Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in infant and toddler total diet samples, October 1978-September 1979

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for infant and toddler Total Diet samples collected in 10 cities between October 1978 and September 1979. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of the chemicals found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and generally are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the adult diet are reported separately.     

Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in infant and toddler total diet samples, October 1980-March 1982

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for infant and toddler Total Diet samples collected in 13 cities between October 1980 and March 1982. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and generally are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the adult diet are reported separately.     

Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in adult total diet samples, October 1978-September 1979

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 20 cities between October 1978 and September 1979. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.     

Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in adult total diet samples, October 1980-March 1982

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 27 cities between October 1980 and March 1982. The average concentrations, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.     

Pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals in adult total diet samples, October 1979-September 1980

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts Total Diet Studies to determine the dietary intake of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). These studies involve the retail purchase and analysis of foods representative of the diets of infants, toddlers, and adults. The individual food items are separated into a number of food groups, each of which is analyzed as a composite. This report summarizes the results for adult Total Diet samples collected in 20 cities between October 1979 and September 1980. The average concentration, range of concentrations, and calculated average daily intake of each chemical found are presented by food group. The average daily intakes of the chemicals are similar to those found in the several preceding years and are within acceptable limits. The results for samples collected during the same period that represent the diets of infants and toddlers are reported separately.     

Pesticide, heavy metal, and other chemical residues in infant and toddler total diet samples. (IV). October 1977-September 1978

The Food and Drug Administration has conducted the Total Diet Study since 1964. The program originally focused on the average total diet of the young adult male but was eventually expanded to include the average total diets of infants and toddlers. This report is the fourth in the infant and toddler series and represents residues found in market basket samples, i.e., items comprising the average 2-week diet of infants and toddlers, collected in 10 different cities throughout 4 geographic areas of the United States from October 1977 through September 1978. The results are based on analyses of food composites representing 11 food classes into which all the food items were separated. Averages and ranges are reported for residues of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and selected metals and industrial chemicals. Recovery results are also included for various representative compounds added to a variety of food classes. The results for the adult market basket samples for the same reporting period are presented in a separate report.     

Pesticide, metal, and other chemical residues in adult total diet samples. (XIII). August 1976-September 1977

Since 1964, the Food and Drug Administration has reported residues of pesticides and other chemicals in the average diet of the United States' heartiest eater, the young adult male, through the Total Diet Study. This report is the thirteenth in the series and includes results of analyses for 25 market basket samples collected from August 1976 through September 1977 in 20 different cities throughout 4 geographical areas. All food items were divided into 12 different composite food classes, and 25 composites, 1 from each market basket, were prepared and analyzed for each food class. Averages and ranges of pesticide and chemical residues are presented in various formats, together with results for the following heavy metals: zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium. Individual items making up the dairy composites and the meat-fish-poultry composites were analyzed separately for 4 market baskets and are presented as a part of this report. Recovery studies of pesticides and chemicals added to each of the various food classes are also included.     

Pesticide, metal, and other chemical residues in adult total diet samples. (XIV). October 1977-September 1978

Residues of pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, and selected industrial chemicals and metals have been reported since 1964 through the Total Diet Study conducted by the Food and Drug Administration. This report, which is the fourteenth in the series, includes data for the adult diet market basket samples collected from October 1977 through September 1978 in 20 cities throughout 4 geographical areas. All items from each market basket were separated into 12 food classes for analysis, and the averages and ranges of the residues found are presented in various formats. In addition to the 240 composites analyzed, the individual items making up the dairy composites and the meat-fish-poultry composites were analyzed separately for 4 market baskets. The results of a recovery study in which composites were fortified with the more commonly reported residue compounds are also presented as a part of this report. Results for the infant and toddler Total Diet market baskets for the same period are published in a separate report.     

FDA Total Diet Study, April 1982-April 1984, dietary intakes of pesticides, selected elements, and other chemicals

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration conducts the Total Diet Study to determine dietary intakes of selected pesticides, industrial chemicals, and elements (including radionuclides). The current study, which reflects significant redesign implemented in April 1982, involves retail purchase of foods representative of the "total diet" of the U.S. population, preparation for "table-ready" consumption, and individual analyses of 234 items depicting the diets of 8 population groups. The dietary revision was based on 2 nationwide food consumption surveys. The data presented represent 8 food collections (also termed "market baskets") in regional metropolitan areas during the 2-year period. Dietary intakes of over 100 analytes are presented for the 8 population groups, which range from infants to elderly adults. Intakes of selected population groups are compared with representative previous findings. As in the past, average daily intakes are within acceptable limits.     

Pesticide, heavy metal, and other chemical residues in infant and toddler total diet samples. (III). August 1976-September 1977

The Total Diet Study has been conducted by the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, since 1964 to monitor the diet of adults, and more recently the infant and toddler diet, for residues of pesticides and other chemicals. This report presents the residues found in 12 infant and toddler market baskets, i.e., items comprising the average 2-week diet of infants and toddlers, collected in 12 major cities in 4 geographical areas from August 1976 through September 1977. The analyses for each market basket were performed on composites of each of 11 food classes, and the results are presented in a variety of formats. In addition to chemical residues, the market baskets were also analyzed for 6 heavy metals: arsenic, lead, selenium, zinc, cadmium, and mercury. Results of recovery studies conducted with residue compounds of various types are also included in this report. The results for the adult market baskets for the same period are published as a separate report.     

