绿色低碳约束下重庆能源DEA效率实证分析

客观评价重庆能源投入产出效益,探究环境污染、能源消费和经济增长之间的关系,进行能源结构优化,是当前重庆能源消耗走向绿色低碳方向发展面临的重大问题,也是重庆制定节能减排政策、能源发展战略和经济规划的重要基础。本文将能源投入和经济社会等产出因子科学分组,运用数据包络分析技术（DEA）,通过构建的能源需求结构方程以及DEA模型,对重庆能源消费进行了一系列DEA实证研究,得到了重庆能源投入产出规模效率在不同历史时期、不同阶段的变化规律,获取了能源冗余投入（径向改进和松驰改进）值、规模效应值、综合技术效率值和纯技术效率值,确定了DEA弱有效、DEA强有效、DEA完全有效的生产前沿面,并在此基础上对2016-2020年重庆能源结构进行了优化。研究成果可以为确定重庆能源绿色低碳发展方向、优化“十三五”重庆能源消费结构提供科学依据。     

Design of Rural Residence Based on Thermal Comfort: A Case Study of Chengdu Area

With the improvement of living standards, peasants have attached increasing attention to quality of living environment, indoor thermal comfort of rural residence has become a functional need of new countryside residence. Chengdu is a foggy area with shorter sunshine hours, humid air, more foggy but fewer windy days, so local residence is likely to be muggy, which influences comfort of residents seriously. According to relevant researches, most rural residences in Chengdu use only natural ventilation, and the indoor thermal comfort is poor. In view of this, this paper tried to improve indoor thermal comfort and quality of living environment from the perspective of residence functional design.     

烟叶密集烤房余热利用技术研究现状和发展建议

排湿和排烟是密集烤房无效耗热的主要热量损失途径,也是提高密集烤房热能利用率的重要切入点。针对密集烤房耗煤量大、热能利用率低的实际情况,笔者对密集烤房排湿和排烟余热利用技术应用现状和研究进展进行了介绍,对国内现有余热利用装置的工作原理和技术特点进行了分析,就余热利用技术研究应用中存在的工作效率不够高、工作效果不理想、设备投入成本高等问题进行了总结,并提出了把成熟的工业技术应用到农业工程,系统回收利用烟囱余热和除湿余热,实现密集烤房内循环的发展建议。     

Analysis of Building Energy Efficiency Contribution Ratio of Chongqing in "11th Five-Year Plan"

How much contribution ratio of building energy efficiency for Chongqing in "11th Five-Year Plan" to the target of reducing 20% energy consumption per 10,000RMB GDP was the important problem to promoting building energy efficiency work.It has important significance to make target and measure of building energy efficiency.In this paper,the developing situation of building energy consumption,building energy consumption and energy-saving index for Chongqing in "11th Five-Year Plan" were analyzed and calculated through the statistics data published by statutory bodies and pre-setting work scenarios of energy efficiency for Chongqing in "11th Five-Year Plan".Calculating result confirmed that energy efficiency for Chongqing in "11th Five-Year Plan" payed 15.5% contribution ratio to the target of 20% less energy consumption per 10,000RMB GDP till 2010 compared to 2005.     

纯电动车车用复合储能装置控制策略及参数优化

为解决目前纯电动车动力电池比功率不足的缺陷,对纯电动车的储能装置进行了研究。根据复合储能装置的特点和目的,制定了复合储能装置的工作模式,提出了基于速度与电流约束的模糊控制策略。为了进一步提高整车性能并降低蓄电池的输出电流,对复合储能装置的关键参数进行了线性优化,仿真结果表明:加装复合储能装置的纯电动车的加速时间缩短了12%,制动能量回收效率提高了39%,百公里耗电量减少了8.55%,并显著降低了蓄电池的输出电流,有效延长了蓄电池使用寿命和整车的续驶里程。     

Study on Simulation Method of Heating and Air - conditioning Energy Consumption of Residential Buildings

The heating and air conditioning energy consumption of residential buildings is influenced by the behavior of indoor living personnel.On the basis of research and analysis,two kinds of calculation modes reflecting the behavior of indoor living personnel are estimated.Under two kinds of different calculation modes,by using the building thermal environment simulation Toolkit DeST to simulate the energy consumption calculation for certain residential building in Shanghai,and the simulation results are compared with the research results.The influence of calculation mode on heating and air conditioning energy consumption of residential buildings in Shanghai is analyzed in this paper.In order to obtain the right simulation calculation method correctly reflecting the energy consumption of residential buildings.This method can be used for analysis and evaluation of heating and air conditioning energy consumption of residential buildings in Shanghai,and it can serve as instruction for right energy design of residence building.     

