Effects of Wave Speed on Frequencies of the Self excited Oscillation Pulsed Abrasive Water Jets

The effects of cavitation and abrasive acceleration in the self excited oscillation pulsed abrasive water jets are directly determined by its oscillating frequencies, so the wave speed in the jets and its effects on pulsed frequencies are discussed. The numerical results show that the oscillating frequencies of the jets increase obviously with decreasing wave speed, and the abrasive parameters have almost no effects on the wave speed, whereas the exit of air in fluid has significant consequences on the wave speed.It was found that these conclusions were applicable for design the nozzle of the jets.     

Effect of Main Parameters on Cutting of the Pulsed Abrasive Water Jet

The relationship between abrasive concentration, length of oscillating chamber, standoff distance and cutting depth, erosion rate as well as cutting specific energy was investigated by experiments in the submerge and surface conditions. The cutting and erosion capabilities of the pre-mixed abrasive water jet and the pulsed abrasive water jet were analyzed in contrast. It is shown that the maximum cutting depth and erosion rate of the pulsed abrasive water jet are respectively 1.67,1.72 and 1.39, 1.47 than the pre-mixed abrasive water jet in submerge and surface conditions. These results attained from the research are useful to increase the cutting efficiency, decrease the energy ratio and expand the application domains of the abrasive water jet.     

Theoretically Investigation of Dynamic Characteristics of Spherical Bubble Collapse in Pulsed Abrasive Water Jet

This paper theoretically investigates the characteristics of cavitating bubbles in the pulsed abrasive water jet(PAWJ) and establishes the dynamic equations of cavitating bubbles. The effects of abrasive diameter and density on the spherical bubble collapse are also analyzed. It is found that the change of abrasive diameter rarely affects the bubble collapse when the abrasive diameter and density are small whereas the smaller abrasive greatly blocks the bubble collapse when the abrasive diameter and density are comparably big. It is also shown that when the abrasive density is increased, the fluid viscosity rises, and the kinetic energy of the abrasives near the collapsed bubble is enhanced and meanwhile the intensity of cavitating erosion is weakened.     

Study on Hydrokinetics of the Unsubmerged Premixed Abrasive Water Jet

A mono-liquid model is established according to formative character of the premixed abrasive water jet. The hydraulic structure is analyzed by the model. The relationship that is obtained between the axial shaft line velocity and the forget distance by the law of conservation of momentum is verified with the experiment.     

Parametric Analysis of the Cable''s Vortex-Induced Vibration of Submerged Floating Tunnel

The cable's motion was modeled by a spring-mass-damper system. The flow field was calculated by RSM combined with the enhanced wall function model and the vibration equation of the cable was solved by the Four Step Runge-Kutta Algorithm, which was written into FLUENT software to be analyzed. It was adopted to analyse the factors influencing vortex-induced vibration of submerged floating tunnel cable, such as mass ratio, damping ratio of the cable and whether to consider streamline movement. The main conclusion included: mass ratio has little influence on the transverse vortex induced vibration amplitude of the cable, but has a big influence on the region of the reduced velocity; damping ratio almost has little influence on the region of the reduced velocity of cable's viv, but has an influence on the cable's vibration amplitude significantly; In the case of low-mass ratio, considered the impact of the cable streamline movement, the transverse vortex-induced vibration amplitude is bigger than not considered the case.     

Effect of the Parameters of the Collimating Pipe on the Efficiency of Cutting Rock of Collimated Abrasive Water Jets

This paper applies economy principle to analyzing the principal agent model between client and property management company, the model is applied to putting forward three kinds of solutions contributing to solving the problems in present expenses collection of property management company.     

The Grey Related Degree Analysis of the Cutting for the Premixed Abrasive Water Jet

The cutting property is studied with the grey theory and method for the premixed abrasive water jet.The relationship between the primary and secondary is obtained about the cutting specific energy influenced by pressure,the standoff distance,the abrasive concentration and transverse velocity.The guidance is provided for further research and pratical application.     

Analysis of Wave Loads on the Grouping PileFoundation with Slab Merged in Water

In order to get the wave loads on pile groups with slab merged in water, an engineering approach was proposed. Three coefficients in terms of slab effect were discussed and a time -domain analysis of wave forces acting on piles was conducted. Wave diffraction from a slab was obtained by the potential theory and eigenfunction expansion method, while wave loads on piles were evaluated by Morison formula. The wave force on pile obtained by the proposed method and the numerical simulation are in good agreement, which shows a good reliability of the proposed method. The result shows that, owing to the size of slabs, there exist some differences in the changing rule of slab effect varying with the submerged depth. The resultant force decreases with the rise of incident wave number, and the changing trend of its acting point appears an inflection point at some wave number. The minimum force acting on piles lies in the meeting-wave side of the slab, while the maximum one arises at the back side or in the scope of 30 degrees between the axis of slab, which is perpendicular to the incident wave, and the back side. The presence of slab causes the deflexion and phase difference of inline force. Meanwhile, the grouping piles coefficient can be taken as 0.7.     