Radionuclides in domestic and imported foods in the United States, 1983-1986

Findings in the Food and Drug Administration's Radionuclides in Foods program are summarized for samples collected between October 1, 1982, and September 30, 1986. All radionuclide findings for Total Diet and reactor samples were either in Action Range I or low in Range II of the surveillance and control recommendations given by the Federal Radiation Council. The only long-range trend noted was a continuation of the general decline in dietary intake of 90Sr since 1961. Imported food samples were analyzed for contamination after the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The findings for imported foods indicate that the surveillance efforts successfully targeted contaminated foods, and that contamination levels were below levels of concern for all but one oregano and 3 cheese samples.     

Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging

Human exposure to perfluorinated compounds is a worldwide phenomenon; however, routes of human exposure to these compounds have not been well-characterized. Fifty-four solid food composite samples collected as part of the Canadian Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed for perfluorocarboxylates and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) using a methanol extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Foods analyzed included fish and seafood, meat, poultry, frozen entrées, fast food, and microwave popcorn collected from 1992 to 2004 and prepared as for consumption. Nine composites contained detectable levels of perfluorinated compounds-four meat-containing, three fish and shellfish, one fast food, and one microwave popcorn. PFOS and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) were detected the most frequently; concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 4.5 ng/g. The average dietary intake of total perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS for Canadians was estimated to be 250 ng/day, using results from the 2004 TDS composites. A comparison with intakes of perfluorocarboxylates and PFOS via other routes (air, water, dust, treated carpeting, and apparel) suggested that diet is an important source of these compounds. There was a substantial margin of exposure between the toxicological points of reference and the magnitude of dietary intake of perfluorinated compounds for Canadians >/= 12 years old.     

Food and Drug Administration pesticide residue monitoring of foods: 1978-1982

Pesticide residues in foods are reported for the 5-year period 1978-1982 [fiscal years (FY) 78-82]. Results were compiled from the 2 complementary elements that comprise the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) program for monitoring pesticide residues in foods. Under regulatory monitoring, which focuses on residues in raw agricultural commodities, a total of 49,877 samples (30,361 domestic and 19,516 import) that included fresh fruits and vegetables, grains, milk and dairy products, seafoods, and a variety of processed foods were analyzed. No residues were found in about 55 and 44% of the domestic and import samples, respectively. About 3% of the domestic and 7% of the import samples were classed as violative. Data from the Total Diet Study, which is conducted to determine dietary intakes of a variety of chemicals, showed that residues of 42 pesticides were found in 1044 composites of table-ready foods. Results of FDA's monitoring for FY78-82 demonstrate that pesticide residue levels in the U.S. food supply were generally well below regulatory limits, and dietary intakes were manyfold lower than the Acceptable Daily Intakes established by international agencies.     

FDA monitoring program. Residues in foods--1990.

In 1990, under regulatory monitoring, a total of 19,962 samples of domestically produced food from all 50 states and Puerto Rico and imported food from 92 countries were analyzed by FDA for pesticide residues. Of these, 19,146 were surveillance samples, which are collected when there is no suspicion of a pesticide problem. No residues were found in 60% of domestic surveillance samples and in 64% of import surveillance samples. Of the 19,146 surveillance samples, 2.8% were violative. Under the incidence/level aspect of monitoring, 172 samples of fish/shell-fish, 330 samples of whole milk, and 3502 samples of processed foods including baby foods were analyzed for pesticide residues. Findings from these projects were consistent with regulatory monitoring data. The findings of the 1990 Total Diet Study are evidence that actual dietary intakes of pesticides are generally well below the standards established by FAO/WHO and by EPA. The 1990 results are similar to those obtained in earlier years and demonstrate the continuing safety of the food supply relative to pesticide residues.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of N-methylcarbamate insecticides and metabolites in crops. II. Analytical characteristics and residue findings

Four laboratories obtained 177 carbamate recovery values using a liquid chromatographic method. The average recovery of 11 carbamates (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, bufencarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxy carbofuran, 3-keto carbofuran, methiocarb, methiocarb sulfoxide, methomyl, and oxamyl) from 14 crops was 99% with a coefficient of variation of 8% (0.03-1.8 ppm fortification levels). No statistical difference in recovery was found between oxime and phenyl carbamates, or between parent and metabolite carbamates. Average recovery of aldicarb sulfoxide was 59% due to loss in the liquid-liquid partitioning because of the polarity of this compound. A fifth laboratory contributed 34 carbamate recoveries (average 99%) on table-ready food products for 4 carbamates. Bendiocarb, dioxacarb, isoprocarb, and propoxur are also quantitatively recovered through the method. Previously reported carbamate and noncarbamate recovery data are also discussed. In the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) analysis of 319 samples (mainly crops), 86 (27%) were found to contain residues of carbamate insecticides and/or toxic carbamate metabolites. Carbaryl and methomyl were the most common carbamate residues found on the food products excluding the aldicarb sulfone and sulfoxide residues found on potatoes. In one FDA Total Diet Program "market basket", 11 of 69 table-ready food commodities contained from 0.005 to 0.094 ppm carbamate residues. Carbaryl was the most prevalent residue. Several laboratories reported adverse effects on the determinative system when inadequately purified reagents were used.     