Characteristics of energy consumption and energy efficient approaches for hotel buildings

Based on the investigation of energy consumption and air conditioning system working of 14 typical hotel buildings in Three Gorges Reservoir area cities, energy consumption characteristics of hotel buildings are analyzed. Then the use status of energy efficiency technologies of those hotel buildings is analyzed. Finally, effective energy conservation approaches for hotel buildings are brought forward and the energy-efficiency potential of variable water volume system is analyzed through testing.     

新疆农产品加工业生产技术效率测定与分析——基于SFA的实证研究

为了探究农产品加工业的发展质量和发展差异、加快新疆农产品加工业快速健康发展,基于2015—2018年的面板数据,运用基于对数柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的随机前沿分析模型测算农产品加工业生产技术效率。研究表明,固定资产、从业人员均对全疆农产品加工企业技术效率的增长有显著影响,但当前整体生产效率仍较低。五大类型、14个地区的农产品加工企业技术效率均呈现逐年提高、差异较大、差距逐年缩小的特征。五大类型中,市场流通型技术效率最高,为0.947;畜牧产品加工企业最低,为0.483。14个地区中,乌鲁木齐市最高,为0.991;和田地区最低,为0.134。新疆农产品加工企业技术效率逐年增长得益于固定资产和劳动力投入,当前应以畜产品和林果产品加工业为重点行业,以吐鲁番市、哈密市、和田地区为重点区域,优化生产要素配置,推动农产品加工业由主要依靠要素投入和资源消耗向依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质转变。     

Improvement of Outdoor Microclimate Comfort of Rural Residence in Southwest Mountainous Area through Plant Application

Improvement of microclimate comfort is good to save energy,and create and improve communication space,and promote sustainable development of countryside.Wind is an important factor that influences outdoor microclimate and plant is an economic,high-efficiency and healthy choice to improve wind environment.This article discussed technical strategies of improving the microclimate comfort of rural residence in southwest mountainous areas,by taking use of native vegetations.The strategy is to set up the wind-guide or wind-break plant landscape system through site planting,courtyard planting and residence planting.     

西安地区智能通风冬季降温试验研究

利用冬季低温进行机械通风来降低粮堆温度是粮食储藏的重要技术,但选择适当的通风时机和适宜的通风方式,可以降低通风能耗,减少通风水分损失。试验表明:智能通风能够及时准确地把握有利的通风时机,自动控制通风设备的启停,提高通风效率,降低通风能耗和减少粮食水分损失。     

Analyses of Annual Running Conditions for Ventilation System in Residences in Hot Summer and Cold Winter Regions

Based on the definitions of air conditioning period, dehumidifying period and heating period, this paper puts forward the exchanging conditions and psychrometric process of ventilation system in residences. Because of the remarkable humid climate in hot summer and cold winter regions, the ventilation dehumidification becomes a more important part of the air treatment system. In order to improve the indoor thermal environment quality, new strategies must be founded to control both temperature and humidity of ventilation system.     

Assessment of Indoor Thermal Comfort for Low Energy Consumption Buildings

A model for indoor thermal comfort assessment was investigated in this paper. By using this model, the indoor thermal comfort of low energy consumption buildingwith buried pipe system was evaluated. The result shows that the buried pipe ventilationcan improve indoor thermal comfort in hot climates.     

谷物冷却机复冷降温储粮生产性试验报告

对上年用谷物冷却机处理后密闭储藏的粮食，在不揭膜的情况下进行了谷物冷却降低粮温的试验。同时，对变频与非变频谷冷机的能耗、白天开机与夜间开机的能耗等经济指标进行了探讨，对合理利用谷冷机、节 约能耗，提高冷通效果提供科学依据。     

西南少数民族地区农户生活能源消费结构影响因素分析——以云南省德宏、怒江自治州为例

通过研究生活能源消费结构发现农户能源消费的模式与原因,讨论改善地方能源使用的方法和途径。具体以云南省德宏、怒江自治州为案例,基于221份有效调查问卷,利用Tobit模型对该地区农户生活能源消费结构及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）资源的可获性程度对非商品性能源消费有显著影响,商品性能源消费注重其经济性与便捷性,地形特征是重要解释变量。（2）收入水平的提高有助于降低非商品性能源的消费比例,增加农户家中电器的数量能显著提高农户电力能源的使用量,畜牧养殖等第一产业会显著增加农户秸秆等生物质能能源的消费量。（3）宗教支出的提高会增加农户非商品性能源的消费量,提高少数民族农户汉语水平有利于当地生活能源消费结构的优化。研究结果可为制定和改善我国西南少数民族地区的能源发展政策提供科学依据。     

