果肉平均坚实度、果肉纤维指数(细度)进行测定,观察‘署脆红’桃在货架期果实质地变化,为生产提供技术支撑。通过试验结果表明：‘署脆红’桃在货架期至少可存放20天保持品质不变。     

伊犁河谷引进苹果品种品质及营养成分分析

为了解‘蜜脆’、‘红盖露’、‘华硕’3 个苹果品种在伊犁河谷的果实表现特性,对其品质及营养成分进行测定和分析。结果表明：3 个苹果品种平均单果重介于190~280 g,为大果型,果形指数介于0.81~0.89,果形较端正;‘红盖露’的果实硬度高达11.7 kg/cm2,口感较硬,其次是‘华硕’(8.8 kg/cm2),‘蜜脆’口感酥脆,硬度最低为8.1 kg/cm2;三者的可溶性固形物含量介于13.6%~16.4%,普遍高于‘红富士’和‘嘎啦’,固酸比高低依次为‘华硕’(6.07/1)、‘蜜脆’(4.08/1)、‘红盖露’(2.80/1),华硕果实口味甜酸、蜜脆酸甜适口,而红盖露酸甜;果实水解后还原糖含量为10.8%~13.2%、还原糖含量为7.0%~8.4%、Vc含量为2.53~2.90 mg/100 g;3 个苹果品种矿物质营养元素含量大小分布趋势一致,矿物质元素含量大小排序为K＞P＞Mg＞Ca＞Na＞Cu＞Fe＞Zn;不同苹果品种矿物质含量差异显著,‘蜜脆’苹果中含量最高的是K、P,‘华硕’苹果中含量最高是Mg、Na和Cu,‘红盖露’苹果中含量最高的是Zn、Fe、Ca。3 个苹果品种品质及营养成分综合性状优良,适宜在伊犁河谷推广。     

野生荔枝半同胞家系果实性状遗传变异分析及遗传参数估算

以26个野生荔10号荔枝自然杂交子代半同胞单株为材料,分析其果实性状的遗传变异和估测其遗传参数,以期弄清野生荔枝的遗传规律和在酿酒品种培育中的可行性提供依据。结果表明,果实的表型性状（果实形状、果肩形状、果皮颜色、龟裂片形状、裂片峰形状）变异范围广,均分离出3~5个不同类型;除果皮颜色外,其余性状亲本性状遗传更加顽固;呈母本性状占比数依次为果肩形状(55.56%)>果实形状(44.44%)>龟裂片形状(40.74%)>裂片峰形状(29.63%)>果皮颜色(14.81%)。品质性状家系间具有极显著差异(P<0.01),变异系数由大到小依次为单果重(28.44%)>果皮厚度(17.48%)>果肉厚度(15.44%)>可食率(12.21%)>可溶性固形物含量(8.8%)>果形指数(5.59%);遗传力由大到小依次为单果重(0.9992)>可食率(0.9987)>可溶性固形物含量(0.9753)>果形指数(0.9733)>果肉厚度(0.9663)>果皮厚度(0.9585);遗传增益由大到小依次为单果重(87.74%)>果肉厚度(48.32%)>果皮厚度(30.16%)>可食率(17.96%)>可溶性固形物含量(14.37%)>果形指数(-4.77%)。单果重在变异系数、遗传力、遗传增益3项指标值均最高,表现出突出的遗传变异、遗传力和遗传增益效果,表明该性状受较强的遗传控制,且后代的选择余地较大。筛选出9个特异单株：8个单株入选高可溶性固形物含量(≥18.5%)特异单株,1个单株入选高可食率(≥80%)特异单株,改良效果好。     

西瓜果实主要性状的遗传及相关性分析

为了明确西瓜果实形状、果肉颜色等7项果实主要性状的遗传规律及相关性,采用西瓜材料B132-8为母本、B133-4为父本配制杂交组合,构建后代遗传群体,得到F292株。通过标准化采集后代单株的果实形状、果形指数、果皮覆纹形状、果肉颜色、果肉番茄红素含量、种皮颜色及种子千粒质量等数据,采用SPSS 17.0软件统计分析。结果表明:果实形状、果肉颜色、种皮底色表现出质量性状遗传特征,但F2不符合孟德尔遗传分离定律,分离比例分别为1∶3∶1。果皮覆纹形状、西瓜种子千粒质量表现出质量性状遗传,其中齿条和小种子性状分别为显性单基因遗传。果形指数、果肉番茄红素含量表现出数量性状遗传特征,F2符合正态分布。相关性研究结果表明,果实形状和果形指数、果肉颜色和果肉番茄红素含量分别为极显著正相关,果肉颜色和果实形状、果形指数分别为显著相关。     