History of the Food and Drug Administration's total diet study--1961 to 1987

The Total Diet Study provides the Food and Drug Administration with baseline information on the levels of pesticide residues, contaminants, and nutrient elements in the food supply and in the diets of specific age-sex groups. The study also identifies trends and changes in the levels of these substances in the food supply and in diets over time and thereby assists in identifying potential public health problems. This paper describes the evolution of the Total Diet Study from 1961 to 1987. Food collections, sites of analysis, diets, food commodity groups, analytes, analytical methodologies, data transfer, publication of results, notable results, resources, and advantages of the study are discussed.     

Isoflavones in soy-based foods consumed in Brazil: levels,distribution, and estimated intake

The isoflavone content and profile in processed soy-based products consumed in Brazil were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection of the intact isoflavones (naturally occurring aglycons, malonyl, acetyl, and beta-glycosides derivatives). Total isoflavone content varied significantly among products, from 2 to 100 mg/100 g (wet basis, expressed as aglycons), with the lowest content being found for soy-based enteral/oral diets and the highest found for textured soy proteins. For soy beverages isoflavone content varied from 12 to 83 mg/L. Soy sauce, miso, and tofu had isoflavone contents of 5.7 mg/L, 20 mg/100 g, and 7 mg/100 g, respectively. The beta-glycosides were the predominant form of the isoflavones in the products analyzed, except for miso, shoyu, and "Diet Shake" in which the aglycons were present in the highest proportions. On the basis of these data, the daily intake of isoflavone from soy products was estimated: the highest values were found for infants fed soy-based formulas, from 1.6 to 6.6 mg/kg of body weight.     

Survey of persistent organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PAHs), heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Hg), and arsenic in food samples from Huelva (Spain): levels and health implications

Concentrations of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs, heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, and Hg), and arsenic have been determined in a great variety of food samples purchased in different markets across the city of Huelva, located in southwestern Spain and under strong industrial activity. All samples analyzed presented concentrations below the maximum allowed by the European Community regarding PCDD/Fs, with the exception of samples within the meat group. An estimation of the daily intake resulted in 1.15 pg of WHO(PCDD/Fs)-TEQ/kg of body weight/day for a 70 kg person and 2.63 pg of WHO-TEQ/kg of body weight/day when PCBs were included, therefore accounting for a similar or even higher percentage than PCDD/Fs and showing the importance of their inclusion in monitoring studies. Meat and meat products, together with vegetable oils and dairy products, were the major food groups contributing to the estimated daily intake. For heavy metals and arsenic, the concentrations found were under the value proposed by European regulations, and estimated daily intakes were well below those proposed by the WHO for all metals investigated. PAHs have been analyzed in food samples from marine origin, values ranging from 8.22 to 71.4 ng/g of fresh weight. Pyrene was the most abundant compound, accounting for >80% in the samples investigated. The most carcinogenic PAHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, were in all cases below the limits of detection. Therefore, the samples analyzed in this survey can be considered as safe with regard to the levels obtained and the in-force legislation.     

Levels of pesticide residues in Egyptian human milk samples and infant dietary intake

Contamination of human milk with residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls was studied in a series of investigations concerned with the monitoring of these chemicals in Egyptian food. The DDT complex was the most frequently found pesticide, followed by total hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Heptachlor and its epoxide, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, and oxychlordane were also found but less frequently. Estimated dietary intakes (EDIs) of these contaminants by the breast-fed infants were compared to acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). EDIs of DDT complex, lindane (gamma-HCH), heptachlor + heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane were below ADIs. Dieldrin EDI exceeded the acceptable daily intake.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: human exposure through the diet

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in a variety of materials, including synthetic polymers and textiles. Although these chemicals have been detected in environmental samples and human tissues, there is little information about human exposure to PBDEs through the diet. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of PBDEs in a number of food samples acquired in Catalonia (Spain) during 2000. The dietary intake of PBDEs was estimated for the general population living in this Spanish region. The highest PBDE concentrations were found in oils and fats, fish and shellfish, meat and meat products, and eggs, while the lowest levels corresponded to fruits, vegetables, and tubers. The dietary intake of PBDEs for an adult male was 97.3 ng/day (assuming not detected (ND) = (1)/(2) limit of detection (LOD)) or 81.9 ng/day (assuming ND = 0) The greatest contribution to these values corresponded to fish and shellfish, with approximately one-third of the total intake. TetraBDEs and pentaBDEs were the homologues showing the highest percentages of contribution to the sum of total PBDEs. The comparison of the current dietary intake with the suggested lowest observed adverse effect level value of 1 mg/kg/day for the most sensitive endpoints for toxic effects of PBDEs results in a safety factor over 5 orders of magnitude in relation to PBDE exposure from food.