基于人行为影响的住区建筑多主体集成能耗模型

在城市建筑节能研究中,政府常常依赖城市能源与碳排放模型工具制定并评估节能策略。而当前的城市建筑能耗模型受限于开发技术等因素,尚存在诸多不足,例如,考虑人行为对建筑能耗的影响,建立行为、日常活动及与环境相关的综合能耗模型。关于此类模型合理的数学形式、参数选择的方法以及不同行为的模拟方式等问题还尚待进一步研究。采用多主体（Multi-Agent）建模技术,设计集成建筑能耗模型,以住区中的居民作为模型中活动的主体,模拟使用者行为习惯、活动对建筑能耗的影响;采用ISO 13790标准模拟建筑的供热和降温需求,并在集成环境中设计统一的描述框架,以相对独立的环境模拟、行为模拟模块形式进行交互,实现热环境模拟和基于主体活动的设备能耗模拟的有机结合。研究表明,住区居民的用能行为是影响城市建筑能耗密度变化的重要因素,实现对住区主体行为特征的引导是实现城市建筑节能目标的有效途径。     

重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑用能模型

通过对重庆市城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑能耗的全年调研,得到了重庆城市发展新区村镇居民的用能习惯及村镇建筑的能耗水平。采用分类归纳法,对家用电器测试归纳,并对非用电设施调研估算归纳。基于实测数据和调研估算数据建立了重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑用能模型,并进行验证。结果表明,重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅能源消费形式以电为主,为电+燃气+薪柴+煤+太阳能的混合型结构;村镇居民用能习惯在使用何种能源的选择上存在差异,但对同一种能源的使用差异性不大。实测数据表明,所建立的村镇住宅建筑用能模型能准确反映重庆城市发展新区新村镇住宅建筑用能的实际情况。     

江苏农村家庭能源消费研究

农村家庭能源消费是国家能源消费的重要组成部分,对农村社会、经济及生态环境有重要的影响。在江苏9个典型县3645家庭能源消费及其相关问题入户调查数据分析的基础上,给出了江苏典型地区农村家庭人均能源消费水平和最终用能消费结构,比较研究了苏南、苏中、苏北三地区能源消费结构和有效热中商品能所占比例的差异,分析了能源消费与家庭纯收入的变化关系。研究为认识农村经济发展过程中家庭能源消费特征,建立能源供需平衡体系和生物质资源的规模化利用有着重要的意义。     

中国农村能源碳排放生态压力研究

[方法]在对2006-2013年我国农村十种主要生活能源消费量及社会经济统计数据的基础上,计算了EEF、EFC的值,构建STIRPAT模型和改进脱钩指数法,[目的]分析2006-2013年的时间序列下中国农村能源碳排放生态压力。[结果]结果显示：(1)煤炭、秸秆、薪柴的年消费量平均分别以1.58%、3.16%和4.26%的速率降低,电力、成品油、液化石油气、煤气、沼气和太阳能的平均分别以25.99%、8.53%、22.78%、4.02%、34.85%、12.82%、9.11%的速率增长;(2)我国农村能源供给超过需求,生活能源消费未对乡村环境形成生态压力;(3)能源利用效率不断提高,单位土地面积和能源碳排放带来的经济价值不断提升;(4)适度降低人口规模、优化人口结构是建设乡村的有效办法;(5)技术是模型中能源碳排放生态压力的唯一抑制因素,对技术进行创新是当前进行乡村建设重要途径。[结论]我国能源消费模式还有巨大的提升空间,还应进一步加强政府调控、注重引导居民绿色消费观,使我国乡村建设向可持续发展方向稳步前进。     

Overview of Technology and Measures to Building Energy Conservation

Improvement of building energy efficiency, as a part of sustainable development strategy, makes great contribution to global environmental protection and energy security. Presented in this paper are: the history of energy conservation, a comprehensive overview of the technological options for building energy conservation, measures taken to improve building energy efficiency and some suggestions suitable for China.     

双季青贮玉米模式物质生产及资源利用效率研究

随着畜牧业产品需求不断增加,“节粮型”草食牲畜的高效舍饲畜牧业已向农区转移。为建立与农区畜牧业发展相适应的资源高效利用的新型饲料生产技术体系,2004—2005年在热量资源限制的两熟北缘区北京地区进行了双季青贮玉米周年高产的技术探索,对双季青贮玉米与冬小麦-夏玉米和单季春玉米不同模式的物质积累量和生育过程的光、温、水资源的实际利用效率进行系统测定分析。结果表明,双季青贮地膜玉米-玉米模式优于传统模式冬小麦-夏玉米,其全年干物质生产率提高10.3%,能量提高12%,总辐射利用效率提高12.5%,热量资源生产效率提高22.5%,水分生产效率增加36.3%。与单季春玉米模式相比,在干物质生产率、能量、总辐射利用效率、光能生产效率上更具有明显优势。由此可见,通过利用全年两季C₄玉米的高光效,早春覆膜栽培以及两季品种有效配置,不但可以充分利用两熟区的自然资源,而且为该区畜牧发展提供了一条新型的高产高效种植模式。