大粒优质三倍体葡萄新品种“红标无核”的选育

“红标无核”是以“2倍体郑州早红”和“4倍体巨峰”杂交育成的三倍体葡萄新品种。1986年杂交，经初选、品种比较试验、区域试验及生产试栽，表现极早熟、果粒大、无核、品种优、紫黑色、抗病、丰产稳产等优良性状，适宜露地和设施栽培，除鲜食外，可加工制罐，适宜栽培范围广，社会经济效益极为显著。2003年通过河北省林木良种审定。     

Variability and early selection on the seedling stage for agronomic traits in progenies from olive crosses

Yield per tree, ripening date and oil content components (fruit fresh weight, flesh moisture, flesh/stone ratio both on fresh and dry weight basis, flesh and fruit oil content on dry weight basis) have been studied during 3 years in seedlings from crosses among the olive cultivars ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Picual’. Genetic and environmental variances and year‐to‐year consistency of data were estimated. Most of the traits evaluated showed a range of variability as large or even larger than either the range observed in a random sample of cultivars from the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba or the range reported in the evaluation of olive cultivars collections. Between‐years correlation coefficients showed that for a character such as oil content the values obtained in the first year could be reliable indicators of the values obtained in following years. Observations over 2 years may be required for characters such as fruit weight or flesh/stone ratio on a fresh weight basis and even more than 2 years may be required to estimate yield per tree.     

采收期和品种对枣果实品质的影响*

以灵武长枣、冬枣和梨枣为试材,研究了不同采收期对灵武长枣果实品质的影响;以及在同一采收期下,灵武长枣、冬枣和梨枣在低温贮藏前后营养成分的变化规律。试验结果表明：灵武长枣在不同的采收期中,全红果的果肉硬度小于大半红果,头蓬果高于三蓬果;全红果的可溶性固形物、蔗糖、可溶性果胶含量均高于大半红果;三蓬果的葡萄糖、果糖含量高于头蓬果,头蓬全红果的蔗糖、总糖含量高于三蓬全红果;抗坏血酸含量在各个采收期变化不明显。同一采收期的灵武长枣、冬枣和梨枣,在贮藏95 d后,3个品种的果肉硬度、抗坏血酸、可溶性固形物、蔗糖、总糖均呈下降趋势,其中梨枣的果肉硬度、抗坏血酸含量下降均最多;灵武长枣采收时抗坏血酸含量最高且降解最少;冬枣蔗糖含量下降了88.5个百分点;灵武长枣、冬枣可滴定酸含量有所增加,而梨枣出现下降;冬枣的果糖上升了113.6个百分点,明显高于其它两个品种,是贮藏后风味更为浓甜的主要原因。     

昌平流村镇3种近濒危地产小苹果树资源调查

对北京市昌平区流村镇沙果、冷海棠、暖海棠等三种近濒危乡土果树的种质状况、果实品质、濒危现状、栽培方式与管护水平等方面进行了全面调查与测定,为促进对这三种近濒危乡土果树资源的保护与合理开发提供参考。调查测定结果表明,不同单株沙果果品的可溶性固形物、单果重、果肉肉质差异较大,可溶性固形物变幅为1O.81%～15.13%,单果重变幅为22.3g～40.27g,果皮分为中厚稍脆和中厚稍韧两种,肉质细,多汁;暖海棠、冷海棠果实的各项实测指标则差异不大,果品品质较一致。其中,暖海棠可溶性固形物变幅为17.00%～18.21%,单果重变幅为8.25g～10.66g,果肉细脆紧实;冷海棠可溶性固形物变幅为14.23%～16.55%,单果重变幅为6.47g～9.03g,果肉细脆。根据以上情况,可初步推测,沙果各单株间可能存在较大变异,极有可能从中筛选出优良的品系。三种小苹果果实糖酸比均处于口感的适度范围,是开发鲜食品种良好的育种材料。针对目前的现状,从古树认定、加强管理、开发文化内涵、加强科学研究等方面提出了该镇小苹果古树保护与发展的建议。     