冬小麦根系吸水与土壤水分条件关系的田间试验研究

田间试验表明，在冬小麦生长前期，根系对土壤水分的吸收主要集中在８０ｃｍ以上的土，随着根系向纵深方向的伸展，根系对深层土壤水分的利用逐步增大。影响根系对某一层次土壤水分利用的主要原因是该土土壤中根量的大小、根系本身的吸水活力和土壤水分状况。在冬小麦生长后期，其上部土层中根系吸水活力出现下降。根系吸水在土壤中的分布可用活根的根长密度在土壤中的分布和根系吸水与土壤湿度有关的以数与描述。     

Behavior Analysis of the Bacteria in Long-term Storage Water

The nutrition for the bacteria in the standing storage water changes gradually from plentiful to deficiency. The bacteria adopt a series of self-organization to adapt the sub-nutrition environment with forming the following characteristics: 1) Decreasing the metabolic level, slowing down the breeding velocity; 2) Enlarging the utilization ability for different kind of material; 3) Reducing the bulk and increasing the specific area; 4) Presenting in the form of bio-film, 5) Strengthening the resistance. To ensure the water quality security of long-term storage water, these characteristics should be paid attention to when solving the issue of water quality deterioration for the storage water.     

青土湖水面形成对区域典型植被分布的影响

腾格里沙漠与巴丹吉林沙漠在石羊河尾闾湖——青土湖区域逐渐形成合围之势,因此向青土湖输水和形成水面对促进区域植被恢复和环境整治具有重要意义。利用2010、2011、2013年不同年份的高分辨率遥感影像资料和研究区的调查资料,通过面向对象分类遥感分类方法对水面和植被类型面积进行了统计分析。结果表明：连年输水形成叠加效应,人工水面面积成倍增加,区域地下水位快速上升。随着水面的形成与变化,芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)趋水分布,但连片分布格局滞后于水面形成,临接水域的白刺(Nitrariatangutorum)大面积消失。人工水面影响区域生态环境,导致区域典型植被面积随之变化。     

Game Analysis between Manufacturer and Wholesaler in the Management of Distribution Channel

In the distribution channel management, a good cooperation relationship between manufacture and wholesaler is an effective way for them to complement each other with their respective advantages, improve channel competitive abilities and adapt to market fluctuations. Based on their mutual cooperative relationship, a mixed game model is constituted by introducing the characteristics and postulating the prerequisites of trade between manufacturer and wholesaler, then the factors affecting their mutual cooperative relationship and the conditions of their stable cooperation are found through analyzing the mixed game model. Furthermore, a finitely repeated game model is used to analyze the cooperation between manufacturer and wholesaler, the conclusion of the cooperative qualification that influences the cooperation of both sides is given. As a result, the strategies employed by the manufacturer and wholesaler are pointed out.     

Analysis of the Temperature Limit of Dynamic Water Intake of Open loop Surface Water Source Heat Pump Systems

Energy consumption of water intake is one of the key factors for energy saving in the application of the open loop surface water heat pump system. An energy efficiency ratio coupling model for open loop surface water source heat pump systems was established on the basis of the energy consumption model for the water intake and the heat pump units. According to energy saving rate and regulation of energy consumption of water intake, dynamic temperature limits of water intake in different water supply temperature of cooling tower and different pump head were proposed so as to find a calculation method of temperature limits of water intake of open loop surface water heat pumps. Moreover, the energy saving rate of surface water source heat pump systems compared with traditional air conditioning systems under various condition was also calculated.     

花生复合系统土壤水分动态与平衡特征研究

花生复合系统是促进低丘红壤区农业水分资源综合利用的重要耕作方式,其在不同时段水分动态、水分平衡和利用过程差异值得进一步探索。土壤表层采用15 bar的先进负压计监测,结合定位法于2001—2003年监测收集了花生生长季花生复合系统、花生单作田间土壤水分、地表径流、降雨资料,分析了花生复合系统对土壤水分动态、降雨影响和水分平衡各要素的影响。分析表明,土壤10 cm与 60 cm水分单作花生地与复合系统在雨季无明显差异,但受降雨过程影响。旱季单作花生10 cm水势降到最低值-344.0 kPa,复合系统水势最低值为-50.6 kPa,60 cm单作花生地水势数值也低于复合系统花生地,旱季复合系统能减少土壤表层的蒸发。3年土壤水分周期动态可分为3个阶段,即水分盈余期、水分消耗期、水分稳定期。花生复合系统旱季表现出较强的耗水作用,2001年7月贮水量减少108.8 mm,2002年8月贮水量减少111.7 mm,2003年7月贮水量减少105.5 mm。花生复合系统平均渗漏量低于花生单作62.2 mm,平均贮水量变化低于花生单作41.8 mm。桔树与花生作物在旱季水分利用方面没有明显的竞争作用,花生复合系统系统的表土水分保持作用和生态效应明显。     