Phenotypic diversity and relationships of fruit quality traits in peach and nectarine [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> (L.) Batsch] breeding progenies

Agronomic and fruit quality traits were evaluated and compared for three consecutive years on 1,111 seedlings coming from 15 peach and nectarine breeding crosses, grown under a Mediterranean climate. Significant differences among and within the different progenies were found for most of the traits analyzed. The breeding population segregated for several Mendelian characters such as peach or nectarine fruit, round or flat fruit, yellow or white flesh and freestone or clingstone. In addition, aborting fruit and flat fruit trees were found in our progeny, and our data seem to support multi-allelic control of both flat shape and aborting fruit. The variation within the progenies of some traits such as blooming and harvesting date, yield, fruit weight and SSC was continuous, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Relationships between qualitative pomological traits and these agronomic and fruit quality parameters were also found. Valuable correlations among agronomic and fruit quality parameters were found, although coefficients of variation depending on the progeny should be considered. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed several relationships among quality traits in the evaluated progenies. Based on this evaluation, 26 outstanding genotypes were pre-selected from the initial breeding population for further studies.     

5个苹果专用授粉品种植物学特征与生物学特性研究

为实现苹果单品种建园,选育适宜专用授粉树,研究了‘道格’、‘绚丽’、‘红丽’、‘满洲里’、‘雪球’5 个观赏海棠品种的植物学、生物学性状、花粉特性及果实品质。结果表明,供试品种盛花期为4 月7—20日,和栽培品种花期相遇,‘道格’和‘满洲里’花期较早,盛花期分别为4月7日、4月9日,‘绚丽’和‘红丽’均为4月12日,‘雪球’为4月20日。供试品种花粉量大,‘道格’、‘满洲里’、‘红丽’、‘雪球’和‘绚丽’分别为13384、13162、7426、6074、6003粒/花药。单果重‘道格’最大(12.98 g),其次是‘雪球’(10.66 g)、‘绚丽’(2.59 g),‘红丽’和‘满洲里’较小（均为2.00 g）。果型指数与单果重趋势基本一致。种子数不尽相同,‘红丽’和‘雪球’为7 颗/果,‘满洲里’6 颗/果,‘道格’和‘绚丽’为4 颗/果。可溶性糖含量以‘道格’最高(18.49%),其次是‘满洲里’(16.33%)、‘雪球’(16.11%)、‘绚丽’(15.98%),‘红丽’较低为14.20%;可滴定酸‘红丽’最高为1.16%,‘绚丽’为0.99%、‘满洲里’为0.90%,‘道格’最低为0.80%。初步认为,供试品种适宜作为国内的苹果专用授粉树。     

The potential for commonly measured at-harvest fruit characteristics to predict chilling susceptibility of ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit

The propensity for physiological disorders to arise during low temperature storage of kiwifruit is a significant commercial risk. The potential to use fruit characteristics (flesh colour, soluble solids content (SSC), dry matter and firmness) estimated non-destructively at harvest as markers for the susceptibility of ‘Hort16A’ kiwifruit to chilling injury (CI) has been investigated for individual fruit. While the fruit that developed CI during storage were some of the least advanced fruit on each orchard, the flesh colour, SSC, firmness and dry matter of the susceptible fruit differed considerably among orchards, such that there was not a clear minimum or maximum threshold for which fruit did or did not develop CI across all orchards. There was a large ‘orchard factor’ in the susceptibility of fruit to CI that was as important, if not more important, than the flesh colour, SSC, firmness and dry matter values. The ‘orchard factor’ may derive from a combination of environmental conditions and/or orchard management practices, in conjunction with fruit growth and development. Hence it is concluded that a generally applicable at-harvest prediction of ‘Hort16A’ fruit susceptibility to CI is not possible from an at-harvest non-destructive estimation of flesh colour, SSC, firmness and dry matter.