茭白冷藏保鲜技术及其分析方法

介绍茭白的保鲜技术流程、保鲜贮藏管理、采后生理指标测试,旨在为提升宁波市茭白的保鲜水平提供一些理论依据和开发思路。     

磴口县2007年水资源生态承载力分析

为了了解和掌握干旱区水资源的开发利用状况,确定水资源的优化配置结构,为干旱区水资源合理利用和水分平衡提供决策依据,笔者通过建立水资源生态足迹模型和水资源生态承载力模型,利用生态足迹的理论与方法,计算了内蒙古磴口县2007年水资源生态足迹和水资源生态承载力。结果表明：磴口县2007年人均水资源生态足迹为3.8945 hm2/cap,人均水资源生态承载力为0.4130 hm2/cap,人均水资源生态足迹是水资源生态承载力的9.42倍,生态赤字达3.4815 hm2/cap。水资源消费已大大超过其承载力,区域处于极不安全状态。同时,笔者指出造成生态赤字的主要原因是农业水资源生态足迹占比重大,及地区用水存在结构性矛盾。并为该县水资源可持续利用、降低人均生态足迹,提高水资源生态承载力提出了建议。     

城市用水预测方法及对策分析研究

城市用水是城市形成与发展的重要因素。城市用水是整个城市水资源系统的一个重要环节,预测城市用水是实现城市水资源供需平衡的一项重要的基础工作,也是制定流域规划,城市供、排水规划以及国民经济计划的基础和依据。在此,主要研究了城市的生活用水预测和工业用水预测的计算方法。并以抚顺市为实例,分别用动态相关法和重复利用率提高法对抚顺市生活和工业用水进行了预测,预测结果为2010年抚顺市生活用水量是16870万t,工业用水量是35405万t。通过分析存在的主要问题得出：为保证抚顺市水资源可持续发展,还要加强水资源的统一管理,在全面节水的基础上,提高水的有效利用率。     

晋南丘陵旱地麦田土壤水分特征及其运行规律

研究了晋南黄土高原半干旱地区旱地麦田常年土壤水分有关的物理特性及不同土层毛管水含量、田间持水量、田间含水量、有效水以及不同水势下的土壤含水量等基本特征，并采用等值线图析法分析了丰水年（600 mm降水）、少水年（400 mm）、平水年（500 mm）旱地麦田土壤水分利用的空间结构、时间结构以及利用量的动态差异，得到十     

玛纳斯河流域沙漠与绿洲过渡带土壤水盐变化特征与规律

土壤盐碱化防治是新疆地区农业乃至社会经济发展的重要任务。在新疆古尔班通古特沙漠南缘选取了两个耕地土壤剖面和一个丘间地原生土壤剖面进行调查,室内测量其土壤粒径、容重、含水率和含盐量,探讨了原生盐碱荒地及开垦农田水盐变化特征与规律,以便为该地区防治盐碱化提供必要的科学依据。调查分析结果表明：（1）土层物理性质的差异对土壤水盐分布特征有较为明显的影响,粘粒及粉粒较多的土层积盐现象更为明显;（2）土层的结构异质性对水分盐分有阻滞作用,导致土壤中存在盐分堆积层;（3）灌溉水导致土体淋溶强度增大,这虽能降低土体中的盐分却增加地下水矿化的风险。建议该地区土壤盐碱化防治应因土层异质性而设置相应的排水措施,灌排结合以达到土壤盐碱化防治乃至保护地下水的目的。     

水分胁迫对棉花不同部位主茎叶14C同化、分配的影响

以新棉33B为试验材料,在防雨棚中设置严重干旱、中度干旱和正常供水3个处理(土壤水分分别为田间持水量的35%～45%、45%～65%、65%～85%),利用14CO2同位素示踪技术研究了水分胁迫对棉花不同层次主茎叶光合同化物运转分配的影响.结果表明:干旱胁迫使叶片光合产物合成受阻,降低了叶片14C的同化量.并且随着干旱...